chapter 20 apush

8/12/2019 Chapter 20 APUSH

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-20-apush 1/8

1. The Menace of Secession 1. Lincoln’s inaugural address was firm yet conciliatory; there would be no conflict unless Sou provoked it; secession was wholly impractical because couldn’t physically separate

1. The North and South were bound inseparably together no sectional divorce!". #ncontested secession would create new controversies; what share of the national d

should the South be forced to take with it$ %hat portion of the &ointly held federalterritories' if any' should the (onfederate states be allotted$

). *ow would the fugitive+slave issue be resolved,the #nderground -ailroad wouldcertainly redouble its activity and it would have to transport its passengers only acrohio -iver' not all the way to (anada conceivable to solve all such problems$!

". / united #S had been paramount republic in the %estern *emisphere; if this powerful demoshould break into two hostile parts' the 0uropean nations would be delighted; they could gletransplant to /merica their ancient concept of the balance of power

). The colonies of the 0uropean powers in the New %orld' notably those of ritain would thusmade safer against the rapacious 2ankees defy 3onroe 4octrine; sei5e territory!

2. South Carolina Assails

Fort Sumter

1. The issue of the divided #nion came to a head over the matter of federal forts in the South; aseceding states left' they had sei5ed the #nited States’ arsenals' mints' and other public propewithin their borders 6ort Sumter in (harleston harbor!

". minously the choices presented to Lincoln by 6ort Sumter were all bad1. This stronghold had provisions that would last only few weeks,until middle of /pr1781 and if no supplies were forthcoming' its commander would have to surrender

". Lincoln did not feel that 6ort Sumter was strong enough to take as his obligation to federal property,but if he sent reinforcements' the South (arolinians would undoubfight back,could not tolerate federal fort blocking important sea port

). /fter agoni5ing indecision' Lincoln adopted a middle+of+the+road solution1. *e notified the South (arolinians that an e9pedition would be sent to provision the

garrison' though not to reinforce it but Southern eyes saw otherwise". / #nion naval force was ne9t started on its way to 6ort Sumter,a move that the So

regarded as an act of aggression and on /pril 1"' 1781' the cannon of the (arolinianopened fire on the fort' while the crowds in (harleston applauded

). /fter a thirty+four+hour bombardment' the da5ed garrison surrendered no lives lost!

:. The shelling of the fort electrified the North' which at once responded the cries of -emembSumter< and Save the #nion< fort was lost' but the #nion was saved!

=. Lincoln had turned a tactical defeat into a calculated victory; Southerners had fired upon theglorious Stars and Stripes and honor demanded an armed response

8. Lincoln promptly issued a call to the states for seventy+five thousand militiamen and voluntesprang to the colors in such enthusiastic numbers that many were turned away; on /pril 1> athe president proclaimed a leaky blockade of Southern seaports

?. The call for troops' in turn' aroused the South much as the attack on 6ort Sumter had aroused North; Lincoln was now waging war an aggressive war from Southern view!

7. Seven states became eleven as @irginia' /rkansas' Tennessee' and North (arolina reluctantly &oined the states; -ichmond' @irginia' replaced 3ontgomery' /labama' as the (onfederate c ,too near %ashington for strategic comfort on either side

3. Brothers’ Blood and

Border Blood

1. The only slave states left were the crucial order States; this group consisted of 3issouri'Aentucky' 3aryland' 4elaware' and later %est @irginia mountain white< area!

1. Bf the North had fired the first shot' some or all of these doubtful states probably wouhave seceded' and the South might well have succeeded

". The border group actually contained a white population more than half that of the en(onfederacy; 3aryland' Aentucky' and 3issouri would almost double the manufactcapacity of the South and increase its supply of horses and mules

). The strategic pri5e of the hio -iver flowed along the northern border of Aentucky %est @irginia; two of its navigable tributaries' penetrated deep into the heart of 4i9ie



much of the (onfederacy’s grain' gunpowder' and iron was produced". Bn dealing with the order States' Cresident Lincoln did not rely solely on morals but success

used methods of dubious legality; in 3aryland he declared martial law were needed and sent because 34 threatened to cut off %ashington from the North

). Lincoln also deployed #nion soldiers in western @irginia and notably in 3issouri where theyfought beside #nionists in a local civil war within the larger (ivil %ar

:. /ny official statement of the North’s war aims was profoundly influenced by the teetering o

States; at the very outset' Lincoln was obliged to declare publicly that he was not fighting to the blacks antislavery declaration not a good political move!

