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1 Chapter 13 +1000 F 2000 F 2000 F 1000 F Ocean Crust = Basalt Continental Crust = Granite Temperature / Composition Magma for volcanoes does not come from Earth's core outside the earth Thin / Runny Hot Maple Syrup Thick / Pasty Cold Maple Syrup

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Page 1: Chapter 13smsdhs.ss13.sharpschool.com/UserFiles/Servers/Server... · 2017. 7. 18. · Divergent Boundaries Convergent / Collision 8 15 Inter plate earthquake. Chapter 12: Earthquakes

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Chapter 13

+1000 F ­ 2000 F

2000 F

1000 F

Ocean Crust = Basalt

Continental Crust = Granite

Temperature / Composition

Magma for volcanoesdoes not come from Earth'score

outside the earth

Thin / RunnyHot Maple Syrup

Thick / PastyCold Maple Syrup

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Hawaiian Volcanoes

Mt St Helens

High SilicaHigh WaterExplosive

Ash & CinderSmall rock

Mt Capulinpg 202­203

Eldfell, Iceland

1000s m

Low SilicaLow WaterQuiet Eruptions

pg 202 Mauna LoaPahoehoe ­ Hot Runny  Silky ­ Rope likeAa  ­ Cooler Sharp Jagged Rocks

1000 km

Car RadiatorPressure CapTemp exceed 230­240F

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Aa

PahoehoeHotterRopey ­ Silky

CoolerSharp Jagged

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Continental / Ocean Plate BoundaryOcean crust and Continental crust melting

Quiet eruptionThin Runny Lava

Thick / Pasty LavaExplosive Eruption

Mt St Helens pg 203

Strato­

Cascade Mountains ­ Pacific NorthwestCalifornia, Oregon, Washington

High SilicaLow Water

Interbedded lava flows

Rebuildingthe mountain

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Silica = thickness of magma

A lot of Silica =    Thick pastyLittle bit of Silica = Thin runny

Water ContentA lot of water = High pressureLittle or no water = Low pressure

= Pressure control

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1 km 3 ejected from Mt St Helens

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Thin Runny LavaQuiet EruptionHot = 2000 F

Thin LavaFountain over 1000 ft highNot Explosive

Thick MagmaForms a Plug = Dome

Rebuilding1000 F

How Water Content and Silica Affect Eruptions

Shield Volcanoes

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Cold, Old Hard Rock Formations

Although there are some variations in the types of volcanoes and their eruptions, the features associated with volcanoes are mostlythe same across all types.  Below are the definitions of intrusiveigneous rock features that are illustrated in the diagram on thetop of the previous page.

Sill ­ magma that has cooled and hardened parallel to existingrock layers.Dike ­ magma that has cooled and hardened perpendicular to existing rock layers.Laccolith ­ similar to sill but formation has pushed above rock layers into a lens / dome shapeBatholith ­ large mass of rock that was the central magma chamberVolcanic Neck ­ central pipe through which magma traveled to surfaceStock / Boss ­ similar to Batholith  only smallerCaldera ­ old volcanic crater (can fill with water to form a lake)

From diagramon previous page

The material thrown from a volcano is classified generally as pyroclastic material or tephra.  The particles are classified below

< 2 millimetersUp to 64 millimeters> 64 millimeters

Blocks and bombs are similar except that blocks solid as they are thrown from the volcano, while bombs are liquids that cool and harden as they fall.

Football shaped

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50 km3 of material 

ejected

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Divergent Boundaries

Convergent / Collision

8

15

Inter­ plate earthquake

Owner
Text Box
Chapter 12: Earthquakes
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ArchCapital A

SinkingSmile

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PrimaryPush ­ PullPulse

SecondarySide ­ Side

P WaveS Wave L Wave

Richter ­ Quake Strength Mercalli ­  Damage

XII

Each number increase wave height increases by 10

Energy released increases 30 times

Rocks can only hold energyup to +9.0 Richter intensity

Today = Moment Magnitude combines Richter measure and actual ground movement

9.5

Only travelthrough solids

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P WaveS WaveL Wave

Difference in arrival time P vs S waves = 1 min 40 secFor every second that P and S differ = 9.75 km100 sec X 9.75 km = 975 km

975

975

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Inner CoreIron / Nickel   Solid

Outer Core

Mantle

Crust

P waves

S waves

Slow in Mantle, Outer Core, Speed up Inner Core

Slow in Mantle , Stop at the Outer Core

Shadow Zone= where no seismic waves are detected 

Rigid Solid Silly PuttyFlexible Solid

Molten Liquid

Seismic Gap =    location that has not had an earthquakein a long time

A

BC

A

B

C

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P Wave S Wave

Anticline

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