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PART FIVE
Chapter 21: The Modern World: 1800-1945
Key Topics and Art Periods for this chapter include:
• Neoclassicism and Romanticism
• Realism
• Impressionism
• Post-Impressionism
• America in the 19th century
• Fauvism, Expressionism, Cubism
• Fantasy and Futurism
• Dada and Surrealism
• Between the Wars: Building New Societies
© 2013, McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Key Terms for this chapter include:
• Salon, Salon des Refuses, Salon d’Automne
• Pointillism
• Avant-Garde
• Die Brucke
• Der Blaue Reiter
• Ready-mades
• Poetic Object
• Constructivism
• De Stijl
• Bauhaus
• Harlem Renaissance
© 2013, McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
The Modern World: 1800-1945
Driven by technological progress and rapid changes,
the 19th century spawned our industrialized modern
middle-class culture of mass production, mass
advertising, mass consumption, and mass leisure
activities such as shopping, entertainment, and visiting
art museums. Art was for everyone, not dominated by
church or nobility. Debates about art and wide audience
caused definition of art to be questioned yielding --
isms.
• Art museums were developed in the 19th century. First
national museum was Louvre in Paris. Art just for royalty
was placed on exhibit.
© 2013, McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Neoclassicism
Neoclassical style evolved during Napoleon’s
empire and continued on after he fell from power.
It was felt that great art could only be made from
great subject matter like history and the Bible.
•Neoclassicism is characterized by clear contours, clean
colors, and precise draftsmanship.
•The foremost Neoclassical painters were David and
Ingres.
© 2013, McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Insert visual(s).
Suggestion: 21.1 Jupiter and Thetis
Jupiter and Thetis, Jean Auguste-Dominique
Ingres, 1811 Jacques Louis David
(Oath of Horatii) was
court painter for
Napoleon and went
into exile when
Napoleon fell from
power. David was
supporter of revolution,
His student, Ingres
continued Neo-classic
style.
Based on
Homer’s Illiad.
Nymph Thetis
pleads with
ruler of gods to
intervene on
war on behalf
of her son,
Achilles.
Jealous wife
Juno looks on.
Known for flawless
finish and clean
edges. Felt
greatest subject
for art was history.
(Classical
mythology and
biblical scenes).
Known as
academic art.
Romanticism
The Romantic artists rebelled against the ”Age
of Reason” instead urging the use of emotion,
intuition, individual experience, and imagination
within artwork. Not so much a style but set of
attitudes.
•These artists glorified landscapes, picturesque ruins,
the struggle for liberty, and exotic cultures.
•The work of the artists Delacroix and Goya
characterize Romanticism.
© 2013, McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Insert visual(s).
Suggestion: 21.2 The Women of Algiers
The Women of Algiers,Eugene
Delacroix , 1834 Closest exotic
culture to Europe
were Islamic
lands of North
Africa. Viewed the
“Orient” as
sensuous and
seductive, full of
barbaric splendor.
Delacroix spent
several months in
North Africa and
visited harem.
Brushtrokes rich
and edges broken
compared to
Ingres clean-
edged approach.
Realism
Realism was a reaction against both
Neoclassicism and Romanticism. Artists
sought to depict the everyday and the
ordinary for their subjects. First movement
born in 19th century.
•Artists were trying to make the point that
everyday activities were fit subjects for grand-
scale art.
•Courbet was a leading Realist painter. © 2013, McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Insert visual(s).
Suggestion: 21.3 A Burial at Ornans
A Burial at Ornans, Gustave Courbet, 1849-50, Group portrait of Ornans society. Some thought artist pushed ugly way too
far. Painting was too large to be full of nobodies.
Manet and Impressionism
In 19th-century France the mark of an artist’s
success was acceptance into the annual juried
Salon. In 1863, the jury rejected almost 3000
submitted works. This caused the rejected
artists and their supporters to mount a second
official exhibition called the “Salon des
Refusés”.
•A leader of the Impressionist movement was Manet.
His painting, Luncheon of the Grass, is a touchstone for
modern art.
© 2013, McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Insert visual(s).
Suggestion: 21.4 Le Dejeuner sur l’herbe
Le Dejeuner sur l’herbe (Luncheon on the
Grass), Edouard Manet. 1863
Manet’s 2 goals:
1. Paint modern
life.
2. Update 2
Renaissance
images as
parody.
Critics outraged
Thought he has
trying to gain fame
by shocking
people. Manet
focused on low
and high values
making figures flat.
Triangular comp,
inaccurate scale.
Impressionism
Impressionism aimed to capture an
“impression”; artists did not want to
portray a literal landscape but the
sensation of a landscape.
