Chapter 21Chapter 21

““The Furnace of the Civil WarThe Furnace of the Civil War””

Battle of Bull Run #1Battle of Bull Run #1► Lincoln felt the war would be a swift one. Believed that Lincoln felt the war would be a swift one. Believed that

one decisive knockout punch would dispel the folly of one decisive knockout punch would dispel the folly of secession.secession.

► On July 21, 1861, ill-trained Yankee recruits swaggered On July 21, 1861, ill-trained Yankee recruits swaggered out toward Bull Run to engage a smaller Confederate unit out toward Bull Run to engage a smaller Confederate unit

► After initial success by the Union, Confederate After initial success by the Union, Confederate reinforcements arrived and, coupled with reinforcements arrived and, coupled with Stonewall Stonewall JacksonJackson’’s line holding, sent the Union soldiers into s line holding, sent the Union soldiers into disarray.disarray.

► After the Confederate victory it was clear that this would After the Confederate victory it was clear that this would not be a quick war. The Civil War became a war of not be a quick war. The Civil War became a war of exhaustionexhaustion

► Defeat better than victory for the UnionDefeat better than victory for the Union Dispelled the illusions of a one-punch war and caused Dispelled the illusions of a one-punch war and caused

the Northerners to buckle down to the staggering task the Northerners to buckle down to the staggering task at hand.at hand.

Map of Bull RunMap of Bull Run

Pictures of Bull RunPictures of Bull Run

George McClellanGeorge McClellan

► 1st commander of 1st commander of the Army of the the Army of the PotomacPotomac

► 34 years old and 34 years old and loved by his troopsloved by his troops

► Brilliant general Brilliant general from West Pointfrom West Point

► Superb organizer Superb organizer and drillmasterand drillmaster

► Cautious to a fault Cautious to a fault

Peninsula CampaignPeninsula Campaign

►McClellan was very slow to act on RichmondMcClellan was very slow to act on Richmond► After pleading by Lincoln, McClellan finally After pleading by Lincoln, McClellan finally

agreed to a water-borne approach to agreed to a water-borne approach to Richmond, called the Richmond, called the Peninsula CampaignPeninsula Campaign, , taking about a month to capture taking about a month to capture YorktownYorktown before coming to the Richmond before coming to the Richmond

► Lee launched a devastating counter attack. Lee launched a devastating counter attack. The Confederates drove McClellan back to The Confederates drove McClellan back to the sea and the assault on Richmond was the sea and the assault on Richmond was abandonedabandoned

UnionUnion’’s Total War Plans Total War Plan

►Suffocating blockadeSuffocating blockade►Liberation of Slaves to undermine the Liberation of Slaves to undermine the

SouthSouth►Capture Richmond the capital of the Capture Richmond the capital of the

ConfederacyConfederacy►Cut the Confederacy in two by seizing Cut the Confederacy in two by seizing

control of the Mississippi Rivercontrol of the Mississippi River►Grind the South into submissionGrind the South into submission

Blockade of SouthBlockade of South

War at SeaWar at Sea

►Union blockade provided mixed resultsUnion blockade provided mixed results►Britain, who would ordinarily protest Britain, who would ordinarily protest

such interference in the seas that she such interference in the seas that she ““owned,owned,”” recognized the blockade as recognized the blockade as binding, since Britain herself often binding, since Britain herself often used blockades in her wars used blockades in her wars

►Monitor vs the MerrimackMonitor vs the Merrimack

UnionUnion’’s Monitors Monitor► the the Monitor,Monitor, built for the Union built for the Union

navy in the U.S. Civil War by John navy in the U.S. Civil War by John Ericsson. Launched in Jan., 1862, Ericsson. Launched in Jan., 1862, the the MonitorMonitor was 179 ft long, of was 179 ft long, of 41.5-ft beam, and weighed 1,200 41.5-ft beam, and weighed 1,200 tons. A revolving turret, tons. A revolving turret, protected by 8 in. of iron armor protected by 8 in. of iron armor and containing two 11-in. and containing two 11-in. smooth-bore guns, was its main smooth-bore guns, was its main feature. The sides were covered feature. The sides were covered by iron plates from 3 to 5 in. by iron plates from 3 to 5 in. thick, with about 27 in. of wood thick, with about 27 in. of wood backing, and the deck, only 18 backing, and the deck, only 18 in. above water, was shielded in. above water, was shielded with 1-in. armor. The ship was with 1-in. armor. The ship was moved by steam power, with a moved by steam power, with a screw propeller. Monitors were screw propeller. Monitors were used extensively in the Civil War, used extensively in the Civil War, but the type had limitations—it but the type had limitations—it was too heavy to navigate the was too heavy to navigate the oceans—and was eventually oceans—and was eventually abandoned abandoned

