Chapter 22: War

President of the Disunited States• 1861• AL takes office

• Came in disguise at night• 7 states had bailed• Capitol not finished

• Did not see it legal that South Split

• Geographically…How do we separate?

• How would we figure out debts? Fugitive Slave law?

• Easy target for Europe

South Carolina• First shots

• Federal Forts in Southern territory• Fort Sumter: Charleston Harbor

• Commander running out of supplies(100 men)

• Lincoln’s question: What to do? Send supplies look like war. Don’t send supplies looks like we are weak.

• Send ship with letter to South. We come in Peace!

• South fires

• Some northerners even say, “go in peace.”

• April 12 1861 • “It’s ON!”• Sumter got N fired up

– Ready to fight– Volunteers called– BLOCKADE

Brother v. Brother• Border states: part of N still

– WV created– N need supplies, routes and raw

materials– Ohio River: Hoped to have God,

but had to have Kentucky

• How to get– Martial law/Against Const?– Soldiers in states– Lincoln could not enlist

free blacks, would lose border states

– Save the union/not about slavery

• Many Natives in Indian Territory with S– South reached out to

Natives– Cherokee had slaves

– Plains Indians with N

• Families divided– Many family members

fought family members

Advantages and DsdvantagesN Adv N Disadv. S adv S Disadv

Balance• S-Advantage at beginning

• defensive• Did not have to win• High morale• Bred to fight• Better officers

• Problems:– No factories– Bad transport– Supply shortages in end, started OK, but

could not keep up– Economically weak– North controlled Sea

• North • Advantages– Manpower– Immigrants– Sea power

• Disadvantages– Bad commanders– Did not know land– corruption

Dethroning Cotton• The South was betting on

intervention– Upper class Europe

supportive of S– Needed Cotton

Bad Bet:• Working Europe like N

– Uncle Tom helped with that• Brits have surplus cotton

– Egyptian Cotton

• N helped out England later in war to keep them with us (sold captured cotton)

• King wheat and corn were bigger then King Cotton in end

Diplomacy• Europe wanted the US

to fail and wanted to be friends with winner, played games

• Trent Affair– Union warship stopped a

British steamer and asked for Southerners on board, British say no

– Some in Brit call for war– Slow communications =

cooler heads

Foreign Flare ups

• Alabama– ship built in England– sent to be armed– Eventually sunk– Fought all around world

• Laird Rams– Rams and guns– Ended up giving them to

British Navy– British paid us 15.5

million for damages

• American anger towards Canada– S using it as jumping off point

to N– N invaded Canada in small

groups/especially Irish– 1867 Dominion of Canada

Napoleon III took Mexico City and installed Maximilian

Nap figured we would not back Monroe based on war

After war, Max eventually abandoned and faced firing squad

Davis Vs. Lincoln• Davis

– States rights foundation and downfall

– Constantly try to make everyone happy or they might secede

– Not charismatic– impeachment– Overworked– Beyond his ability, or

anyone’s• Lincoln

– Had long established gov. and could build off that

Limitations on Wartime Liberties• Lincoln took some liberties,

but they were not going to be permanent– Money for military purposes

to civilians– Blockade without congress’

approval– Suspended habeas corpus– Supervised voting in Border

states (between troops)

Volunteers and Draftees• 1863 N passed conscription

act– Could hire out, 300 bucks

• NY riots over draft. – NY more Democrat, saw as

attack by other party to send them

• 90% of N volunteers• Used immigrants, substitutes

– Draft jumpers

• South– 17-50 in 1862– Both used African Americans

but waited until desperate

Economic Stresses

• How to pay?• N

– Excise tax, income tax, Tariff

– Morrill Tariff Act 10% • Greenback money

released– Fluctuated due to lack of

gold so if union doing well, money worth more

• Bonds: Sold by Jay Cook who got %

National Banking System

• 1863– Launched to help sell

bonds– establish Standard bank

note currency• Connected banks to

National bank• Made more sound, got

rid of rag money• 1st time since 1836

South Economics

• South had no custom duties

• Sold bonds• Tax on farm goods• Blue backs• Inflation• People selling their

possessions

Shoddy Millionaires

• Lot of money to be made during war

• New factories, new tariffs

• Inflated prices• Millionaire class• Dishonest and bad

equipment• New inventions allowed

business to carry on• petroleum

women

• Jobs for women making goods/filling in at factories

• Role in war as support, nurses

• Clara Barton: Red Cross• Blackwell: Sanitary

Commission provided medical supplies to the field

Crushed Cotton Kingdom

• 1860 30% worlds wealth

• 1870 12%• Transportation

collapsed• S did everything to hold

on, but just not enough• Industrial age about to

begin