•The new availability of portable tubed oil colors
allowed artists to paint outdoors and steam engine
allowed them to travel to new locations to paint.
•Many Impressionists concentrated on light and its
transitory nature.
•Monet, Degas, Renoir, and Morisot are other well-
known Impressionist artists. © 2013, McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Autumn Effect on Argenteuil, Claude Monet, 1873 Siene River was popular painting spot for artists
Summer’s Day, Berthe Morisot,
1879
Post-Impressionism
Post-Impressionism refers to a diversity of
artists that came after Impressionism. They
carried forward the Impressionist bright palette
and direct painting techniques. Some of these
artist include Seurat, Degas, Van Gogh,
Gauguin, and Cezanne.
• Pointillism Technique: A form of Impressionism
developed by the artist Seurat; dots and dashes of
color are optically blended when viewed.
© 2013, McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Insert visual(s).
Suggestion: 4.31 Evening, Honfleur
Post-Impressionism
• Some Post-Impressionists like Gauguin felt a
need to escape the industrialized world, so they
traveled to un-urbanized areas. He focused on
expressing a spirituality in his art.
• Cezanne felt that what had made painting great
in the past were structure and order. As a result,
his work grew increasingly abstract, profoundly
affecting future artists.
© 2013, McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Insert visual(s).
Suggestions:
21.8 Te Aa No Areois
21.9 Mont Sainte-Victoire
Te Aa No Areois
(The See of Aeroi),
Paul Gauguin, 1892 Traveled to Tahiti to avoid
“disease of civilization.”
High-keyed colors, flattened
shapes. Abandoned classic
art but looked to Egypt,
Islam, and Asia for renewal.
Unknown gesture. Felt
missionaries and colonists
had already ruined Tahiti.
Mont Sainte-Victoire, Paul Cezanne, 1902-4
Appreciated
Impressionists color
palette and
brushstrokes.
Questioned their
casual compositions.
Wanted structure and
order. Painted
mountain 75 times.
Used patches of
colors. Paintings
became more
abstract. Bridge to
Cubism
Bridging the Atlantic:
America in the 19th Century
Neoclassicism, Romanticism, Realism, and
Impressionism were broad trends in
America.
•Artists traveled both to and from Europe for
study and new opportunities.
•The American artists Bingham, Cole, Eakins,
and Cassatt represented a variety of styles.
© 2013, McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Insert visual(s).
Suggestion: 21.10 Fur Traders Descending the Missouri
Fur Traders Descending the Missouri, George
Caleb Bingham, 1845.
In America,
Romanticism was
expressed through
landscape,
reverence for
unspoiled land. First
American painter to
lwork west of
Mississippi River.
Mysterious bear
cub.
The Boating Party, Mary Cassatt,
1893-94
Shows Cassatt’s
artistic liberation.
Bold, simplified
forms and flat
colors mimic
Japanese prints.
Into the 20th Century:
The Avant-Grade
• Avant-Garde: A French term originally
referring to the detachment of soldiers
that went first into battle; for young artists
it referred to the “battle’’ to advance the
progress of art against the resistance of
conservative forces.
© 2013, McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Freeing Color: Fauvism
In 1903 a group of young artists, later called “Fauves”, founded the Salon d’Automne as a progressive alternative to the “Salon”.
•Fauves: Means the “wild beasts”. The artist Matisse was a leader in this movement.
•Fauvism: The freeing of color, using it as an independent expressive element.
© 2013, McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Insert visual(s).
Suggestion: 21.14 Black Lines No. 189
The Joy of Life, Henri Matisse,
1905-6.
Demonstrates harmony and
well-being. Color was Matisse’s
paradise.
Freeing Color: Expressionism Expressionism describes any style where the artist’s subjective feelings take precedence over objective observation. It specifically refers to an art movement that developed in Germany in the early 20th century.
•Die Brücke (“The Bridge’’): Founded in Dresden 1905; the artists wanted to build a “bridge” through their art to a better, more enlightened future. One of the founders was the artist Kirchner.
•Der Blaue Reiter (“The Blue Rider’’): Organized in 1911 by the Russian painter Kandinsky. He believed that spirituality and art were linked.
© 2013, McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Black Lines No. 189, Wassilly Kandinsky, 1913
Der Blaue Reiter (“The Blue Rider’’) Changed profession from lawyer to artist. Idea that art and spirituality are linked.
“Color is the
keyboard, the
eyes are the
hammers, the
soul is the
piano and with
many strings.”
Shattering Form: Cubism
Cubism fragmented the figures and other
elements into flat planes. With Cubism, the
sum of all viewpoints could be painted.
•The leading Cubists were Picasso and Braque.
