chapter 2 watercrafts

7/29/2019 Chapter 2 Watercrafts

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W a t e r c r a f t


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covers a range of

different vehicles

including ships, boats,hovercraft and

submarines, and differsfrom a floatation device

such as a log raft.


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Seafaring has a large corpus

of traditional lore associatedwith watercrafts, in both its

meaning as, as the foundation

of its heritage and culture inwhich most seafarers see a

significant degree of pride,and which forms their trade

and professional identity.


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This is often reflected in

the industry-specific

terminology and

concepts that have beenretained and are now

applied for the sake oftradition alone.


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Aside from small craft

used by individuals,maritime tradition

identifies a ship as anywater vehicle that has,

or is capable of carryingthree masts within its

hull.


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Three mated ships at one

time were called theGreat Ships, and marked

transition in Europeanseafaring from shallow

coastal waters of the Ageof Navigation


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confined of other continents

primarily to the Europeanshores and those of North

Africa, via the age of

Discovery of other continentsin relative proximity of

Western Europe, to the deep

sea oceanic sailing of the Age

of Sail.


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The term a great ship

therefore holds a deeper andfar more significant meaning

to seafarers than

landlubbers, or those who

do not serve on ships or other

vessels, and has remained sothrough the Age of Steam and

into the 21st century.


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While rigged masts have

been discontinued for thevast majority of since the

late 19th century, a rule of

thumb based on the hull

having a wooden

construction woulddetermine her as a ship.


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If the length of the

watercraft deckprevents the mounting

of three masts, it is aboat, while a single-

mated hull can betermed a craft.


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This is paralleled with the

degree of difficulty that wasrequired in the past bydifferent trades constructing

the hull based on complexity.A ship was alwaysconstructed by a shipwright

working with a navalsurveyor or a naval architect


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A boat could be

constructed by a shipscarpenter. A watercraft

such as a lifeboat, adignity, or a runabout

could be constructed byany craftsman familiar


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with woodworking,

such as a builderscarpenter or a joiner,

or by a qualifiedmarine trades person

or shipwright.


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The range of canoe forms isstylistically and geographically

vast. This study will consider

only canoes made forrecreational use by European

construction techniques by

British, American and Canadiancanoeists during the last quarter

of the nineteenth century.

Recreational Canoeing


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It will not address craft

used primarily for work,such as the Chesapeake

Bay log canoe, oraboriginal craft from the

larger area of theAmericans.


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The canoe is an enduring icon

of North American and

particularly Canadian culture.

Long the watercraft of choice

for wilderness travelers in thecountrys early days, its use

had declined through the

nineteenth century as roads,schooners and steamships made

journeys easier.


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By the last quarter of the

nineteenth century, however,the canoe was experiencing a

rebirth. The stalwart

companion of many awoodland journey had been

transformed into a means of

recreation and healthful

exercise.


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The North American

public was gripped by agreat popular

enthusiasm for canoesand canoeing. This

foreshadowed their laterfondness for bicycling.


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This rise of

recreational canoeing

from the mid-1860s

was an extraordinary

flowering of boating

activity.


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Changing economic

circumstances and newsocial attitudes

produced a class of well-heeled sportsmen and

adventures who acted aspatrons of high-quality

boat builders.


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This demand for premium

work attracted andfostered an extremely high

caliber of boatbuilding,

which drew upon rapid

advances in technology and

mechanization toaccomplish its feats.


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Two distinct strains

emerged early in the

development of this

mid-19th century

recreational canoe.

Both were aboriginal

in origin.


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Although it is too simple

a distinction to explainthe matter entirely, one

can begin bydistinguishing among

the canoes by whetheror not they had a deck.


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The unlocked watercraft

which was later tobecome known,

somewhat misleadingly,as the Canadian (or

open) canoe had itsorigin in native birch

bark and dugout craft.


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The main technical

contribution of the canoeistsand canoe-builder of the

recreational era who worked

with his model was in theconstruction techniques, and

only secondarily in the

designs, which remained

relatively unchanged.


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Some commentators

maintain, in fact, thatsuch canoes

approached perfectionthe more closely they

adhered to theiraboriginal roots.