MerrimackMerrimack ► On 20 April 1861, when Virginia On 20 April 1861, when Virginia

authorities took over the Norfolk authorities took over the Norfolk Navy Yard after its evacuation by Navy Yard after its evacuation by Federal forces, they found, among Federal forces, they found, among other valuable items, the hulk of other valuable items, the hulk of the steam frigate USS the steam frigate USS MerrimackMerrimack. . Though burned to the waterline and Though burned to the waterline and sunk, the big ship's lower hull and sunk, the big ship's lower hull and machinery were intact. During the machinery were intact. During the remainder of 1861 and the first two remainder of 1861 and the first two months of 1862, the Confederate months of 1862, the Confederate States Navy raised, drydocked and States Navy raised, drydocked and converted her into a casemate converted her into a casemate ironclad ram, a new warship type ironclad ram, a new warship type that promised to overcome the that promised to overcome the Union's great superiority in Union's great superiority in conventional warships. Placed in conventional warships. Placed in commission as CSS commission as CSS VirginiaVirginia in mid- in mid-February 1862, the ship's iron February 1862, the ship's iron armor made her virtually armor made her virtually invulnerable to contemporary invulnerable to contemporary gunfire. gunfire.

►http://www.ship-http://www.ship-paintings.com/paintings.com/large_images/large_images/monitor_and_mermonitor_and_merrimac.JPGrimac.JPG

Battle of Antietam Battle of Antietam ► Battle occurred after the Confederate victory at the battle of Battle occurred after the Confederate victory at the battle of

Bull Run #2.Bull Run #2.► Confederated hoped to take advantage of momentum, Confederated hoped to take advantage of momentum,

convince Maryland to secede, persuade European counties to convince Maryland to secede, persuade European counties to help, and relieve pressure coming down on them from the help, and relieve pressure coming down on them from the North.North.

► McClellanMcClellan’’s men found a copy of Lees men found a copy of Lee’’s plans and were able to s plans and were able to stop the Southerners at stop the Southerners at AntietamAntietam on September 17, 1862 in on September 17, 1862 in one of the bloodiest days of the Civil War one of the bloodiest days of the Civil War

► Jefferson Davis was never so close to victory as he was that Jefferson Davis was never so close to victory as he was that day, since European powers were very close to helping the day, since European powers were very close to helping the South, but after the Union army displayed unexpected power South, but after the Union army displayed unexpected power at Antietam, that help faded at Antietam, that help faded

► The Union Victory at Antietam enabled Lincoln to introduce The Union Victory at Antietam enabled Lincoln to introduce the Emancipation Proclamationthe Emancipation Proclamation

Battle of AntietamBattle of Antietam

Antietam the single bloodies Antietam the single bloodies day of fighting in American day of fighting in American

HistoryHistory22,720 Casualties in a day22,720 Casualties in a day

Lincoln and McClellan at Lincoln and McClellan at AntietamAntietam

Emancipation ProclamationEmancipation Proclamation

► Issued by Abraham Lincoln on January 1, Issued by Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863 1863

► "all persons held as slaves within any State or "all persons held as slaves within any State or designated part of a State, the people designated part of a State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free." and forever free."

► The proclamation also authorized the The proclamation also authorized the recruitment of African Americans as Union recruitment of African Americans as Union soldiers. soldiers.

► By the end of the Civil War, approximately By the end of the Civil War, approximately 180,000 African Americans had served in the 180,000 African Americans had served in the Union army and 18,000 in the navy. Union army and 18,000 in the navy.

Lincoln and the E.P.Lincoln and the E.P.

