chapter 22: descent with modification - a darwinian view of life
DESCRIPTION
Chapter 22: Descent with Modification - A Darwinian View of Life. Essential Knowledge. 1.a.1 – Natural selection is a major mechanism of evolution (22.2). 1.a.4 – Biological evolution is supported by scientific evidence from many disciplines, including mathematics (22.3). Evolution. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 22:Descent with
Modification - A Darwinian View of
Life
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Essential Knowledge
1.a.1 – Natural selection is a major mechanism of evolution (22.2).
1.a.4 – Biological evolution is supported by scientific evidence from many disciplines, including mathematics (22.3).
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Evolution The processes that have
transformed life on earth from its beginnings Change in genetic make-up over
time Gradual appearance of
biological diversity Illustrates science as a
PROCESS
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Evolutionary Adaptation
An accumulation of inherited characteristics that enhance an organisms ability to survive and reproduce Involves populations – group of animals of same species that live in same geographic area
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Pre-Darwinian Views
1. Greeks2. Fixed3. Catastrophism4. Hutton and Lyell5. Lamarck
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Greek Philosophers
1. Plato - Organisms are already perfectly adapted to their environment
2. Aristotle - Organisms arranged on a “scale of life” from simple to complex
Fixed, unchanging Ladder of Life
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Result: Greek No evolution Life is already perfect and doesn’t need to change
All the rungs on life's "ladder" are already occupied.
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Fixed Species The creator had designed each and every species for a particular purpose.
Coincides with Old Testament
Says Earth is only5-6,000 yrs old (according to the Bible)
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Result: Fixed Species
No Evolution! Created the viewpoint that all
species could be identified and named (Taxonomy).
A major factor in the Linnaeus classification system
Similarities showed pattern of creationism (not an evolutionary pattern)
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Catastrophism Georges Cuvier
(1769-1832). Attempted to
relate fossils to current life
Paleontology started
Noticed: Deeper fossils were less similar
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Catastrophism Idea Fossils were the remains of
species lost due to catastrophe No new species originated;
species could only be lost over time
Each rock/strata boundary represented a catastrophe
Catastrophe destroyed all/many species
Created a mass extinction Result – No evolution!
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James Hutton Geologist Related living organisms and their changes to changes in the Earth
1795 - Gradualism Profound change is the cumulative product of slow, but continuous process
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Result: Gradualism
Changes on the Earth were gradual, not catastrophic.
Gradual mechanisms change living organisms (and Earth)
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Charles Lyell Geologist 1797 - 1875. Incorporated
Hutton’s gradualism into a theory called Uniformitarianism.
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Uniformitarianism idea
Geological processes have operated at the same rate over the Earth’s history These processes are STILL occurring today
More comprehensive theory (involved past AND present)
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Result: Uniformitarianism
The Earth must be VERY old. (much older than 6000 years of the fixed species concept).
Idea that slow and subtle processes can cause substantial change over time
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Jean Baptiste Lamarck
Published theory in 1809.
Theory - Life changed from simple to complex over time
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Lamarck Fossils were the remains of past life forms
Used fossils to create of descent
Evolution did occur. His two mechanisms were incorrect
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Mechanisms1. Use and Disuse -
Body parts used to survive become larger and stronger
Body parts not used to survive deteriorate.
Ex: giraffe (neck was constantly stretched to reach leaves)
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Mechanisms2. Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics Modifications acquired by use/disuse were passed on to offspring
Ex: muscular arms (you work out and therefore your children will be muscular)
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Problem w/ Lamarck He had no prior knowledge
of genetics (hadn’t been “discovered” yet)
Acquired traits are not transmitted offspring
Lamarck claimed animals have an innate drive to become more complex (not better adapted!)
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Lamarck’s Credits
Did suggest correctly the role of fossils in evolution
Did suggest that adaptation to the environment is a primary product of evolution
Problem: timing (too fast!)
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Charles Darwin Father of
the modern theory of evolution
Theory - Descent with Modification.
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Darwin's Background
Trained as a Naturalist (after trying religion and medicine).
Was a poor student Quit medical school (to become clergy man and ship naturalist)
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Voyage of the Beagle
1831-1835: Trip was
used to ch
art coastl
ines
of Southern hemisp
here
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Result: Voyage Became interested in
geographic distribution of species (why certain animals live where they do?)
Visited: Brazilian jungles, Galapagos islands, Argentina, Antarctica, Andes Mtns
Allowed him to formulate and support his ideas on Natural Selection
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Galapagos Finches
Beaks and behaviors have adapted to specific foods available on specific islands
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Island Tortoises
Neck lengths have adapted to foods on specific islands
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Marine Iguanas
Adapted swimming/walking adaptations to be successful both in water and on land
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Alfred Wallace - 1858
Wrote paper on natural slection
Ideas were identical to Darwin's.
