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The Civil Rights Movement

1950-1968

• In 1947 ___________________ joined the ______________________, becoming the first African American to play major league baseball. His success fostered pride in African Americans and paved the way for others to follow.

Jackie RobinsonBrooklyn Dodgers

Robinson, an experienced athlete and war veteran, was asked if he would be able to endure racial insults without responding. When Robinson asked if management wanted a player without enough guts to fight back, he was told they wanted one with enough guts to not fight back.

• After WWII, __________ of people were ready to demand that the country live up to its creed that all are __________ before the __________.

millions

equallaw

African American Migration• Remember the “Great Migration?”

• The demand for industrial workers, coupled with the manpower shortages caused by the world wars, lured many African Americans to move from their homes in the South to Northern cities.

• Once in the North, which lacked many of the discriminatory laws that oppressed them in the South, African Americans began to wield more political influence. Politicians began to find it in their interest to respond to the community’s demands. FDR found them a convenient target for weakening the Republican Party’s traditional sway over the former Union states.

The New Deal

• FDR and New Deal Democrats courted black votes to win support for their policies.

• The number of African Americans working for the federal government increased significantly.

WWII• African American workers began to wield more

influence in the politics of northern cities.

• African American veterans demanded respect for their service.

• Many northerners had their first real exposure to segregation when the went into the military or received training at bases in the South.

• Racial discrimination lost a lot of support after the Holocaust put it in a different perspective.

• Amidst these cultural changes, the National _____________ for the Advancement of __________ People (“__________”) worked to challenge _____________ laws throughout the country.

AssociationColored NAACP

segregation

• It tried to overturn the 1896 __________ v. ___________ decision that allowed segregation in public places if the facilities were “__________ but __________.”

PlessyFerguson

separate equal

Homer Plessy

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• Their legal defense fund, led by _______________, achieved many gains. One lawyer in particular, _____________, succeeded in winning more than _____________ in higher pay and better facilities for black students.

Thurgood Marshall

Oliver Hill$50 million

Hill (1907-2007), an attorney from Virginia, often volunteered his services for civil rights cases because the plaintiffs could not afford to pay him. He received threats to his safety but continued to practice law for more than 60 years.

School Segregation in the 1940s

• In 1951, Oliver Brown sued the school board in ______________, so his daughter could attend a nearby school for whites. After many appeals, the case made it to the Supreme Court, with _______________________ arguing the Brown’s case. In 1954, in a _____________ decision, the Court declared school segregation unconstitutional.

Topeka, KS

Thurgood Marshall

unanimous

Case Background• Oliver Brown was the lead plaintiff in one of

five cases decidedly simultaneously. His daughter, Linda, was a third grader. She had to walk six blocks to catch a bus to her segregated school even though a school for whites was only seven blocks from her home.

Kansas allowed, but did not require, school districts to segregate. This case embarrassed many who lived in the state.

• The public’s reaction to the ruling was __________. While _____________________ rejoiced, many __________, especially in the __________, reacted with fear and anger. – Several Southern officials openly opposed

enforcement of the decision, while far more tried to slow down and prevent implementation while nominally accepting the ruling.

– Virginia provided an interesting case, since it actually forbade state funding for integrated schools (effectively shutting down several districts) and channeled money to private, segregated academies until courts intervened.

mixed African Americanswhites

South

• In 1960, Ruby Bridges was the first African American to integrate a Southern elementary school. She had to be escorted by US Marshals to her New Orleans school, her father lost his job, and her family was shunned. Her experience prompted Norman Rockwell to paint a tribute.

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• More than ___ members of Congress issued a protest known as the _______________________, asserting the Court exceeded its constitutional authority. – Although most Southern Congressmen supported the

declaration, there were a few prominent non-signatories. Chief among these was Lyndon Johnson.

90Southern Manifesto

• The __________ also became more active and threatened those who accepted the Court decision.

KKK

• In 1955, the nation’s attention shifted to the streets of ____________________. In December, ______________ a seamstress and member of the NAACP, refused to give up her seat on a segregated bus when told to do so. She was __________ and ordered to stand __________ for breaking the law.

Montgomery, ALRosa Parks

arrestedtrial

• Parks (1912-2005), like most plaintiffs in the civil rights cases, was recruited for this protest because she would be a sympathetic plaintiff. She had worked for civil rights since the 1940s and was the Secretary of her chapter of the NAACP. She was arrested and fined a total of $14 but appealed.

