chapter 23 – world war i section notes the road to war americans prepare for war americans in...
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Chapter 23 – World War I
Section NotesThe Road to WarAmericans Prepare for WarAmericans in World War IEstablishing Peace
VideoThe Impact of Modern Warfare
History Close-upTrench Warfare
ImagesAn End to PeacePrimary Source: Sinking of the LusitaniaRed Cross VolunteersPatriotic PosterWorld War I U.S. SoldierWorld War I Deaths
Quick FactsKey Goals of the Fourteen
PointsCauses and Effects of World
War IChapter 23 Visual Summary
MapsWorld War I, 1914-1918Europe After World War I
America in the 20th Century: World War I: The War in Europe
America Joins the Ranks (4:17)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8L0Wgio6c6k
Supporting the War (9:34)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mXwD7vsn3dg
Fear on the Homefront (5:19) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M8W5s0hEJo8
Videos
• America in the 20th Century: World War I: The War in Europe
– America Joins the Ranks (4:17)• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8L0Wgio6c6k
– Supporting the War (9:34)• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mXwD7vsn3dg
- Fear on the Homefront (5:19)• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M8W5s0hEJo8
If time – “Digging Up the Trenches” (1:30:01) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QIRoetUSq4E
The Road to War
The Big Idea
In 1914 tensions in Europe exploded into the deadliest war the world had ever seen.
Main Ideas
• Many factors contributed to the outbreak of World War I.
• European nations suffered massive casualties in the war’s early battles.
Nationalism
• Nationalism, a strong sense of pride and loyalty to one’s nation or culture, created tension between nations.
• Austria-Hungary included people from many cultural groups.
• Slavic nationalists wanted to break away from Austria-Hungary and join the independent Slavic country of Serbia.
Imperialism
• Nations competed for control of territories both in Europe and overseas.
• Germany took the Alsace-Lorraine region from France in 1871, and France wanted it back.
Main Idea 1: Many factors contributed to the outbreak of
World War I.
Militarism
• Nations focused resources on militarism, the aggressive strengthening of armed forces.
• Raced to build armies and navies
• Made alliances to protect themselves
The Spark
• Feelings of fear and distrust grew among European powers in the early 1900s.
• In 1908 Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina.
– Slavic nationalists resisted violently; wanted to be a part of Serbia
• June 28, 1914: Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary was assassinated in Sarajevo.
– Killed by a Serb nationalist, Gavrilo Princip
• Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia
• Nations began to mobilize, or prepare their militaries, for war.
The Schlieffen Plan
• Info at:
• http://www.schoolhistory.co.uk/gcselinks/wars/firstwwlinks/schlieffen_summary
.html
Allied Powers
Central Powers
• Russia, an ally of Serbia
• France, an ally of Russia
• Belgium, brought into the fighting because Germany marched through it to get to France
• Great Britain, an ally of Belgium
• Austria-Hungary
• Germany, an ally of Austria-Hungary
Pulled into the Fighting
Main Idea 2:European nations suffered massive
casualties in the war’s early battles.
• The French army blocked the German advance at the Marne River, east of Paris, in September 1914.
– The First Battle of Marne marked the first major battle of the war.
– French and German forces faced each other along a long battle line known as the western front.
• Russian and German armies struggled back and forth on the eastern front.
• The war became a stalemate– a situation in which neither side can win a decisive victory.
• Clear that this war would be longer than expected.
Technology of War
Land
Air
Sea
• Trench warfare, defending a position by fighting from the protection of deep ditches, helped make the war long and deadly.– Cold, wet, and muddy– Disease ran rampant
• New technologies made land warfare even more deadly– Machine guns– Poison gases– Tanks
• Airplanes used in large-scale battle for the first time– Fired down on soldiers in the trenches– Gathered information on enemy locations– Battled each other in the air in “dogfights”
• Fighting in the Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea• Used Naval blockades and mines to block supply
lines• U-boats, German submarines, launched torpedoes
against Allied supply ships.
Americans Prepare for War
The Big Idea
After entering World War I in 1917, Americans began the massive effort of preparing for war.
