Chapter 23: The French

Revolution & Napoleon, 1789-

1815

Causes of the French Revolution

Weak & indecisive leadership

Serious Economic problems

Class unrest & resentment

Enlightenment ideas spread

•Government in debt

•King Louis XIV & Queen Marie Antoinette extravagant spenders

•King inherits debts of French Kings before him

•Government borrowed heavily to help finance the American Revolution

•France’s Economy in decline

•Cost of living increased dramatically•Crop failures lead to widespread starvation

•King imposes heavy taxes

•Merchants, factory owners, & bankers of the 3rd Estate alarmed

•Taxes so high that there is little profit for business owners

Louis XIV•Weak leader

•Indecisive

•Little patience for government affairs

•Queen Marie Antoinette interfered & offered poor advice

•Queen very unpopular

•Imposed Taxes on nobility

The Social Order of France Pre-Revolution…

Estate Description % of

Population

% of Land Owned

% of Tax Paid

1st Estate 10%

2nd Estate

3rd Estate

The Roman Catholic Church

1% 2%

Rich Nobles 2% 20% 0%

Bourgeoisie, City Workers, & Peasants 97% 1% 50%

The Assembly Reforms FranceDeclaration of the Rights of ManDeclaration of the Rights of Man

 

Influenced by ______________________________________ and _________________________________________

Two important points of the declaration include…

1.

 

2.

 

Who was not included?

Powers of the Legislative Assembly:•

•

Declaration of Independence The English Bill of Rights

Due Causeinnocent until proven guilty

Freedom of: Speech, ideas, press, & religion

Women

Power to create laws

Power to approve or reject declarations of war

Louis XVI Goes on Trial

Date:

Charges:

Result:

The Reign of TerrorMost Famous Victims:

Purpose:

A Few Facts

and Figures:

January 21, 1793

Treason

Sentenced to death via the guillotine

Maximilien Robespierre Fact File•Jacobin leader•Set out to build a “Republic of Virtue”wanted to wipe out France’s past•Changed the calendar (12 months of 30 days with no Sundays)•Closed all churches•Governed France as a dictator

Georges Danton & Marie Antoinette

Rid France of enemies of the Revolution •1793-1794

•40,000 people killed (mostly peasants)

•Robespierre guillotined July 28, 1794

Causes of Revolution

heavy taxes

desire for privileges

government debt

poor harvest & high bread prices

poor leadership

gap between rich & poor

Enlightenment ideas

continued . . .

Assembly creates a constitution.

War with Austria begins when Austria offers support for Louis XVI.

War goes badly for the French, and mobs rule Paris.

Terror ends as moderates gain control.

Reign of Terror begins as radicals take over the government.

King is executed.

1789 1796–1799 1800

1795 1799 1804

French Revolution breaks out.

Napoleon defeats royalist rebels.

Napoleon wins many victories.

Napoleon seizes power from the Directory.

New constitution gives Napoleon all real power.

Napoleon crowned emperor.

Louis XVI

Marie Antoinette

Jean Paul Marat

Robespierre

Napoleon

Metternich

6 Degrees of Louis

XVI

Who was Napoleon Bonaparte?

How was he able to take power in France?

•

•

What did he promise the French people?

Military leader who later crowned himself emperor of France

Directory (government after Robespierre) lost confidence of the French people

Drove out members of the Directory & voted in as 1st Council & assumed role as dictator

Restore order to France

Restored order to France

Crowned himself emperor

Ended corruption in government

Concordat (agreement with the church)

Strengthened central government

Napoleonic Code

Strengthened economy

Lycees (government run public schools)

French Constitution

Efficient tax collection

Napoleon’s Empire & Battles

•Santo Domingo-> Gave up New World ambitions

•Annexed the Austrian Netherlands & parts of Italy

•Set up a puppet government in Switzerland

•Battled for territory of Austria, Prussia, & Russia

Problem SolutionMETTERNICH’S PLAN

Changes Made in Europe:

Klemens Von Metternich Fact File

French aggression

Power struggles between countries

Lack of legitimate leaders

Surrounding France with strong countries

Creating a balance of power so that no country can dominate othersRestoring royal families to their thrones

•Foreign minister of Austria

•Not a fan of Democracy

•Made weak countries around France stronger

•Creation of German Confederation

•Switzerland became an independent nation

•Kingdom of Sardinia in Italy was strengthened

The Revenge of Austria/Prussia/Russia

European Nations Attack Napoleon• Elba

• Battle of Waterloo

• Saint Helena

Congress of Vienna

Members and Reps

Legacy

Goals Actions Taken

•Most decisions were made by Russia, Austria, Prussia, Great Britain, & France

•Containment of France

Where Napoleon was exiled to

Napoleon’s last battle (lost)

Remote island in South Atlantic where Napoleon was banished to (he tied 6 years later)

•Establish long-lasting peace in Europe

•Maintain balance of power in Europe

•Lasted 100 years

•Nationalistic feelings would explode into revolutions

•Russia, Prussia, Austria, Great Britain, and France

•Containment of France

•Balance of Power

There is discontent amongst the people of all the social classes

The Third Estate- resents the Old Regime system

People feel restless and held down by unacceptable restrictions in society, religion and the economy or the government

•Economics= high taxes, unemployment

•Resentful of clergy positions

People are hopeful about the future, but they are being forced to accept less than they had hoped for.