► This print is based on David This print is based on David Gilmore Blythe's painting of Gilmore Blythe's painting of Lincoln writing the Lincoln writing the Emancipation Proclamation. Emancipation Proclamation. Blythe imagined the Blythe imagined the President in a cluttered President in a cluttered study at work on the study at work on the document near an open document near an open window draped with a flag. window draped with a flag. His left hand is placed on a His left hand is placed on a Bible that rests on a copy of Bible that rests on a copy of the Constitution in his lap. the Constitution in his lap. The scales of justice appear The scales of justice appear in the left corner, and a in the left corner, and a railsplitter's maul lies on the railsplitter's maul lies on the floor at Lincoln's feet. floor at Lincoln's feet.

Value of the E.P.Value of the E.P.

►Although the E.P. never freed a single Although the E.P. never freed a single slave it had much value:slave it had much value: Civil War became a a war not only to save Civil War became a a war not only to save

the Union but also a war to free the slavesthe Union but also a war to free the slaves Served to strengthen the moral cause of Served to strengthen the moral cause of

the warthe war A call-to-arms for African-AmericansA call-to-arms for African-Americans Ensured that Europe would not get Ensured that Europe would not get

involved in the conflictinvolved in the conflict

African-AmericansAfrican-Americans

Arlington, Virginia Band of 107th U.S. Colored Infantry at Fort Corcoran

Pre- GettysburgPre- Gettysburg

► After Antietam, After Antietam, A. E. BurnsideA. E. Burnside (known for (known for sideburns) took over the Union army, but he lost sideburns) took over the Union army, but he lost badly after launching a rash frontal attack at badly after launching a rash frontal attack at FredericksburgFredericksburg, Virginia, on Dec. 13, 1862. , Virginia, on Dec. 13, 1862.

► ““Fighting JoeFighting Joe”” Hooker Hooker (known for his girls, aka (known for his girls, aka prostitutes) was badly beaten at prostitutes) was badly beaten at ChancellorsvilleChancellorsville, , Virginia, when Lee divided his outnumbered army Virginia, when Lee divided his outnumbered army into two and sent into two and sent ““StonewallStonewall”” Jackson to attack the Jackson to attack the Union flank, but later in that battle, JacksonUnion flank, but later in that battle, Jackson’’s own s own men mistakenly shot him during dusk, and he died men mistakenly shot him during dusk, and he died

► Lee now prepared to follow up his stunning victory Lee now prepared to follow up his stunning victory by invading the North againby invading the North again

► Second time South invaded North.Second time South invaded North.

Stonewall JacksonStonewall Jackson► Next to Robert E. Lee himself, Thomas J. Next to Robert E. Lee himself, Thomas J.

Jackson is the most revered of all Jackson is the most revered of all Confederate commanders Confederate commanders

► A graduate of West Point (1846), he had A graduate of West Point (1846), he had served in the artillery in the Mexican served in the artillery in the Mexican War, earning two brevets, before War, earning two brevets, before resigning to accept a professorship at resigning to accept a professorship at the Virginia Military Institute the Virginia Military Institute

► In his greatest day he led his corps In his greatest day he led his corps around the Union right flank at around the Union right flank at Chancellorsville and routed the 11th Chancellorsville and routed the 11th Corps Corps

► Reconnoitering that night, he was Reconnoitering that night, he was returning to his own lines when he was returning to his own lines when he was mortally wounded by some of his own mortally wounded by some of his own men. men.

► Following the amputation of his arm, he Following the amputation of his arm, he died eight days later on May 10, 1863, died eight days later on May 10, 1863, from pneumonia from pneumonia

► Lee wrote of him with deep feeling: " He Lee wrote of him with deep feeling: " He has lost his left arm; but I have lost my has lost his left arm; but I have lost my right arm." right arm."

GettysburgGettysburg

► Lee now prepared to invade the North for the second Lee now prepared to invade the North for the second and final time, at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, but he was and final time, at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, but he was met by new General met by new General George G. MeadeGeorge G. Meade, who by , who by accident took a stand atop a low ridge flanking a shallow accident took a stand atop a low ridge flanking a shallow valley and the Union and Confederate armies fought a valley and the Union and Confederate armies fought a bloody and brutal battle in which the North bloody and brutal battle in which the North ““won. won.