=. /n antislavery war was also e9tremely unpopular in the utternut region of southern hio'Bndiana' and Bllinois area had been settled largely by Southerners who had carried their racia

pre&udices with them when they crossed the hio -iver!8. Lincoln insisted repeatedly that his paramount purpose was to save the #nion at all costs; thu

war began not as one between slave soil and free soil' but on for the #nion?. Slavery also colored the character of the war in the %est; in Bndian Territory' most of the 6ive

(ivili5ed Tribes (herokees' (reeks' (hoctaws' (hickasaws' and Seminoles! sided with the(onfederacy,some owned slaves and felt a common cause with the South

7. To secure their loyalty' the (onfederate government agreed to take over federal payments to ttribes and invited Native /mericans to send delegates to the (onfederate congress; in return ttries supplied troops to the (onfederate army to fight in the war

>. 3eanwhile' a rival faction of (herokees and many Clains Bndians sided with the #nion1D.There were many Northern volunteers from the Southern states and many Southern volunteer

the Northern states; the mountain whites of the South sent north some =D'DDD men and the loslave states contributed some )DD'DDD soldiers to the #nion

4. The Balance of Forces 1. %hen war broke out' the South seemed to have great advantages to the North1. The (onfederacy could fight defensively behind interior lines; the North had to inva

vast territory of the (onfederacy' conEuer it' and drag it back to the #nion". The south did not have to win the war in order to win its independence; fighting on t

won soil for self+determination and preservation of their way of life' Southerners at fen&oyed an advantage in morale as well over the North

". 3ilitarily' the South from the opening volleys of the war had the most talented officers

1. 3ost conspicuous among a do5en first+rate commanders was Feneral -obert 0. Leewhose knightly bearing and chivalric sense of honor embodied the Southern ideal

". Lincoln had unofficially offered him command the Northern armies' but when @irginseceded' Lee felt honor+bound to go with his native state

). Lee’s chief lieutenant for much of the war was Thomas G. Stonewall<! Gackson' a gtactical theorist and a master of speed and deception

). esides leaders' ordinary Southerners were also bred to fight; accustomed to managing horse bearing arms from boyhood' they made e9cellent cavalrymen and foot soldiers

:. *igh+pitched rebel yell< was designed to strike terror into the hearts of 2ankee recruits=. /s one immense farm' the south seemed to be handicapped by the scarcity of factories; yet b

sei5ing federal weapons' running #nion blockades' and developing their own ironworks'Southerners managed to obtain sufficient weaponry

8. /s war dragged on' grave shortages of shoes' uniforms' and blankets disabled the South1. 0ven with immense stores of food on Southern farms' civilians and soldiers often we

hungry because of supply problems; much of the hunger was caused by a breakdownSouth’s rickety transportation system railroad tracks cut!

". The economy was the greatest Southern weakness; it was the North’s strength). The North was not only a huge farm but a sprawling factory as well; 2ankees boaste

about three+fourths of the nation’s wealth' including three+fours of the railroad miles:. The North controlled the sea with its vastly superior navy with which it established a

blockade that although was a sieve at first' soon choked off Southern supplies andeventually shattered Southern morale; its sea power also enabled the north to e9chanhuge Euantities of grain for munitions and supplies from 0urope



?. The #nion en&oyed a much larger reserve of manpower; the loyal states had a population of s"" million; the seceding states had > million people' including about ).= million slaves; addinthe North’s overwhelming supply of soldier were ever+more immigrants from 0urope' whocontinued to pour into the North even during the war

7. ver 7DD'DDD newcomers arrived between 1781 and 178=' most of them ritish' Brish' andFerman; large numbers of them were induced to enlist in the #nion army

>. %hether immigrant or native' ordinary Northern boys were much less prepared than their So

counterparts for military life known for their discipline and determination!1D.The North was much less fortunate in its higher commanders; Lincoln was forced to use a co

trial+and+error method to sort out effective leaders from many incompetent political officers' he finally uncovered general #lysses S. Frant way to victory!

11.Bn the long run' as the Northern strengths were brought to bear' they outweighed those of the but when the war began' the chances for Southern independence were unusually favorable,of a few events could easily have produced a different outcome

1".Bf the order States had seceded' if uncertain states of the upper 3ississippi @alley had turneagainst the #nion' if a wave of Northern defeatism had demanded an armistice' and if ritainandHor 6rance had broken the blockade' the south might well have won

5. Dethronin !in Cotton 1. Successful revolutions have generally succeeded because of foreign intervention; the South h

counted on it' did not get the help from foreigners' and had lost1. f all the (onfederacy’s potential assets' none counted more weightily than the prosforeign intervention; 0urope’s ruling classes were openly sympathetic to the (onfedecause abhorred the /merican democratic e9periment and they cherished a fellow+fefor the South’s semi+feudal' aristocratic social order!