•Enlightenment gives hope, but high taxes and crop failures are problematic

People are beginning to think of themselves as belonging to a social class, and there is a growing bitterness between social classes.

•The bourgeoisie of the third estate is growing angry- they are educated and want more rights

The social classes closest to one another are the most hostile.

•Not really- it is mostly the Third Estate that is upset.

The scholars and thinkers give up on the way their society operates

•Enlightenment changes minds about absolutism- equality, liberty and democracy!

The government does not respond to the needs of its society

•Louis XVI is a poor leader and Marie Antoinette interferes with the government- instead of cutting back on spending, decides to tax the nobles.

The leaders of the government and ruling class begin to doubt themselves. Some join with the opposition groups.

•Some clergy and nobles join the National Assembly.

The government is unable to get enough support from any group to save itself.

•Louis tires to escape, fails- gets Austria and Prussia to help him- that plan also fails.

The government cannot organize its finances correctly and is either going bankrupt or trying to tax heavily and unjustly.

•Louis taxes are too high for the Third Estate- First and Second Estates have little to no taxes.

Impossible demands made of government which, if granted, would mean its end.

•Third Estate wants lower taxes, change in voting in the Estates General- would like to end absolutism and estate system

Unsuccessful government attempts to suppress revolutionaries

•Third Estate is locked out of the Estates General- Tennis Court Oath- Louis has Swiss guard surround Versailles- Storming of the Bastille

Revolutionaries gain power and seem united

•Storming of the Bastille, March on Versailles, Creation of the National Assembly and Declaration of the Rights of Man.

Once in power, revolutionaries begin to quarrel among themselves, and unity begins to dissolve

•Food shortages, the government is still in debt- factions of Radicals, Moderates and Conservatives form

The moderates gain the leadership but fail to satisfy those who insist on further changes

•The Legislative Assemble creates a limited monarchy.

Power is gained by progressively more radical groups until finally a lunatic fringe gains almost complete control

•Jacobins gain popularity- Marat calls for death to royalists.

A strong man emerges and assumes great power

•Maximillian Robespierre

The extremists try to create “heaven on earth” by introducing their whole program and by punishing all their opponents

•Robespierre wants to build a “republic of virtue” by wiping out France’s past- Committee of Public Safety

A period of terror occurs

•Reign of Terror

Moderate groups regain power. The revolution is over.

•The Directory is formed with 5 moderate leaders- but is it really over???

Homework:

1. 24-1 Chapter Outline

2. 24-2 Visual Tour

3. 24-2 Chronological Map

4. 24-3 Picture Story Ottomans, Cavour, Garibaldi, Bismarck, Prussia)

Peninsulares Creoles mulattos conservatives liberals radicals nationalism nation-state Red Shirts realpolitik Kaiser

Vocabulary People:

Simon Bolivar

Jose de San Martin

Miguel Hidalso

Jose Maria Morelos

Louis Napoleon

Alexander II

Camillo di Cavour

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Otto von Bismarck

Countries in Central AmericaBelize - a country in Central America at the southeast border of Mexico and northeast of Guatemala.Costa Rica - a country just north of Panama.El Salvador - a country in Central America that is south of Guatemala and Honduras.Guatemala - a country in Central America south of Mexico and west of Belize.Honduras - a country northeast of Nicaragua.Nicaragua - a country just north of Costa Rica.Panama - a country at the southernmost tip of Central America.

Other FeaturesAtlantic Ocean - the ocean east of Central America.Colombia - a country in northwestern South America; it is southeast of Panama.Lake Nicaragua - a large lake in Nicaragua.Mexico - a country southwest of the USA and north of Guatemala and Belize.Pacific Ocean - the ocean west of Central America.Panama Canal - a man-made canal in Panama that connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

•Low wages and high prices made workers practical slaves in a system known as peonage.

•Landowners took over lands owned by natives and the Catholic Church. Leads to an unequal distribution of land.

•Caudillos are often ruthless and most people lack a voice in government.

Loca l m i l i ta ry lead ers- ra ised sm al l a rm ies an d began to fo rcefu l ly tak e over lan d in Latin Am er ica .