• Civil rights leaders in the city reacted by organizing the _________________________. They distributed __________ announcing the plan, which called for blacks to avoid the entire bus system until the company changed its policy. A 26-year-old minister named _____________________________ became the _____________ for the entire protest movement. – African Americans then constituted about 75% of

the systems’ ridership. Protestors hoped that economic pressure would yield results.

Montgomery Bus Boycottleaflets

Martin Luther King, Jr.spokesman

• Over the next year, __________ blacks in the city __________, rode __________, or joined __________ to avoid the buses. Despite losing money, the company refused to change. Finally, in __________, the Court ruled that bus segregation was unconstitutional.

50,000walked bicycles

carpools

1956

• In 1957, Arkansas Governor ________________ declared he could not keep __________ if he enforced _____________. He posted ___________________ troops at Central High School in _____________ to prevent __________ black students who were supposed to attend that school.

Orval Faubusorder

integrationNational Guard

Little Rocknine

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• President ______________ viewed this as a direct ___________, so he sent soldiers to protect the students.

Eisenhowerchallenge

• Since 1929, the __________ of United __________ American Citizens (“__________”) had been struggling to achieve equality for ___________.

LeagueLatinLULAC

Hispanics

• The group helped finance a case, __________ v. _________________________________, that made segregation of __________________ children in __________ illegal.

DelgadoBastrop Ind. School District

Mexican AmericanTexas

Delgado v. Bastrop: The White School

Delgado v. Bastrop: The Mexican School

• In 1953, the federal government adopted a policy known as ______________ which sought to eliminate ______________________ and assimilate _____________________ into mainstream American life. The policy was eventually reversed.

terminationIndian Reservations

Native Americans

Reformers thought that reservations were the racial ghettoes and that Natives should be encouraged to integrate. They feared the loss of their cultural identities.

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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People - NAACP

Year Founded

Leaders

Purpose or Focus

Significance

1909

W.E.B. DuBois

Interracial organization that focused on challenging the laws that prevented African Americans from exercising their full rights (especially voting) and pass laws against lynching

Won many lawsuits challenging segregation, especially in housing and education

National Urban League

Year Founded

Leaders

Purpose or Focus

Significance

1911

None listed

Assist people moving to major American cities in finding homes and jobs

Promoted economic opportunity for relocating African Americans

Congress of Racial Equality -CORE

Year Founded

Leaders

Purpose or Focus

Significance

1942

James FarmerInterracial group that tried to bring change through peaceful confrontationPlayed a major role in the Civil Rights movement

Southern Christian Leadership Conference –SCLC

Year Founded

Leaders

Purpose or Focus

Significance

1957

Martin Luther King, Jr.

Promote peaceful protests against racist policiesUnder MLK it won many civil rights victories

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee –SNCC

Year Founded

Leaders

Purpose or Focus

Significance

1960

Robert Moses

To give young African Americans a greater roleBecame a strong and vital (but increasingly radical) force

• Born in __________, Georgia, in __________, King experienced segregation daily. His father and grandfather were both prominent _____________________.

Atlanta 1929

Baptist preachers

• He graduated from _____________ College in Atlanta and then __________ Theological Seminary in ________________. He ultimately earned a doctorate in __________ from __________ University in __________.

MorehouseCrozer

Pennsylvaniatheology

Boston 1955

• There he met and married ________________. Coretta Scott

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• As he became more involved in the civil rights movement, he was influenced by the beliefs of ______________________. Mohandas Gandhi

Gandhi led the movement for Indian independence from the British Empire. He recognized that the Indians would not defeat the British militarily. Indians could appeal to the British sense of justice and morality, however. King thought that African Americans could use the same approach for equal rights.

• They shared a philosophy of _____________ as the only way to achieve victory over _______________. Those who fight for __________ must peacefully refuse to obey ______________.

nonviolence

stronger foesjusticeunjust laws

• This philosophy resembled American author __________________________’s example in advocating _____________________.Henry David Thoreau

civil disobedienceThoreau, the famous American author, once went to jail rather than pay a tax that would have helped finance the Mexican-American War. Thoreau thought the war unjust and therefore paying the tax would have been tantamount to cooperating with evil. He went to prison until a friend paid the tax for him.

• As a result of his role in the ______________, King gained national prominence and played a key role in almost every civil rights event, including the March on Washington in 1963.