". Bn contrast' the masses of working people in ritain' and to some e9tent in 6rance' w

pulling and praying for the North,many had read Uncle Tom’s Cabin and sensed thwar might e9tinguish slavery if the North emerged victorious

). Their certain hostility to any official intervention on behalf of the South evidently hasobering effect on the ritish government #ncle Tom helped #ncle Sam by restrainritish and 6rench ironclads from piercing the #nion blockade!

". %hy did Aing (otton fail when ritish te9tile mills depended on the /merican South for ?= percent of their cotton supplies$ %ould silent loom force London to speak$!

1. *e failed in part because he had been so lavishly productive in the immediate prewaof 17=?+178D; enormous e9ports of cotton in those years had piled up surpluses in warehouses and ritish manufacturers had a hefty oversupply of fiber

". The real pinch did not come until about a year and a half later' when work was lost). y that time' Lincoln had announced his slave+emancipation policy' and the wage s

of ritain were not going to demand a war to defend the slaveowners). The direst effects of the cotton famine< in ritain were relieved in several ways; hunger am

unemployed workers was partially eased when certain kindhearted /mericans sent over severcargoes of foodstuffs #nion armies captured or bought considerably supplies of cotton andshipped them to ritain and (onfederates ran a bit by blockade!

:. Bn addition' the cotton growers of 0gypt and Bndian' responding to high prices' increased theioutput; finally booming war industries in 0ngland' which supplied both the North and the So

relived unemployment that was throughout ritain=. Aing %heat and Aing (orn,monarchs of Northern agriculture,proved to be more potent potentates than Aing (otton; during these war years' the North blessed with ideal weather pro bountiful crops of grain and harvested them with the mechanical reaper

8. /t the same period' the ritish suffered a series of bad harvests and were forced to import huEuantities of grain from /merica' which happened to have the cheapest and most abundant suif ritain had broken the blockade to gain cotton' they would have provoked the North to warwould have lost this precious granary

". The Decisi#eness of 1. /merica’s diplomatic front has seldom been so critical as during the (ivil %ar; the South nev



Di$lomac% wholly abandoned its dream of foreign intervention 0uropean rules schemed!

". The first ma&or crisis with ritain came over the Trent affair' late in 1781

1. / #nion warship cruising on high seas north of (uba stopped a ritish mail steamerTrent ' and forcibly removed two (onfederate diplomats bound for 0urope

". ritons were outragedI upstart 2ankees could not so boldly offend the 3istress of thwar preparations bu55ed and red+coated troops embarked for (anada

). The London 6oreign ffice prepared an ultimatum demanding surrender of the priso

and an apology; but luckily slow communications gave passions on both sides a chancool; Lincoln came to see the Trent prisoners as white elephants'< and reluctantly rethem,ne war at a time'< he reportedly said

). /nother ma&or crisis in /nglo+/merican relations arose over the un+neutral building in ritai(onfederate commerce+raiders' notably the Alabama; they were not warships in ritish law

because they left their shipyards unarmed and picked up arms elsewhere1. The /labama escaped in 178" to the Cortuguese /5ores and took weapons and crew

two ritish ships that followed; although flying confederate flag and officered by(onfederates' it was manned by ritons and never entered (onfederate port

". ritain was thus the chief naval base of the (onfederacy). The /labama lighted the skies form 0urope to the 6ar 0ast with the burning hulks of

2ankee merchantmen; all told' this ritish pirate< captured over si9ty vessels

:. (ompeting ritish shippers were delighted and an angered North had to divert navalstrength from its blockade for wild+goose chases defeated off coast of 6rance' 178:!

:. The Alabama was beneath the waves' but issue of ritish+built (onfederate raiders stayed afl/merican minister (harles 6rancis /dams persuaded the ritish that allowing such ships to b

built was a dangerous precedent that might be used against them=. Bn 178) London openly violated its own leaky laws and sei5ed another raider being built for t

South; though efforts were made to stay neutral' the destroyers captured more than "=D 2ankeships' severely crippling the /merican merchant marine never recovered!

