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Chapter 21: The Political Chapter 21: The Political System under StrainSystem under Strain

Preview:Preview: “Struggling to come to terms with the “Struggling to come to terms with the inequalities of the new urban and industrial order, the inequalities of the new urban and industrial order, the political system ground to a near stalemate, broken only political system ground to a near stalemate, broken only during the turbulent 1890s when a deep depression sparked during the turbulent 1890s when a deep depression sparked labor protests and a revolt of farmers.”labor protests and a revolt of farmers.”

The Highlights:The Highlights: The Politics of ParalysisThe Politics of Paralysis The Revolt of the FarmersThe Revolt of the Farmers The New RealignmentThe New Realignment Visions of EmpireVisions of Empire The Imperial MovementThe Imperial Movement

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The Politics of ParalysisThe Politics of Paralysis

Political StalematePolitical Stalemate– Margins of victory in presidential Margins of victory in presidential

elections were very closeelections were very close– Voter turnout: nearly 80 percent of Voter turnout: nearly 80 percent of

eligible voters turned outeligible voters turned out The PartiesThe Parties

– Ethnic and religious factorsEthnic and religious factors– Third political parties rallied around Third political parties rallied around

a single causea single cause

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The IssuesThe Issues– ““Bloody shirts”: each side blamed the Bloody shirts”: each side blamed the

other for the warother for the war– Pendleton Act (1883): civil servicePendleton Act (1883): civil service– McKinley TariffMcKinley Tariff– Crime of ’73: concern over money Crime of ’73: concern over money

supplysupply– Bland-Allison Act (1878): silver coinageBland-Allison Act (1878): silver coinage

The White House from Hayes to The White House from Hayes to HarrisonHarrison– The dirty election of 1884The dirty election of 1884– First billion-dollar peacetime budgetFirst billion-dollar peacetime budget

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Ferment in the States and CitiesFerment in the States and Cities– State commissionsState commissions– National Municipal LeagueNational Municipal League

“Despite its growing expenditures and more legislation, most people expected little from the federal government. Experimental and often effective, state programs began to grapple with the problems of corporate power, discriminatory shipping rates, political corruption, and urban decay”(677).

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The Harvest of DiscontentThe Harvest of Discontent– Targets of farm angerTargets of farm anger– Credit lay at the root of their problemCredit lay at the root of their problem

The Origins of the Farmers’ AllianceThe Origins of the Farmers’ Alliance– Patrons of HusbandryPatrons of Husbandry– ““Granger laws”Granger laws”– Granger casesGranger cases– Southern AllianceSouthern Alliance

The Revolt of the Farmers21-6

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The Alliance PeaksThe Alliance Peaks– People’s party formed (1890)People’s party formed (1890)– The Alliance movement: “Ocala The Alliance movement: “Ocala

Demands”Demands” The Election of 1892The Election of 1892

– Longer-term weaknesses of the Longer-term weaknesses of the PopulistsPopulists

– Rhetoric of Populism was often Rhetoric of Populism was often violentviolent

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The Rise of Jim Crow PoliticsThe Rise of Jim Crow Politics– DisfranchisementDisfranchisement– Democratic party promoted black Democratic party promoted black

disfranchisement and white disfranchisement and white supremacysupremacy

The African American ResponseThe African American Response– Ida B. WellsIda B. Wells– Booker T. WashingtonBooker T. Washington– W.E.B. Du BoisW.E.B. Du Bois– NAACPNAACP

“The ferment of the early 1890s, among black Populists and white, was replaced by a lily-white Democratic party that dominated the region but remained in the minority on the national level”(684).

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The New RealignmentThe New Realignment

The Depression of 1893The Depression of 1893– Nearly one worker in five was out of a Nearly one worker in five was out of a

jobjob– More women and children went to workMore women and children went to work– Burden fell on local charities not Burden fell on local charities not

government to assist the unemployedgovernment to assist the unemployed The Rumblings of UnrestThe Rumblings of Unrest

– Coxey’s ArmyCoxey’s Army– Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890

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The Battle of the StandardsThe Battle of the Standards– Free silverFree silver– Bryan’s Cross of Gold speech (1896): Bryan’s Cross of Gold speech (1896):

“You shall not crucify mankind upon a “You shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold.”cross of gold.”

– Republican coalitionRepublican coalition McKinley in the White HouseMcKinley in the White House

– Foreshadowed “modern” presidents Foreshadowed “modern” presidents who would act as party leaderswho would act as party leaders

– Dingley Tariff (1897)Dingley Tariff (1897)

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Visions of EmpireVisions of Empire European Expansion WorldwideEuropean Expansion Worldwide

– Ecological factorsEcological factors– Forces encouraging American Forces encouraging American

imperialismimperialism The Shapers of American ImperialismThe Shapers of American Imperialism

– Mahan calls for a strong navyMahan calls for a strong navy– MissionariesMissionaries– Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism– Commercial factorsCommercial factors

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Dreams of a Commercial EmpireDreams of a Commercial Empire– William Henry SewardWilliam Henry Seward– Acquisition of Midway and AlaskaAcquisition of Midway and Alaska– Blaine’s Pan-American UnionBlaine’s Pan-American Union– The Venezuelan Boundary DisputeThe Venezuelan Boundary Dispute

Prelude in the PacificPrelude in the Pacific– US vied for control of the islands of US vied for control of the islands of

SamoaSamoa– 1893: American sugar planters 1893: American sugar planters

overthrow Queen Liliuokalani, a overthrow Queen Liliuokalani, a Hawaiian nationalistHawaiian nationalist

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The Imperial MomentThe Imperial Moment

Mounting TensionsMounting Tensions– The de Lome letterThe de Lome letter– Sinking of the Sinking of the MaineMaine– Teller AmendmentTeller Amendment

The Imperial WarThe Imperial War– Dewey at ManilaDewey at Manila– Santiago harbor in CubaSantiago harbor in Cuba

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War in CubaWar in Cuba– Racial tensionsRacial tensions– The Rough RidersThe Rough Riders

Peace and the Debate over Peace and the Debate over EmpireEmpire– Annexing HawaiiAnnexing Hawaii– AquinaldoAquinaldo– Anti-imperialistsAnti-imperialists– The role of racismThe role of racism

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America’s First Asian WarAmerica’s First Asian War– Racial antagonism spurred brutal Racial antagonism spurred brutal

fighting in Manilafighting in Manila– Puerto RicoPuerto Rico

An Open Door in ChinaAn Open Door in China– The open-door notesThe open-door notes– Boxer RebellionBoxer Rebellion– Sense of missionSense of mission

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