► In the In the Battle of GettysburgBattle of Gettysburg (July 1-3, 1863), General (July 1-3, 1863), General George PickettGeorge Pickett led a hopeless, bloody, and pitiful led a hopeless, bloody, and pitiful charge up a hill that ended in the pig-slaughter of charge up a hill that ended in the pig-slaughter of Confederates Confederates

► Battle lasted from July 1-3 1863Battle lasted from July 1-3 1863► Huge victory for UnionHuge victory for Union► South never able to mount an offensive war againSouth never able to mount an offensive war again

GettysburgGettysburg

GettysburgGettysburg

Gettysburg AddressGettysburg Address► Four score and seven years ago our fathers Four score and seven years ago our fathers

brought forth on this continent, a new brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created to the proposition that all men are created equal. equal.

► Now we are engaged in a great civil war, Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. fitting and proper that we should do this.

► But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate -- we can not consecrate -- we can not -- we can not consecrate -- we can not hallow -- this ground. The brave men, living hallow -- this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining dedicated to the great task remaining before us -- that from these honored dead before us -- that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of for which they gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the for the people, shall not perish from the earthearth

Gettysburg CemeteryGettysburg Cemetery

Battle of VicksburgBattle of Vicksburg

► Victory came on same Victory came on same day as the victory of day as the victory of Gettysburg. (July 3, Gettysburg. (July 3, 1863)1863)

► Hero of the battle was Hero of the battle was General Ulysses S. GrantGeneral Ulysses S. Grant

► The victory combined The victory combined with General Farragutwith General Farragut’’s s victory at New Orleans victory at New Orleans enabled the Union to enabled the Union to control the Mississippi control the Mississippi River and thus securing River and thus securing one of their major goalsone of their major goals

GrantGrant

► Grant has been described as Grant has been described as a "butcher" for his strategy, a "butcher" for his strategy, particularly in 1864, but he particularly in 1864, but he was able to achieve was able to achieve objectives that his objectives that his predecessor generals had predecessor generals had not.not.

► a mediocre West Point a mediocre West Point graduate who drank a lot graduate who drank a lot and also fought under the and also fought under the ideal of ideal of ““immediate and immediate and unconditional surrender.unconditional surrender.””

► Lincoln finally found his Lincoln finally found his general (8general (8thth time was a time was a charm)charm)

ShermanSherman’’s March to the Seas March to the Sea► After Grant cleared out After Grant cleared out

Tennessee, General Tennessee, General William Tecumseh William Tecumseh Sherman was given Sherman was given command to march command to march through Georgia, and he through Georgia, and he delivered, capturing and delivered, capturing and burning down Atlanta burning down Atlanta before completing his before completing his famous famous ““march to the semarch to the seaa”” at Savannah at Savannah

► His men cut a trail of His men cut a trail of destruction one-mile destruction one-mile wide, waging wide, waging ““total wartotal war”” by cutting up railroad by cutting up railroad tracks, burning fields, and tracks, burning fields, and destroying everything.destroying everything.

Charleston South Carolina Post- Sherman

Election of 1864Election of 1864► Republicans – LincolnRepublicans – Lincoln

The The Congressional Committee Congressional Committee on the Conduct of the Waron the Conduct of the War was was created in 1861 was dominated created in 1861 was dominated by by ““radicalradical”” Republicans and gave Republicans and gave Lincoln much trouble.Lincoln much trouble.

CopperheadsCopperheads were those who were those who totally against the war, and totally against the war, and denounced the president (the denounced the president (the ““Illinois ApeIllinois Ape””) )

In 1864, the Republicans joined In 1864, the Republicans joined the War Democrats to form the the War Democrats to form the Union Party and renominated Abe Union Party and renominated Abe Lincoln Lincoln

The Union Party chose Democrat The Union Party chose Democrat Andrew JohnsonAndrew Johnson to ensure that to ensure that the War Democrats would vote for the War Democrats would vote for Lincoln, and the campaign was Lincoln, and the campaign was once again full of mudslinging once again full of mudslinging

► Democrats – McClellanDemocrats – McClellan Former Civil War generalFormer Civil War general

Battle of RichmondBattle of Richmond

► Grant was a man who could send thousands of Grant was a man who could send thousands of men out to die just so that the Confederates men out to die just so that the Confederates would lose, because he knew that he could afford would lose, because he knew that he could afford to lose many men while Lee could not to lose many men while Lee could not

► In a series of wilderness encounters, Grant fought In a series of wilderness encounters, Grant fought Lee, with Grant losing about 50,000 men.Lee, with Grant losing about 50,000 men.