&. Forein Flare'u$s 1. / final /nglo+/merican crisis was touched off in 178) by the Laird rams,two (onfederatewarships being constructed in the shipyard of Gohn Laird and Sons in F

1. 4esigned to destroy the wooden ships of the #nion navy with their iron rams and lar

caliber guns' they were far more dangerous than the swift but lightly armed /labamadelivered to the south they were probably have sunk blockading ships". Bn retaliation the North doubtless would have invaded (anada' and a full+dress war w

ritain would have erupted; but /merican 3inister /dams took the hard line' warninthis is war< if the rams were released from Freat ritain

). /t the last minute the London government relented and bought the two ships for the Navy; everyone seemed satisfied e9cept the disappointed (onfederates

:. ritain also repented its sorry role in the /labama business; it agreed in 17?1 to subm/labama dispute to arbitration and in 17?" paid J1=.= million

". /merican resentment was also directed at (anada' where despite the vigilance of ritishauthorities' Southern agents plotted to burn Northern cities (onfederate raids!

1. *atred of 0ngland burned especially fiercely among Brish+/mericans and they unleatheir fury on (anada; they raised several tiny armies< of a few hundred and launche

invasions of (anada' notably in 1788 and 17?D". The (anadians condemned the %ashington government for permitting violations of

neutrality' but administration was hampered by the presence of Brish+/merican voter). Two great nations emerged from the fiery furnace of the /merican (ivil %ar; one was a reun

#nited States' and the other was a united (anada; the ritish Carliament established the 4omof (anada in 178?; it was partly designed to bolster the (anadians' both politically and spiritagainst the possible vengeance of the #S

:. 0mperor Napoleon BBB of 6rance' taking advantage of /merica’s preoccupation with its owninternal problems' dispatched a 6rench army to occupy 3e9ico (ity in 178)

1. Bn 178:' he installed on the ruins of the crushed republic his puppet' /ustrian archdu



3a9imilian' as emperor of 3e9ico violation of 3onroe 4octrine!". Napoleon BBB had sent an army and enthroned 3a9imilian; he was gambling that the

would collapse and thus /merican would be too weak to enforce its hands+off< polithe %estern *emisphere North was cautious toward 6rance!

=. %hen the shooting stopped in 178=' Secretary of State Seward prepared to march south and Napoleon reali5ed that his costly gamble was doomed Napoleon took 6rench leave< in 1783a9imilian soon crumpled before a 3e9ican firing sEuad!

(. )resident Da#is *ersus

)resident +incoln

1. The (onfederate government' like Aing (otton' harbored fatal weaknesses1. Bts constitution' borrowing liberally from that of the #nion' contained one deadly de

created by secession' it could not logically deny future secession to its constituent staGefferson 4avis had in view a well+knit central government

". 4etermined states’ rights supporters fought him bitterly to the end; the -ichmond regencountered difficulty persuading certain state troops to serve outside borders

). States’ rights were no less damaging to the (onfederacy than 2ankee sabers". Cresident 4avis was repeatedly in hot water; he at on time en&oyed real personal popularity,

times there was serious talk of impeachment unlike Lincoln!1. 4avis was somewhat imperious and inclined to defy rather than lead public opinion

suffering acutely from nervous disorders' he overworked himself with the details of b

civil government and military operations task beyond his powers!". Lincoln also had his troubles but the North en&oyed the prestige of a long+establishedgovernment' financially stable and fully recogni5ed both at home and abroad

). Lincoln proved superior to the more e9perienced by less fle9ible 4avis; he developegenius for interpreting and leading a fickly public opinion but still demonstratedcharitableness toward the South and tolerance toward infighting colleagues

,. +imitations on -artime

+ierties

1. (ongress' in crisis' generally accepted or confirmed the president’s Euestionable acts Lincolnot believe that his ironhanded authority would continue after war!

". (ongress was not in session when war erupted' so Lincoln gathered the reins; brushing asideob&ections' he proclaimed a blockade actions later upheld by Supreme (ourt!

1. *e arbitrarily increased the si5e of the 6ederal army,something that only (ongressdo under the (onstitution (ongress would later approve!