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1960s- Personal Watercraft

(PWC)

1960s- BombardierRecreational Products, known

for its Ski-Door Snowmobiles

1970s- Kawasaki Motor Corp.U.S.A. introduced the JET SKI

Evolution of the PersonalWatercraft


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1980s-Kawasakis JET SKI was

joined by Yamaha Motor CorpU.S.A, their product line of the

Wave Runner model

1980s-Bombardier RecreationalProducts re-joined the market

with their Sea-Door Line

2002-American Honda beganselling its version of a PWC, the

AquaTrax.


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Environmentally-friendly PWC 4-

stroke engine

New Technology


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Personal watercraft manufacturers

are constantly investing in research

and development, leading to newtechnology that improves their

product lines. Since1998, PWC have

evolved substantially to meetconsumer demands. Todays PWC are

larger, seat up to three people, offer

storage space, and are capable of

towing a water skier. They are also

equipped with new, environmentally

friendly engine technology.


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All boats, including PWC, require powerto steer. Each PWC manufacturer tells

users to apply throttle to steer. In

addition, all new sit -down PWC are

equipped with technology that assiststhe operator in turning the vessels by

continuing to supply thrust or activating

small fins while the watercraft is

decelerating. However, an operator can

turn more sharply if the throttle is

applied while turning the handlebar.

Steering Enhancement


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The development and incorporationof new-technology engines and the

sophisticated engine management

systems that accompany todays PWC

have allowed for new features to be

added to PWC. One such system

limits engine speed, thus reducing

the maximum speed of the vessel. AllPWIA member companies produce

vessels with this feature.

Speed-Limiting Systems


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Traditional powerboatpropeller

PWC jet nozzle- noexposed propeller


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PWC engines drive a jet pump

that draws water from the

bottom of the craft into an

impeller, which pressurizes the

water and forces it out a nozzleat the rear of the craft. There is

no expose propeller. This jet

of pressurized water propelsand steers the craft when the

throttle is engaged.


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The design from which a water vehicleis created usually seeks to achieve a

balance between internal capacity

(tonnage), speed and seaworthiness.

Tonnage is predominantly aconsideration in transport operations,

speed is important for warship, and

safety is a primary consideration forless experienced of often smaller and

less stable training and leisure vehicles.

Uses of Watercraft


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Propulsion is the primaryapplication of technology in

watercraft. Historically water

vehicles have been propelled by poles,

paddles or oars, through

manipulation of sailing rigs that

propel by lifting using the wind, and

variety of engineered machinery thatcreates subsurface thrust through

the process of internal combustion.

Propulsion


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The technological history of

watercraft in the Europeanhistory can be divided into

marine propulsion using the

simple paddle craft, oaredgalleys from the 8th century

BCE until 15th

century,


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*lateen sail during the

Age of Discovery fromearly 15th century and

into the early 17th

century

*full rigged ships of the

Age of Sail from 16th to

the mid 19th century


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*the Age of steam

marine steam

engine roughlybetween 1770 and

use of the steamturbine until 1914,


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the internal

combustion engines

using diesel, petrol

and LNG as fuels

from the turn ofthe 20th century,


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which has been

supplemented to

some degree with

the nuclear marine

propulsion sincethe 1950s.


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Current technological

development seeks toidentity cheaper,

renewable and lesspolluting sources of

propulsion forwatercrafts of all shapes

and sizes.


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Secondary applications of technology

in watercraft have been those of used

structural materials, navigation aids,

and in the case of warships, weapon

systems. The purpose of usage andthe physical environment define the

materials used in construction which

had historically included grasses,leather, timber, metals combined

with timber or without, silicate and

plastic derivatives, and others.


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Navigation aids havevaried over time from

astronomical observation,

to mechanical mechanisms,

and more recently analog

and digital computerdevices that now rely on

GPS systems.


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Naval weapon system

have closely followed the

development in landweapons, developing

from:


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Aircraft carriers

Breach-loading rifled guns

Direct enemy hull ramming to use of

basic mechanical projectiles

Firing shells

Missiles and remotely piloted devices

Naval mine layers

Smooth-bore cannon ball firing guns

Torpedo-armed submarines

Warships armed with fire control

directed weapons


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Until development of steam

propulsion was coupled with rapid

firing breach-loading guns, navalcombat was often concluded by a

boarding combat between the

opposing crews. Since the early20th century, there has been a

substantial development in

technologies which allow forceprojection from a naval task force

to a land objective using marine

infantry.


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These tend to be 30ft orlonger and have all the

facilities on board for

living such as sleeping,

cooking and bathroomareas. They can come

with a variety of

propulsion methods

with the most common

being stern drives orinboard. Due to their

fuel consumption, some

models are powered by

diesel engines.