Main Ideas
• The United States entered the war after repeated crises with Germany.
• The United States mobilized for war by training troops and stepping up production of supplies.
• Labor shortages created new wartime opportunities for women and other Americans.
Main Idea 1:The United States entered the war after
repeated crises with Germany.• The United States was initially a neutral
country.– Americans viewed World War I as a European
conflict.
• America continued to trade with European nations during the war.– Carried supplies and war materials to the Allies.
• Germany used U-boats to try and stop supply lines.– Often attacked ships without warning
– Sometimes shot civilian targets, such as the British passenger liner, Lusitania
Congress Declares War
March 1916– a U-boat attacks a French passenger ship, the SussexSussex, with several American passengers on board. German leaders agree not to attack merchant ships without warning.
February 1917– President Wilson breaks diplomatic relations with Germany after they again begin attacks on non-military ships.
March 1917– Zimmermann NoteZimmermann Note is decoded revealing German and Mexican plot to ally against the United States.
April 1917– Congress declared war on GermanyCongress declared war on Germany.
Main Idea 2: The United States mobilized for war by
training troops and stepping up production of supplies.
• Committee on Public Information formed by President Wilson to help persuade the public to support the war effort.
• Espionage Act of 1917 and the Sedition Act of 1918 limited freedoms in the United States.
• Selective Service Act was enacted in 1917 to prepare the U.S. military for war.
– Required men between ages 21-30 to register for draft.
– Almost 3 million Americans were drafted into service in World War I.
• Liberty bonds were issued by the government to help finance Allied war efforts.
• War Industries Board and Food Administration worked to supply the troops with materials and food supplies.
Main Idea 3:Labor shortages created new wartime
opportunities for women and other Americans.
Factors that led to a labor shortage in the United States during the war:
1. American factories needed new workers to meet huge production demands.
2. The war almost completely closed immigration, thus cutting-off the main source of labor to American industry.
3. Many of the young men who would normally take factory jobs were serving in the military.
Women’s War Efforts
• Many American women took on new roles to help the war effort.
– 1 million women joined the workforce.
– About 25,000 women volunteered to serve in non-combat positions in Europe.
• Other women protested America’s participation in the war.
Labor and the War
• New job opportunities encouraged Mexican Americans and African Americans to move to northern industrial cities.
• Union membership increased.
– Workers in a better position to demand higher wages
– More than 4 million unionized workers went on strike during the war.
• National War Labor Board was established to help management and workers reach agreements.
– Settled more than 1,000 labor disputes
– Worked to prevent strikes
Americans in World War I
The Big Idea
American troops helped the Allies achieve victory in World War I.
Main Ideas
• American soldiers started to arrive in Europe in 1917.
• The Americans helped the Allies win the war.
• Germany agreed to an armistice after suffering heavy losses.
Main Idea 1: American soldiers started to arrive in Europe
in 1917.
• Americans joined the fight in Europe in 1917 as a force separate from the other Allied units.
• U.S. troops were known as the American Expeditionary Force– Led by General John J. Pershing
– Thoroughly trained for combat before reaching front lines
– Included regular army and National Guard troops, volunteers, and draftees
Russia Leaves the WarRevolution in Russia
New Government
• November 1917: a group of Russians known as the Bolsheviks overthrew the Russian government.
• Bolsheviks were Communists– people who favor the equal distribution of wealth and the end of all forms of private property.
• Led by Vladimir Lenin
• Knew the war had reached a desperate point
– Around 8 million Russians had already been killed.
– Soldiers were deserting.
– Food riots raged in cities.
• March 1918: Russia signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with the Central Powers, taking itself out of World War I.
Main Idea 2:The Americans helped the Allies win the war.
•With Russia gone, Germany planned to smash the stalemate.
•American soldiers arrived on the front.
•Germans made an advance, but were unprepared for the fresh, well-trained American forces and were driven back.
• July 1918– German forces launch final offensive– Attempted to cross the Marne River
– Terrible losses forced them to stop.