Bus Boycott

• He received the ______________________ in 1964.

Nobel Peace Prize

• He was assassinated in ________________ in 1968.

Memphis, TN

• His killer, ___________________, was convicted and died in jail.

James Earl Ray

Ray (1928-1998) had a prior criminal record going back several years before he killed King. After shooting King he abandoned his rifle and binoculars, from which his fingerprints were lifted. He was caught and confessed to the crime but later recanted. He died maintaining his innocence, but few believed him.

• What were “sit-ins” and why were they effective?– During sit-ins, protestors would occupy an

establishment (usually a business that refused to serve minorities) and refuse to leave unless they were served.

– Owners had a few choices. They could have the protestors arrested for trespassing and risk a public-relations backlash (especially if it was a national chain that did business in non-segregated areas) or allow the protestors to stay, offending local customers and losing business. Finally, they could break the law and serve the protestors.

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• In 1960, the Supreme Court expanded its earlier ban on segregation of __________________. The following year, SNCC and CORE organized the __________________ to test southern compliance with that decision.

interstate buses

Freedom Rides

• The first participants encountered violence in ___________, where their bus was burned and they were beaten. Their journey ended with arrest in ________________, but about _________________ continued the protest.

Alabama

Jackson, MS300 protesters

• Attorney General ___________________ sent ____________________ for protection and then pushed for desegregation of all ______________________________.

Robert Kennedyfederal marshals

interstate transportation

• In 1962, the Supreme Court ruled that ___________________, an African American Air Force Veteran, should be allowed to transfer to the all-white _____________________________.

James Meredith

University of Mississippi

Meredith faced significant adversity at school. He was ostracized by his fellow students and suffered harassment in various forms. He graduated in 1963 and continued his activism.

• Governor ________________, however, personally blocked him from the admissions office.

Ross Barnett

Barnett (1898-1987) had vowed during his campaign for governor that no Mississippi schools would be integrated under his administration. He eventually relented under threat of arrest and a fine of $10,000 per day of refusal.

• President __________ then sent __________ to enforce the decision, which caused riots that required ______________ to restore order.

Kennedy marshals

army troops

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• In 1963, Reverend ______________________ invited MLK and the SCLC to visit _____________________, which King described as “the most _____________ city in America.”

Fred Shuttlesworth

Birmingham, ALsegregated

• They started with nonviolent protest __________ and __________. City officials declared them illegal because they did not have a __________ and obtained a ___________________ ordering them to cease. King disobeyed the order and was arrested by police commissioner ____________.

marchessit-ins

permitcourt injunction

Bull Connor

Theophilus Eugene Connor (1897-1973) was an unsuccessful candidate for mayor and governor but was very active in local and even national party politics. He was very aggressive against protestors, even children, sparking an international protest.

Letter from a Birmingham Jail• April 16, 1963 • MY DEAR FELLOW CLERGYMEN: • While confined here in the Birmingham city jail, I came

across your recent statement calling my present activities "unwise and untimely." Seldom do I pause to answer criticism of my work and ideas. If I sought to answer all the criticisms that cross my desk, my secretaries would have little time for anything other than such correspondence in the course of the day, and I would have no time for constructive work. But since I feel that you are men of genuine good will and that your criticisms are sincerely set forth, I want to try to answer your statements in what I hope will be patient and reasonable terms.

Letter from a Birmingham Jail• I am in Birmingham because injustice is here. Just

as the prophets of the eighth century B.C. left their villages and carried their "thus saith the Lord" far beyond the boundaries of their home towns, and just as the Apostle Paul left his village of Tarsus and carried the gospel of Jesus Christ to the far corners of the Greco-Roman world, so am I.

Letter from a Birmingham Jail• I cannot sit idly by in Atlanta and not be concerned

about what happens in Birmingham. Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere. We are caught in an inescapable network of mutuality, tied in a single garment of destiny. Whatever affects one directly, affects all indirectly. Never again can we afford to live with the narrow, provincial "outside agitator" idea. Anyone who lives inside the United States can never be considered an outsider anywhere within its bounds.

Letter from a Birmingham Jail• You may well ask: "Why direct action? Why sit-ins,

marches and so forth? Isn't negotiation a better path?" You are quite right in calling, for negotiation. Indeed, this is the very purpose of direct action. Nonviolent direct action seeks to create such a crisis and foster such a tension that a community which has constantly refused to negotiate is forced to confront the issue. It seeks so to dramatize the issue that it can no longer be ignored. My citing the creation of tension as part of the work of the nonviolent-resister may sound rather shocking. But I must confess that I am not afraid of the word "tension." I have earnestly opposed violent tension, but there is a type of constructive, nonviolent tension which is necessary for growth.