". *e directed the secretary of the Treasury to advance J" million without appropriatiosecurity to three private citi5ens for military purposes,a grave irregularity contrary (onstitution; he suspended the precious privilege of the writ of habeas corpus' so tha#nionists might be summarily arrested

). *e defied a dubious ruling by the chief &ustice that the safeguards of habeas corpus c be set aside only by authori5ation of (ongress

). Lincoln’s regime was guilt of many other high+handed acts; there was supervised< voting inorder States' federal officials also ordered the suspension of certain newspapers and the arretheir editors on grounds of obstructing the war

:. Gefferson 4avis was less able than Lincoln to e9ercise arbitrary power' mainly because ofconfirmed states’ righters who fanned an intense spirit of localism

=. To the very end' owners of horse+drawn vans in Cetersburg' @irginia prevented the sensible &o

of the incoming and outgoing tracks of a militarily vital railroad

1/.*olunteers and Draftees0

orth and South

1. Northern armies were at first manned solely by volunteers' with each state assigned a Euota bon population; but in 178)' after volunteering had slackened off' (ongress passed a federalconscription law for the first time on a nationwide scale in the #S

1. The provisions were grossly unfair to the poor; rich boys could hire substitutes to gotheir places or purchase e9emption outright by paying J)DD; three+hundred+dollar mwas the scornful epithet applied to these slackers and draftees complained life!

". The draft was especially damned in the 4emocratic strong holds of the North' notab New 2ork (ity; a frightful riot broke out in 178)' touched off largely by underprivil



and anti+black Brish+/mericans' who shouted' 4own with Lincoln<). 6or several days the city was at the mercy of the pillaging mob; scores of lives were

and the victims included many lynched blacks elsewhere in the North' conscriptionwith resentment and an occasional minor riot!

". 3ore than >D percent of the #nion troops were volunteers' since social and patriotic pressureenlist were strong; as able+bodied men became scarcer' generous bounties for enlistment weroffered by federal' state' and local authorities as much as J1'DDD!

). %ith money flowing freely' a crew of bounty brokers< and substitute brokers< sprang up' ahome and abroad,combed poor houses of the ritish Bsles and western 0urope

:. Sometimes the bounty boys< deserted' volunteered elsewhere and netted another haul and thbounty &umpers< sometimes repeated this profitable operation

=. The rolls of the #nion army recorded about "DD'DDD deserters of all classes' and the (onfedeauthorities were plagued with a runaway problem of similar dimensions

8. Like the North' the South at first relied mainly on volunteers but since the (onfederacy was less populous' it scraped the bottom of its manpower barrel much more Euickly

1. The -ichmond regime was forced to resort to conscription as early as /pril 178"' neyear earlier than the #nion cradle and grave<,ages 1? to =D!

". (onfederation draft regulations also worked serious in&ustices; as in the North' a richcould hire a substitute or purchase e9emption slaveowners as well too!

). These special privileges made for bad feelings among the less prosperous' many of w

complained that this was a rich man’s war but a poor man’s fight<:. No large+scale draft riots broke out in the South but (onfederate conscription agents

avoided those areas inhabited by sharpshooting mountain whites 2ankee+lovers<!

11.The conomic Stresses of

-ar

1. lessed with a large share of the wealth' the North rode through the financial breakers much smoothly than the South; e9cise ta9es on tobacco and alcohol were substantially increased by(ongress an income ta9 was levied for the first time,low!

". (ustoms receipts likewise proved to be important revenue+raisers; early in 1781' after enoug protection Southern members had seceded' (ongress passed the 3orrill Tariff /ct' supersedilow Tariff of 17=? increased e9isting duties = to 1D percent!

). These modest rates were soon pushed sharply upward by the necessities of war; the increasesdesigned partly to raise additional revenue and partly to provide more protection fro the prosp

manufacturers protective tariff became identified with the -epublican party' as /mericanindustrialists mostly -epublicans had welcoming benefits

:. The %ashington Treasury also issued green+backed paper money' totaling nearly J:=D millioface value; the printing+press currency was inadeEuately supported by gold and hence its valudetermined by the nation’s credit fluctuated with war!

=. The holders of notes' victims of creeping inflation' were indirectly ta9ed as the value of thecurrency slowly withered in their hands yet borrowing far outstripped paper and ta9es

8. The federal Treasury netted ".8 billion through the sale of bonds' which bored interest and wwere payable at a later date; the modern techniEue of selling these issues to the people directthrough drives< and payroll deductions had not yet been devised

1. /ccordingly the Treasury was forced to market its bonds through the private bankinghouse of Gay (ooke and (ompany' which received a commission of three+eighths of

percent on all sales bankers succeeded in making effective appeals to citi5ens!". / financial landmark of the war was the National anking System' authori5ed by

(ongress in 178),launched partly as a stimulant to the sale of government bonds' ialso designed to establish a standard bank+note currency

). anks that &oined the National anking System could buy government bonds and isssound paper money backed by them; the war+born National anking /ct thus turned

be the first significant step taken toward a united banking network :. The system continued to function until it was replaced by the 6ederal -eserve System

?. /n impoverished South was beset by different financial woes; customs duties were choked othe coils of the #nion blockade tightened large issues of (onfederate bonds were sold at homabroad' amounting to nearly J:DD million!