Waited to publish (wrote to Darwin w/ ideas)
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Result - July 1, 1858
Dual presentation of the Wallace-Darwin ideas to the Linnaean Society of London. Lyell presented
1859 – Darwin published (solo) the “Origin of Species”
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Comment Darwin best remembered
for the theory because of his overwhelming evidence and because he published 1st! Wallace could have received credit for his ideas (but he idolized Darwin and wanted him to get the attention)
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Darwinian View History of life is like a tree with branches over time from a common source
Current diversity of life is caused by the forks from common ancestors
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Example Most branches are dead ends!
99% of all species are extinct
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“The Origin of Species”
Documented the occurrence of evolution
Suggested that the mechanism for evolution was Natural Selection.
Conclusion: Biological diversity was/is the product of evolution
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Focused on diversity of organisms Includes: geographic distribution, adaptations, origins
Two points:1) Ancestral descendants2) Natural selection is mechanism for evolution
“The Origin of Species”
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The Theory of Evolution
Based upon 5 major facts/observations Helps to devise 3 evolutionary inferences
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Evolution: The Facts:
Fact 1 - All species reproduce themselves Until
resources limit this growth
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The Facts, cont: Fact 2 –
Most populations are normally stable in size
Fact 3 – Natural Resources are limited (finite).
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Inference 1 Use Facts 1, 2, 3 The large number of offspring must compete for the limited resources
Result - Most offspring will die!
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More Facts Fact 4 –
No two individuals in a population are exactly alike
Fact 5 – Variation is inherited
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Inference 2 Use Facts 4, 5 Those individuals whose inherited characteristics fit them best to their environment will survive and reproduce!
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Inference 3 Use Facts 4, 5 Offspring inherit the favorable characteristics
Populations shift over time as the favorable characteristics accumulate
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Thomas Malthus Demographer (geographic distribution and population growth)
Helped Darwin to develop these inferences
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Nature Nature: Food, shelter,
disasters, climate Determines which
characteristics are favorable Favors some, while filtering
others Determines who will
survive! Result - “Natural Selection”
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Artificial Selection
When man determines the characteristics that survive and reproduce
Result - the various breeds of animals and plants we’ve developed. Genetic engineering!
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Evolution Success Measured
By: Survival rate Reproductive rate (success)
Whoever lives long enough and has kids is the “winner” in evolution.
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Requirements for Natural Selection
In order for Natural Selection to work, you must have: Long periods of time Variations within a population
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Subgroups of Natural Selection
1. Populations are the units of Evolution (NOT individuals)
2. Only inherited characteristics can evolve (traits passed from parent to offspring)
3. Natural selection is always operating (based upon environmental factors)
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Comment Some acquired characteristics may allow a species to evolve "outside" of natural selection
Ex: culture, learning, diet, exposure to mutagens
Nature vs. nurture
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Visible Signs of Evolution
1. Biogeography2. Fossils3. Taxonomy4. Comparative Anatomy5. Comparative Embryology
6. Molecular Biology
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Biogeography The geographical distribution of species
Problem: Species mixtures on islands
Marsupials in Australia
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Biogeography Closely/Evolutionarily-related
species tend to be found in the same geographic region
However, the same niches (in differing regions of the world) are usually occupied by species that may have evolved similar adaptations – but are DIFFERENT species Ex: sugar glider and flying squirrel
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**Both have adapted similar adaptations (skin flaps) but are NOT closely related to each other. They have evolved this adaptation independently
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** Islands often contain ENDEMIC species (species that are found NO WHERE ELSE in the world!)**Why? Islands are a perfect example of how geography influences evolution
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Evolution Viewpoint
Biogeographical patterns reflect descent from the ancestors that colonized the area
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Fossils Relics or impressions of organisms from the past
Problem: Show changes over time from simple to complex
Many fossils don't have descendants
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Evolution Viewpoint
Life has changed over time
Many species failed to survive and became extinct
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Comments: Fossils1. Fossilization is a rare event
2. Only hard parts fossilize well
3. Problem in finding fossils
4. Interpretation.5. “Missing links”
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Taxonomy Science of
Classification.
Using various characteristics – group organisms by like characteristics
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Main Categories Domain Kingdom Phylum or Division Class Order Family Genus Species
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Comparative Anatomy
1. Homologous Structures - Common "building plan” with divergent functions
Mammal forelimbs
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Comparative Anatomy
2. Vestigial Organs - Rudimentary structures of marginal, if any, use.
Whale Legs
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Human Example
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Evolution Viewpoint
Remodeling of ancestral structures as their functions or adaptations changed
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Comparative Embryology
Problem - closely related organisms go through similar stages in their embryonic development
Ex: Gill pouches in vertebrates
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All animals go through these stages of development!!
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Evolution Viewpoint
Ontogeny is a replay of Phylogeny. (Development reflects descent)
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Molecular Biology Study of Evolution at the DNA or protein levels
Problem - related species have similar DNA sequences
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Evolution Viewpoint
Related species share a common ancestral DNA. The closer the relationship, the more similar the DNA sequences should be.
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Summary Recognize viewpoints of evolution
preceding Darwin, and identify their main points and characteristics.
Identify the assumptions, inferences and outcomes of Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection.
Recognize the signs of the process of evolution through the mechanism of natural selection.