•As the movement progressed artists incorporated
other elements such as newspaper, wallpaper, and
fabric into their artwork thus merging the “real’’ with
the “not real’’.
© 2013, McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Insert visual(s).
Suggestions:
21.15 Les Desmoiselles d’Avignon
21.16 Le Portugais
Les Desmoiselles d’Avignon,Picasso, 1907 -
Le Portugais ( The Emigrant), Georges Braque, 1911-12
Fantasy and Futurism
New artistic innovators believed that art
would only move forward through exploring
new subjects.
•Futurists decided that motion itself was the new
glory of the 20th century, and sought to depict it
in their art. Boccioni was one of the futurist
artists.
© 2013, McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Insert visual(s).
Suggestion: 21.19 Unique Forms of Continuity in Space
Unique Forms of Continuity
in Space, Umberto Boccioni,
1913, Futurist art, machine
reference.
The Disquieting Muses, Giorgio de
Chirico,1916. Resembles motionless
dream. Fantasy art
World War I and After: Dada
Dada was a protest art movement that
literally meant “anti.” It started in protest
against WWI and the aftermath of society.
•Some of the most controversial works to come
out of the Dada period were the ready-mades.
•Ready-mades: Invented by the artist Du
Champ; artwork that he did not create but
designated as works of art.
© 2013, McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Insert visual(s).
Suggestion: 21.21 Fountain
Fountain, Marcel Duchamp, 1917, Ready-made is object not made but
designated and returned to life after exhibit.
Dada was protest movement. “Anti”
movement. Yes movement to creativity, life,
spontaneity. Refused to be pinned down or
defined. Entered under pseudonym R. Mutt.
World War I and After: Surrealism
Surrealism was inspired by Sigmund Freud. Surrealists appreciated the logic of dreams, the mystery of the unconscious, the bizarre, the irrational, the incongruous, and the marvelous.
•Dali, Magritte, and Miro were well-known artists of
this era.
•Poetic Object: An object that juxtaposed
incongruous elements to provoke a strangeness or
disorientation.
© 2013, McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Insert visual(s).
Suggestion: 21.23 The Persistence of Memory
Object (Luncheon in Fur), Meret Oppenheim, 1936 Poetic Object (eating vessel made of fur). Inspired by 2 ladies
drinking tea in fur coats. Surrealist works have erotic
overtones (RE: Freud)
The Persistence of Memory, Salvador Dali, 1931
Carnival of the Harlequin, Joan Miro, 1924-25, Surrealist interpretation of
famous Spanish painting Las Meninas. Lighthearted erotic play.
Between the Wars:
Building New Societies
After the trauma of WWI artists wanted to transform the world so nothing of the sort would happen again. Many artists believed that only the most revolutionary art could bring about a new world.
•Constructivism: The idea that art should be put to practiced through architecture, graphic design, theatrical productions, textiles and other visual forms; lead by the artist Tatlin.
© 2013, McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Insert visual(s).
Suggestion: 21.25 Model for the Monument to the Third International
Model for Monument to the Third International, Vladmir
Tatlin, 1919
• Constructivism
Between the Wars:
Building New Societies
• De Stijl: Sought to create harmony between individuals
and modern industry/technology. The artist Mondrian
was a leader in this movement. He believed that
vertical and horizontal elements and primary colors
created rational beauty and balance in the world.
• Bauhaus: A design school founded by the architect
Gropius; intended to teach artists a variety of disciplines
and eliminate divisions between all art disciplines.
© 2013, McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Square, Piet Mondrian,
1939-43 De Stijl,
Intellectual beauty.
Shroeder House, Gerrit Rietveld, 1924
Between the Wars:
Building New Societies
Harlem Renaissance: The merging of 3
American experiences: African heritage,
the legacy of slavery, and the realities of
modern urban life. The artist Douglas is
representative of this era.
© 2013, McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Insert visual(s).
Suggestion: 21.30 Aspects of Negro Life
From Slavery through Reconstruction ,
Aaron Douglas, 1934 Rejoicing at reading of Emancipation Proclamation
Harlem Renaissance
The Modern World: 1800-1945: SUMMARY
Key Topics, Terms and Art Periods covered:
• Neoclassicism and Romanticism
• Realism
• Impressionism: Salon and Salon des Refuses
• Post-Impressionism: Pointillism
• America in the 19th century: Avant-Garde
• Fauvism, Expressionism, Cubism: Salon d’Automne, Die Brucke, Der Blaue Reiter
• Fantasy and Futurism: Poetic Object
• Dada and Surrealism: Ready-mades
• Between the Wars: Constructivism, De Stijl, Bauhaus,
Harlem Renaissance
© 2013, McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.