► At Cold Harbor, Union soldiers with papers pinned At Cold Harbor, Union soldiers with papers pinned on their backs showing their names and on their backs showing their names and addresses rushed the fort, and over 7000 died in addresses rushed the fort, and over 7000 died in a few minutes a few minutes

► Finally, Grant and his men captured Richmond, Finally, Grant and his men captured Richmond, burning it, and cornered Lee at Appomattox burning it, and cornered Lee at Appomattox Courthouse at Virginia in April of 1865, where Lee Courthouse at Virginia in April of 1865, where Lee formally surrendered; the war was over.formally surrendered; the war was over.

Richmond in Ruins

Appomattox Courthouse Appomattox Courthouse VirginiaVirginia

Civil War CasualtiesCivil War Casualties

Andersonville PrisonAndersonville Prison► IIn November of 1863, Confederate n November of 1863, Confederate

Captain W. Sidney Winder was sent Captain W. Sidney Winder was sent to the village of Andersonville in to the village of Andersonville in Sumter County, Georgia, to assess Sumter County, Georgia, to assess the potential of building a prison for the potential of building a prison for captured Union soldiers. The deep captured Union soldiers. The deep south location, the availability of south location, the availability of fresh water, and its proximity to the fresh water, and its proximity to the Southwestern Railroad, made Southwestern Railroad, made Andersonville a favorable prison Andersonville a favorable prison location. In addition, Andersonville location. In addition, Andersonville had a population of less than 20 had a population of less than 20 persons, and was, therefore, persons, and was, therefore, politically unable to resist the politically unable to resist the building of such an unpopular building of such an unpopular facility. So Andersonville was facility. So Andersonville was chosen as the site for a prison that chosen as the site for a prison that would later become infamous in the would later become infamous in the North for the thousands of North for the thousands of prisoners that would die there prisoners that would die there before the war ended. before the war ended.

Andersonville Prison in 1864 as painted from memory by an ex-prisoner Thomas

O ’Dea

Distributing “Rations”Distributing “Rations”

The Confederate Memorial Carving depicts three Southern heroes of the Civil War:  Confederate President Jefferson Davis, Generals Robert E. Lee and Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson.  The figures measure 90 by 190 feet, surrounded by a carved surface that covers three acres, it is larger than a football field – the largest relief sculpture in the world. The carving is recessed 42 feet into the mountain. Work on the carving began in 1915 and was finally complete in 1972.

Death of LincolnDeath of Lincoln

► On April 14, 1865, Abraham Lincoln On April 14, 1865, Abraham Lincoln was shot in the head by was shot in the head by John Wilkes John Wilkes BoothBooth and died shortly. and died shortly.

► Before his death, few people had Before his death, few people had suspected his greatness, but his suspected his greatness, but his sudden and dramatic death erased sudden and dramatic death erased his shortcomings and made people his shortcomings and made people remember him for his good things remember him for his good things

FordFord’’s Theatre Then and Nows Theatre Then and Now

FordFord’’s Theatre s Theatre

► On April 14th, 1865, On April 14th, 1865, President Abraham President Abraham Lincoln and his wife Lincoln and his wife were attending a show were attending a show at Ford's Theatre in at Ford's Theatre in Washington D.C. when Washington D.C. when John Wilkes Boothe shot John Wilkes Boothe shot him in the head. Lincoln him in the head. Lincoln was carried across the was carried across the street to a bording street to a bording house, where he died house, where he died early the next morning. early the next morning.

BootheBoothe’’s Weapons Weapon

Last MomentsLast Moments

► Max Rosenthal, The Last Max Rosenthal, The Last Moments of Abraham Moments of Abraham Lincoln, President of the Lincoln, President of the United States, colored United States, colored lithograph, 1865. lithograph, 1865. ““Now Now he belongs to the ageshe belongs to the ages”” (or perhaps (or perhaps ““angelsangels””) ) were the words spoken were the words spoken by Secretary of War by Secretary of War Edwin Stanton at the Edwin Stanton at the moment of Lincolnmoment of Lincoln’’s s death. death.

Mary SurrattMary Surratt11stst Women Hanged in U.S. Women Hanged in U.S.

Hanging Hooded Bodies of the Four Conspirators with the Crowd Departing - Washington, D.C., July 7, 1865 (Mary Surratt, Lewis Payne, David Herold, and

George Atzerodt ) Courtesy of Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, LC-B8171-7796 DLC