Cruisers


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These are a class of

runabout are most

popular in the

cottage areas. Their

open bow (front)

allows many

passengers, while

their stern (back)sometimes feature a

swimming platform.

More commonly

found with

inboard/outboard

engines, they can also

be used for towed

water sports.


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These boats typically

have a shallow draft

for use in a variety of

waterway to allow

the fishing different

species. They are

simpler in design and

can come with fullinterior trimming or

just a bare hull.

Commonly made form

aluminum they arepowered by an

onboard motor.


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These are more

specialized than fishing

boats for maneuvering

through shallower

waters. They have even

shallower drafts and a

lower freeboard (height

above water) than fishing

boats with a flat bottom.

They are also usually

fitted with live wells and

a bow mounted trollingmotor although powered

by a larger stern mounted

outboard motor.

S ilb i d d


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Sailboats are wind powered

vessels that come in a variety of

shapes and sizes. Larger

sailboats usually have a keel to

provide a counter to the force of

the wind against the sail. They

may also have smaller motors

for maneuvering and can be

equipped with all the creaturecomforts of a cruiser

powerboat. With the hull

typically designed to be

streamlined, they are popular

for racing and require a greatamount of skill to handle. There

are many subtypes of sailboats

to reflect the different interests

and conditions where they are

used.


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The ultimate summer toy,these vessels feature highpowered engines to

provide a fastacceleration to pop theskier/wake boarder to astand from in the water.Ski boats tend to belighter with smallerwakes, while wakeboardboats are heavier tothrow a larger wake.They can featureelaborate sound

equipment andcomfortable seating.


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Sometimes deemed

Party Boats, these are

leisure ready vessels that

feature comfortable

seating, swivel chairs

and sometimes a BBQ.

They are usually

constructed as flat decksbuilt upon 2 or more

pontoons. The multiple

hulls allow for a stable

platform for summeractivities. They can also

be equipped with larger

engines for towed water

sports.


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Jet skis are smallervessels that are similar tomotorcycles, but on the

water. They are poweredby a jet drive whichinternalizes the prop asan impeller. The steeringis done by directing the

water jet, howeverbecause if this theycannot be steered if theengines is turned off. Jetskis that have 3 seats can

be used for towed sports

to accommodate driverspotter and skier.


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Similar in design to a

small bow rider, these

vessels are powered by

a water jet rather thana traditional external

propeller. Like PWC,

they have an active

steering system whichrequires the engine to

be on for it to be

maneuvered. Most

popular with towed

water sports, they are

a fast very agile vessel.


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A large hook

attached to the

ship which is

cast overboard

and digs into

the sea bed to

keep the ship

from moving.Anchor


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The front

of a vessel


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A sparattached at an

angle to the

bow of a ship,used to hold

jibs.


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From the bow

to the stern.Fore is

towards the

front, aft is

towards the

back.


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The main

body of theboat .

Friendships

hull has two

decks


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The timber at

the verybottom of the

hull that ruins

from the bowto the stern,

often called the

shipsbackbone


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The sailors

word for a

rope.


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A large wooden

spar used to hold

up other spars andthe rigging.

Friendshiphas

three masts: thefore mast, at the

bow, the main

mast, in the

middle, and the

mizzen mast, at the

stern


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Whenfacing the

bow, the

left side of

the ship.


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The lines

that

support the

mast and

move the

sails.


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A blade

attached

under the

stern used

for steering.


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A ship like

Friendshipcarries

severaldifferent

types of

sails.


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Triangular

sails at front

of the ship,

attached tothe

bowsprit.


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Rectangular sails that

are placed square, or

perpendicular, to thekeel. Friendshipcarries

11 square sails. The

lowest are the main

sails, the next highest

are the topsails, the

third sails from the

bottom are the

topgallant (pronounced

tgallant) sails, and at

the very tops of the

masts are the royal sails.


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The biggest

sail at the

stern of the

ship.


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Heavy lines

which hold up

the masts from

the sides of the

vessel. Sailorsuse the ratlines

on the shrouds

to climb themasts.


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Whenfacing the

bow, the

right side

of the ship.


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The backof the

ship.


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Long pieces of

wood used tosupport the

sails and

rigging. Thebowsprit,

masts and

yards are allspars.


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Horizontal

spars that

hold the

square sails.


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chapter 2 watercrafts

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