Letter from a Birmingham Jail• We know through painful experience that freedom is

never voluntarily given by the oppressor; it must be demanded by the oppressed. Frankly, I have yet to engage in a direct-action campaign that was "well timed" in the view of those who have not suffered unduly from the disease of segregation. For years now I have heard the word "Wait!" It rings in the ear of every Negro with piercing familiarity. This "Wait" has almost always meant 'Never."

Letter from a Birmingham Jail• You express a great deal of anxiety over our willingness

to break laws. This is certainly a legitimate concern. Since we so diligently urge people to obey the Supreme Court's decision of 1954 outlawing segregation in the public schools, at first glance it may seem rather paradoxical for us consciously to break laws. One may wonder: "How can you advocate breaking some laws and obeying others?" The answer lies in the fact that there are two types of laws: just and unjust. I would be the first to advocate obeying just laws. One has not only a legal but a moral responsibility to obey just laws. Conversely, one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws.

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Letter from a Birmingham Jail• We should never forget that everything Adolf Hitler did

in Germany was "legal" and everything the Hungarian freedom fighters did in Hungary was "illegal." It was "illegal" to aid and comfort a Jew in Hitler's Germany. Even so, I am sure that, had I lived in Germany at the time, I would have aided and comforted my Jewish brothers. If today I lived in a Communist country where certain principles dear to the Christian faith are suppressed, I would openly advocate disobeying that country's antireligious laws.

• Yours for the cause of Peace and Brotherhood,

• MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR.

• After more than a week, King was __________. He then decided to let ________________ join the campaign. More than __________ of them were arrested. Police used ___________ and trained _____________ against them, and when they fell to the ground, police __________ them before taking them to __________.

releasedyoung people

900fire hoses

police dogsbeat

jail

• Even those _________________ to the civil rights movement were __________. In the end, the ____________ won as a committee was arranged to ______________ city facilities.

unsympatheticappalled

protestersdesegregate

• As a senator from Massachusetts, __________ had voted for civil rights without actively pushing the issue. During his presidential campaign, however, he won many ____________________________ with bold __________.

Kennedy

African American votesrhetoric

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• Once in office, though, he moved slowly on issues such as ______________ so as to not offend _____________________. He did appoint many blacks to prominent positions, including _______________________ as a Circuit Judge.

fair housingSouthern senators

Thurgood Marshall

Marshall (1908-1993) was previously highlighted for his NAACP work and for arguing Brown v. Board of Education. He eventually became the first African American Supreme Court Justice.

• He was deeply disturbed by scenes of racial violence and embarrassed by them when he met with __________ leader ______________. Soviet Khrushchev

Americans liked to lecture the communists on their disregard for human rights (speech, religion, property, etc.). The communists greatly enjoyed replying with protests about segregation.

• He responded to __________________________ in a televised speech, but hours later ______________, an __________ worker, was murdered.

the violence in BirminghamMedgar Evers

NAACP

Evers (1925-1963) was a WWII veteran and civil rights worker, killed for his efforts to help African Americans achieve equal rights. He advised James Meredith during his attempt to integrate Ole Miss. He was buried with full military honors at Arlington National Cemetary.

• The killer, __________________________, remained unpunished until __________.

Byron De La Beckwith1994

De La Beckwith (1920-2001) was a WWII veteran who became a salesman after the war. He joined the White Citizens’ Council after the Supreme Court ruling in Brown v. Board of Education. He was tried twice in 1964 but both trials ended in hung juries. His third trial ended in his conviction.

• After this crisis, Kennedy introduced a strong ___________________ designed to prohibit ______________ in all ________________, ban _________________ wherever __________________ was involved, and advance _________________________. Opponents prevented the bill from coming up for a vote.

Civil Rights Billsegregation public places

discriminationfederal funding

school desegregation

• To focus attention and build support for the bill, __________ proposed a march on ______________. Kennedy feared it would alienate ___________ and cause _____________, but he ultimately embraced the proposal.

MLKWashington

Congress racial violence

King stood on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial and appeared to extemporize the most famous lines of his speech after someone behind him encouraged him to talk about “his dream.”