Over-dependence on exports- foreign nations benefit more- they import many goods from Europe and US.

Do not industrialize

Do not spend money on developing schools, hospitals, roads.

Borrowed money at high rates from Britain, France, US and Germany.

Could not pay back debts, so foreigners take over facilities they funded.

Monroe Doctrine- Europe could no longer colonize in the Americas.

Spanish-American War- US joins Cuba in the fight for independence from Spain- Cuba resented US intervention.

Panama Canal- France had tried to build a canal and failed- US befriends Panama in a revolution against Columbia and in return, Panama gives the US a ten mile wide zone to build the canal.

Roosevelt Corollary- gives the US the right to “police” the Western Hemisphere.

Problems in Latin America: What were Caudillos?

Economic problems in Latin America: Role of the United States

Latin America

n Revolut

ions

Geographic Barriers: Andes Mountains, vast areas- hinder attempts at creating a unified Latin America.

Power of the Church: Catholic Church was a stabilizing influence, promoted education, in colonial times owned a lot of land.

Social Injustice:

colonial class structure- Creoles owned most land and

wealth. Oligarchy- ruling elite. Mestizos, mulattoes,

Indians, Africans have few rights.

Cash Crop Economies: colonies

sent sugar, cotton, coffee to Europe – dependency on 1

crop=unstable economy.

Caudillos- local military strongmen- had own armies and

gained control of governments-

repressive, ignored existing constitutions.

Economic Imperialism: foreign

investment helped develop mining and

farming- developed ports and railroads, but only upper class and foreign

investors profited.

Peninsulares- Born in Spain

Creoles- Europeans born in Latin America

Mestizos- Native and European Mix

Mulattos- European and African mix

Africans

Natives

Slaves Freedom Independence

Creoles Freedom Independence

Native Americans and mestizos/creoles

Slavery Independence

Creoles and royal family

End colonial rule Independence

Where? Who rebelled? Why? What happened?

Haiti

Spanish South America

Mexico

Brazil

Social Class Percentage of Population

Number of People

Peninsulares 0.1% 15,000

Africans 6.4% 900,000

Mestizos 7.3% 1,030,000

Mulattos 7.6% 1,070,000

Creoles 22.8% 3,070,000

Indians 55.8% 7,860,000

                                 

 

Where? Haiti

When? Late 1790sHow?

•Leads revolution in Haiti

•Becomes skilled general

•Frees slaves

Where? •Venezuela•Peru•Ecuador•Panama

When? Early 1800sHow?

•“Liberator”-Freedom fighter

•Lead solders into battle

•Defeated Spanish army

Where? Argentina, Chile, & Columbia

When? Early 1800s

How?

•Joins forces with Bolivar to set Latin American nations free

Monroe Doctrine- Europe could no longer colonize in the Americas.

Spanish-American War- US joins Cuba in the fight for independence from Spain- Cuba resented US intervention.

Panama Canal- France had tried to build a canal and failed- US befriends Panama in a revolution against Columbia and in return, Panama gives the US a ten mile wide zone to build the canal.

Roosevelt Corollary- gives the US the right to “police” the Western Hemisphere.

What is it?

Nationalism is a people's sense of belonging together as a nation. It also includes such feelings as loyalty to the nation, pride in its culture and history, and--in many cases--a desire for national independence.

Nation vs. StateNation vs. State• Nation: A

group of people with a shared culture, language, history, etc. who have the desire to have their own state

• State: A political organization consisting of one or more nations of people.

Nation State

BONDS THAT CREATE

NATION-STATES

• Italians try to unite.

• Belgians declare independence from the Dutch.

• Poles rebel against Russia.• French throw out Charles X.

• Liberals revolt in the German states.

• Hungarians call for self-government

• Czechs demand independence for Bohemia.

• French demand democratic government.

• Greece rebels against Ottoman Turks.

1848

Revolts against the Old Order

1821 1830

Realpolitik

Ruled Germany without consent of Parliament & without a legal budget, as Prime Minister

Formed alliance between Prussia and Austria

War against Denmark

Seven Weeks’ War

United all of Germany

Franco-Prussian War

Manufactured incidents

Germany ItalyBoth

Leaders-William I, Otto Van BismarckFranco-Prussian WarSeven Weeks’ War

Resulting Government: German Empire

Austria left out of the confederationResistance by liberals

Catholic-Protestant divisionsPrussia led unification drive

•Leaders-Aristocrats

•Many separate states united by spirit of nationalism

•At start, some territories & states held by foreign powers

Leaders-Cavor, Victor Emanuel II

War with Austria

Resulting Government:United KingdomTreaty left Pope in control of Vatican CityCultural divisions remain between industrial north and agricultural south

Majority Catholic

Sardinia led unification drive