1. The -ichmond regime increased ta9es sharply and imposed a 1D percent levy on farm produce but in general the states’ rights southerners were opposed to heavy direct ta9 by the central authority only 1 percent of total income produced this way!

". The (onfederate government was forced to print blue+backed paper money with comabandon; runaway inflation< occurred as Southern presses continued to grind out th

poorly backed treasury notes overall the war inflicted a >'DDD percent inflation rate (onfederacy' contrasted with 7D percent for the #nion!

12.The orth’s conomic

Boom

1. %artime prosperity in the North was miraculous; the marvel is that a divided nation could figcostly conflict for four years and emerge seemingly more prosperous than ever

1. New factories' sheltered by the new protective tariffs sprang forth". Soaring prices' resulting from inflation' unfortunately pinched the day laborer and th

white+collar worker to some e9tent but manufacturers and businesspeople gained". The (ivil %ar bred a millionaire class for the first time in /merican history

1. 3any of these newly rich were noisy' gaudy' brassy' and given to e9travagant livingemergence merely illustrates the truth that some gluttony and greed mar the devotionself+sacrifice called forth by a war such as the (ivil %ar

". 2ankee sharpness< appeared at its worst; dishonest agents' putting profits above patriotism palmed off aged and blind horses on government purchasers; unscrupulou

Northern manufacturers supplied shoes with cardboard soles and fast+disintegratinguniforms of reprocessed or shoddy< wool rather than virgin wool). Newly invented laborsaving machinery enabled the North to e9pand economically and the se

machine wrought wonders in fabricating uniforms and military footwear :. The marriage of military need and innovative machinery largely ended the production of cus

tailored clothing; graduated standard measurements were introduced si5es!=. (lattering mechanical reapers proved hardly less potent than thundering guns; they not only

released tens of thousand of farms boys fro the army but fed them their field rations8. Croducing vast surpluses of grain that when sent aboard helped dethrone king (otton' they

provided profits with which the North was able to buy munitions and supplies from abroad,contributed to the feverish prosperity of the North and #nion

?. The discovery of petroleum gushers in 17=> had led to a rush of 6ifty+Niners< to C/1. The result was the birth of a new industry and pioneers continued to push westward

the war' altogether an estimated )DD'DDD people ma&or magnets were free gold nuggand free land under the *omestead /ct of 178"; strong propellants were the federal agents ocean+carrying trade suffered a crippling setback!

". The (ivil %ar was a women’s war' too; the protracted conflict opened new opportunfor women; when men departed' women often took &obs in govt.!

). The booming military demand for shoes and clothing' combined with technologicalmarvels like the sewing machine' like wise drew countless women into industrialemployment ratio rose from one in four to one in three industrial worker women!

7. ther women stepped up to the fighting front or close behind it; some women accompanied thusbands' others took on dangerous spy missions; others nurses

>. 4r. 0li5abeth lackwell' /merica’s first female physician' helped organi5e the #. S.' Sanitary(ommission to assist the #nion armies in the field trained nurses' collected medical supplieeEuipped hospitals,women’s movement that followed!

1D.(lara arton and 4orothea 4i9' superintendent of nurses for the #nion army helped transfornursing from a lowly service into a respected profession Sally Tompkins!

13.A Crushed Cotton

!indom

1. The South fought to the point of e9haustion; the suffocation caused by the blockade togetherthe destruction wrought by invaders' took a terrible toll

1. The South claimed only 1" percent of the national wealth in 17?D )DK in 178D!". The (ivil %ar sEuee5ed the average southern income to two+fifths of the North "H)

". Transportation collapsed; the South was driven to pulling up rails form the less+used lines tothe main ones,to the brutal end the South mustered remarkable resourcefulness



1. %omen buoyed up their men folk; the self+sacrificing women took pride in denyingthemselves the silks and satins of their Northern sisters The Southern Firl<!

". /t war’s end the Northern (aptains of Bndustry had conEuered the Southern Lords o3anor; a crippled South left the capitalistic North free to work its own way' with higtariffs and other benefits Northern manufacturers and Bndustrial -evolution!

). The south of 178= was to be rich in little but amputees' war heroes' ruins' and memories

chapter 20 apush

Documents