• The march occurred in _______________ and included more than __________ people. Some famous marchers were:

August 1963200,000

- A. Philip Randolph- James Baldwin- Sammy Davis Jr.- Jackie Robinson- Joan Baez- Bob Dylan

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• Three months after the march, __________ was assassinated and the bill had not advanced. President __________ was eager to use his skills to pass the bill, which he mentioned in his _______________________.

JFK

Johnson

first public address

• As ____________________________ he had previously passed a civil rights bill in __________, and he let Congress know he would accept no _______________. Although Senate opponents delayed passage by engaging in a __________, the bill ultimately passed.

Senate Majority Leader

1957compromise

filibuster

1964 Civil Rights Act• Title I – banned the use of different voter registration

standards for blacks and whites.• Title II – prohibited discrimination in public

accommodations, such as motels, restaurants, etc.• Title VI – allowed the withholding of federal funds

from public or private programs that practice discrimination.

• Title VII – banned discrimination on the basis of race, sex, religion, or national origin by employers and unions; created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to investigate charges of job discrimination.

• In 1964, civil rights leaders organized a ___________________________ in _____________. About 1,000 volunteers, most of whom were ___________________, joined in the drive. There were several murders, about __________ mob attacks, and about __________ arrests. This period came to be called _____________________.

voter registration driveMississippi

college students

801,000

Freedom Summer

• Some Mississippians organized the _____________________________________ and sent delegates to the 1964 _____________ National Convention, but they were rejected after an attempt at compromise by ______________________.

Mississippi Freedom Democratic PartyDemocratic

President Johnson

• To help many still struggling for voting rights, __________ and other leaders decided to organize a march from __________ to the state capital of ________________ nearly __________ miles away.

MLKSelma

Montgomery50

• _________________ on horseback charged into the crowd, shocking many people across the nation.

State troopers

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• __________ put the __________________ under federal control and sent __________ and _____________________ to protect the march. By its end, about __________ participated.

LBJ National Guardmarshals

Army helicopters25,000

• In response to this march, __________ promised a strong new law to protect _______________.

LBJ

voting rights

• The ______________________________ allowed federal officials to __________ voters in discriminating areas. It also effectively ended _______________ and other voting barriers. This helped more than __________ African Americans get registered to vote.

Voting Rights Act of 1965register

literacy tests400,000

• Ratification of the __________ Amendment, which eliminated the __________, also helped many poor people to exercise their right to vote.

24thpoll tax

• Outside the ______________ civil rights movement, more __________ and __________ leaders emerged. The most famous of these was ______________, born __________________ in 1925.

mainstreamradical

militantMalcolm X

Malcolm Little

Little (1925-1965) was born in Omaha, Nebraska. He was the fourth of seven children born to his parents. The family moved to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, the year after his birth.

• His father, a minister who preached the ____________________ message of ___________________, died young, leaving the family to live in __________.

“Back to Africa”Marcus Garvey

ghettosThe family home was burned in 1929, and Earl Little accused a local white supremacist group. Malcolm always maintained that his father and three uncles had been killed by white racists, though given the legal climate of the time that is hard to verify. His father’s cause of death was listed as a “streetcar accident.” His mother later became pregnant with another man who then abandoned her, causing a nervous breakdown and commitment to a mental hospital.

• He was arrested for __________ and served __________ years in jail.

burglaryseven

Malcolm had done well in school until adolescence. He lived with his sister from the age of 14 to 21 and was involved in drug-dealing, robbery, prostitution, and gambling.

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• While in jail he joined the __________________, a group often called the __________________. Led by _______________________, they preached _____________________ and identified their enemy as _______________.

Nation of IslamBlack Muslims

Elijah MuhammadBlack Separation

white society

Elijah Muhammad

• Born Elijah Poole in Georgia in 1897, his family moved to Michigan during WWI in search of factory work. He was converted to Islam by a man who disappeared in 1934; Elijah would tell followers that it was Allah in disguise. Elijah preached that whites were corrupted humans and devils. He built the Nation of Islam into an economic and political force and became involved in many controversies. He had at least 21 children by multiple women and died in 1975.

• They embraced the concept of ________________, a belief in the separate __________ and __________ of African Americans.

