chapter 21-birds. class aves- birds ~8,700 species forelimbs modified into wings amniotic eggs...
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Chapter 21-Birds
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Class Aves- Birds• ~8,700 species• Forelimbs modified into wings• Amniotic eggs (hard-shelled)• Scaled feet and legs• Strong, light-weight skeleton• Endothermic metabolism (104Endothermic metabolism (104°° F to 108 F to 108°° F) F)• Completely divided ventricle
– Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood completely separate• Highly efficient lungs• Syrinx- Bird’s song box
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Bird Heart
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Highly Efficient Lungs
• One-way air flow• Air sacs store gas (more
efficient)• Lungs exposed to only
oxygenated air• Blood travels in opposite
direction
• Endothermic metabolism, completely divided ventricle, and efficient lungs account for energy needed for flight
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Highly Efficient Lungs
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Bird Skeleton
• Thin• Hollow• Many bones fused for
sturdy muscle attachment• Keel- Enlarged
breastbone and fused collar bone– Breast muscles attachment
(30% of weight)
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Class Aves- Birds
• Brain to body size ratio second only to mammals• Digestion:
– Beak lacks teeth– Crop- Expanded portion of esophagus stores food– 2-chamber stomach:
• Proventriculus - 1st – Digestive acids partially break down food• Gizzard- 2nd – Muscular; grinds and crushes
– Waste exits cloaca– Covert nitrogenous wastes to uric acid in a harmless white
paste form
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Feathers
• Covered in feathers (modified reptilian scales)– Develop from follicles follicles (tiny pits in
skin)– Molt feathers individually– Also function as camouflage or
attracting mates• Sexual dimorphism- Males and
females have different appearances– Males more brightly colored to
attract females
CamouflageCamouflage
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Feathers Attract MatesMale and female cardinalsMale and female cardinals
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Feathers• Follicles- Small sacs in skin where feathers develop • Two types:
– Contour feathersContour feathers- Cover body and give shape• Flight feathers- wings and tail• Protect and streamline • Rachis- Broad, flat part of feather
– Vane- central shaft of feather– Branches (barbs) w/barbules (projections with hooks) interlock– Quill- bottom section of rachis (calamus)
• PreeningPreening- Pulling feathers to relink connections– Preen glandPreen gland- Secretes oil to clean and waterproof feathers
» At base of tail• Down feathersDown feathers- Insulate under contour feathers
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Bird Feathers
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Amazing Bird Flights
• Hummingbirds flap their wings rapidly (20-80 beats per second)– Smallest birds
• Migrating birds can travel up to 2,000 miles in 6 days
• Gulls and vultures use upward air movement to use little energy
HummingbirdHummingbird
Turkey VultureTurkey Vulture
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Bird Reproduction and Offspring • Monogamous- many bird species have mating pairs
and mate for life• Clutch- a group of eggs in a nest
– Incubate- Male or female parents keep eggs warm– Albumin- Egg white (protein)– Altricial- birds helpless at birth
• Few eggs at a time• Stay in nest a long time• Ex: songbirds (i.e. American Robin)
– Precocial- birds well developed at birth• Large numbers of eggs• Feed themselves• Ex: Ducks and chickens
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Bird Diversity• 28 orders (see page 329)
– 60% order Passiformes (song birds)
– 5,300 species; largest group of terrestrial vertebrates
RobinRobin
Mocking birdMocking bird
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Bird Adaptations • Adaptations based on habits and diet– Beak (bill)– Legs – Feet
• Some adaptations include– Stream-lined bodies for flying
over water– Low-light vision for feeding at
night (nocturnalnocturnal)– Wings adapted for swimming
Sea gullSea gull
Barn owlBarn owl
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Flightless Birds
• Ostriches (Africa) & Emus (Domesticated)– Largest birds– Body to heavy for flight
• Penguins (Antarctica)– Adapted wings for
swimming
Emperor penguin Emperor penguin familyfamily
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Avian Adaptations
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Avian Adaptations
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North American Flyways
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Long Migration Flight
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