•American troops helped force a major turning point in the war.
Main Idea 3:Germany agreed to an armistice after
suffering heavy losses.
•Allies drove toward victory after the failed German advance.
–More than 1 million U.S. troops in France
–Began winning victories against German forces
•By November 1918, American soldiers were making rapid advance toward Germany.
Germany Defeated• At home and on the battlefield, Germans were
tired of war.
– Food shortages
– Riots and strikes
– Shortage of soldiers
• Germany’s allies were also eager to end the war.
– Austria-Hungary reached a peace accord with the Allies on November 3, 1918.
• Seeing his country was beaten, German leader Kaiser Wilhelm II fled.
• Germany agreed to an armistice, or truce, on November 11, 1918.
Establishing Peace
The Big Idea
The United States and the victorious Allied Powers clashed over postwar plans.
Main Ideas
• The costs of war included millions of human lives as well as financial burdens.
• President Woodrow Wilson and European leaders met to work out a peace agreement.
• The U.S. Senate rejected the Treaty of Versailles.
Main Idea 1:The costs of war included millions of human
lives as well as financial burdens.Casualties
• Allied: 5 million soldiers dead– American: 116,000
soldiers dead; 200,000 soldiers wounded
• Central Powers: 3.5 million soldiers dead
• Russia and Germany had the highest death tolls.
Financial Losses
• $30 billion in property destroyed– Factories and farms
throughout Europe in ruins
• Allies: $145 billion spent• Central Powers: $63
billion spent• European nations
deeply in debt
Influenza Epidemic• In 1918, a worldwide epidemic of influenza, or flu, broke
out.
– Extremely contagious
– Deadly
– Spread by air
– No known cure
• Spread by American soldiers to civilians and then to Europe and beyond.
– 30 million people died from the virus worldwide.
– 800,000 Americans died
• Changed life in the United States
– In Chicago, the flu more than doubled the death rate.
– Quarantines were implemented in some states.
– Many cities banned public gatherings, including school classes.
• President Woodrow Wilson developed plans for a postwar peace agreement.– Known as the Fourteen Points
– Called for the creation of League of Nations, an international assembly of nations.
• European leaders disagreed with Wilson’s vision.– Wanted to punish Germany for its role in the war
– Wanted to prevent Germany from ever again becoming a world power
Main Idea 2: President Woodrow Wilson and European
leaders met to work out a peace agreement.
Key Goals of the Fourteen Points
• End secret alliances
• Encourage free shipping
• Remove barriers to trade
• Reduce armies and navies
• Resolve colonial claims
• Support the right of people to choose their own government
• Settle border disputes
• Establish the League of Nations
Paris Peace Conference
No representatives from Russia or the Central Powers attended.
Wilson reluctantly agreed to this peace agreement, the Treaty of Versailles.
American and European leaders met at the Paris Peace Conference, held at the palace of Versailles, near Paris
Allied leaders demanded that Germany
– Accept complete blame for the war
– Make reparations, or payments for war damages
– Give up large parts of its territory
• German reparations of $33 billion
• Established the League of Nations
• Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia became independent nations.
• Poland was restored as a nation
• Central Powers turned over their colonies to the League of Nations.
• Central Powers nations broken up
The Treaty of Versailles
Main Idea 3: The U.S. Senate rejected the
Treaty of Versailles.
• U.S. Constitution states that treaties must be ratified by at least two-thirds of the Senate.
• Wilson presented the treaty to the Senate.– Senator Henry Cabot Lodge wanted the winners to
set the terms of the peace and demanded changes.
– Republicans were worried about the League of Nations’ power to use military force.
• On November 19, 1919, the Senate voted and the Treaty of Versailles was defeated.
• The United States signed separate peace treaties with Germany, Austria, and Hungary.
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Chapter Review
• P. 741-742– Reviewing Vocab, Terms, People
• #1-7
– Comprehension & Critical Thinking• 8 a,b• 9 a,b• 10 a,c• 11 a,b• 15
• P. 743 Standardized Test Practice #1-6