Black Nationalismidentity racial unity

Elijah Muhammad published a list of 10 demands in 1965. This list is still available on the Nation of Islam website. It includes the following:- 4. A separate state or territory for the descendants of

slaves.- 5. Release of all Muslims from prison.- 8. Exemption of all blacks from taxation until their separate state is created.- 9. Separate schools for boys and girls and only black teachers for black children.- 10. Interracial marriage should be prohibited.

• Malcolm X ridiculed other civil rights leaders, and instead of preaching _________________, he rejected ideas of _____________. – He called MLK a “chump” and described his allies

“stooges” of the white oppressors.

– He called the March on Washington the “Farce on Washington.”

brotherly loveintegration

• In 1964 he left the ___________________ to found his own organization, _________________.

– Malcolm upset many people when he seemed to assert that Kennedy might have deserved to be assassinated. Elijah Muhammad ordered him not to speak publicly for 90 days.

– Toward the end of that period, Malcolm announced he was leaving because the Nation of Islam was now restricting his ability to advance. He also suggested he was leaving because of Elijah Muhammad’s sexual misconduct.

Nation of IslamMuslim Mosque, Inc.

• He also made a _____________ to __________ in ________________. This experience supposedly changed his views, so when he returned he was ready to work with other civil rights leaders and even __________ on some issues.

pilgrimageMecca Saudi Arabia

whites

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• In _________________, however, he was murdered at a rally in New York.

February 1965

Malcolm’s killers were associated with the Nation of Islam. Many believe they acted on orders from Elijah Muhammad.

• One leader of SNCC who adopted Malcolm’s message was _______________________. As he rose in leadership the group became more __________. He called on SNCC workers to carry __________ and wanted to reject _________________ from membership. He popularized the idea of ________________.

Stokely Carmichael

radicalguns

white activists“Black Power”

Carmichael (1941-1998) was an immigrant from Trinidad who became active in the Black Panther Party and then in international African movements.

• In the fall of __________, a new militant political party, the __________________ was formed by activists _______________ and ________________. They were inspired by the words of _______________ and believed that “power flows from the ______________.” Their followers often found themselves in ___________________________________.

1966Black PanthersBobby Seale

Huey NewtonMao Zedong

barrel of a gun

violent encounters with police

• The civil rights movement succeeded in repealing ______________________, but had more difficulty in addressing ____________________. The former separation resulted from the force of __________ while the latter resulted from ___________________ such as poverty.

de jure segregationde facto segregation

lawsocial conditions

Harrisburg v. Lower Paxton Twp.

US Census Bureau (2010 census)Harrisburg had 49,528 residents

24.8% white (non-Hispanic)52.4% black

Lower Paxton Township had 47,360 residents78.8% white12.2% black

CDSD (Under 18) 11,918 white v. 3,091 blackHSD (Under 18) 1,043 white v. 8,210 black

• In 1964, race riots occurred in ____________, ____________, and several cities in _____________. In 1965, one of the most violent riots occurred in ______________ and lasted for __________. By the time the ___________________ and _____________ finally gained control, __________ had died and ___________________ were injured. Violence spread to other cities in __________ and __________.

RochesterNew YorkNew Jersey

Los Angeles6 days

National Guard local police34

more than 1,0001966

1967

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• The federal government responded by establishing the ______________________________________, also known as the ________________________. – The Commission produced a report that determined the

rioting was the result of frustration at the lack of economic opportunity. It advocated better housing, education, and social-service policies.

– It’s most famous conclusion stated “Our nation is moving toward two societies, one black, one white – separate and unequal.”

National Advisory Commission on Civil DisordersKerner Commission

• In 1968, __________ turned his attention to __________________ in what he called the _____________________________. He began planning another __________________ and travelled the country seeking support. At a stop in ________________ to support ______________________________, he was assassinated.

MLKeconomic issuesPoor People’s Campaign

March on Washington

Memphis, TNstriking garbage workers

• African Americans then rioted in more than __________ cities, as a result of which nearly __________ died. It took more than __________ troops to stop the violence.

12050

50,000

• On March 16, 1968, ___________________ decided to enter the race for the Democratic presidential nomination, and his chances improved when __________ announced he would not seek the nomination.

Robert Kennedy

LBJ

• In June, while campaigning in ____________, ___________________ was assassinated.

CaliforniaRobert Kennedy

• The movement yielded many victories. ______________ was illegal, and thousands of African Americans were able to __________. Between 1970 and 1975, the number of African American officeholders climbed by __________.

Segregationvote

88%