Chapter 25

Big Issues: (1)American Revolution (2)French Revolution (3)Slave revolt in St. Domingue (Haiti) (4)Confusion on Iberian Peninsula

(Spain/Portugal)

Island of St. Domingue- half Spanish/half French

French Haiti- chaos between whites quarreling with free-blacks

Toussaint L’Ouverture- literate, well readwanted all of Haiti to be free of

slaveryWanted independent HaitiNapoleon sent troops, captured

L’Ouverture (died in prison)Haiti still won- Napoleon chaos

certainly helped

CreolesMestizosPeninsulares

Napoleon’s invasion of Spain and Portugal –weakened them

Simon BolivarWealthy creoleThe “liberator”1810- led independence movement

in Ecuador, Bolivia, Colombia, Venezuela

Fought for all classesJamaica Letter 1815- his statement

of principles of freedom and equality

Napoleon losesVienna Conference does what?______King of Portugal leaves his son in charge as

regent of Brazil“If they start a revolution from Portugal…give

it to them. Declare Brazil independent…as yourself as king.”

Brazil=Monarchy Pedro I

• Welcome to CHAOS…• 1810-1823• Father Miguel de Hidalgo- priest who began to call

for independenceDied in 1811

• Jose Maria Morelos took overThey wanted equality for mestizos, indians, slaves…

everyone.Wanted a constitutionMorelos killed by conservative Mexicans- upper class

• Colonel Agustin Iturbide overturned Spain- dictator?Overthrown and Republic of Mexico established 1824.

1. Culture1. Culture

Elites adopted Western patterns, habits, styles including Romanticism, Realism

Culture of masses remained unchanged, focused on folk arts, music, traditions

2. Gender, Class, Race2. Gender, Class, RaceWomen gained limited improvement with

EducationRacial Identity still determined class

“We have achieved our independence…at the expense of everything else.” – S. Bolivar

• Constitutions failed-about 12 written, but people were not accustomed to “rights” (compare to American colonists)

• Dictators- Military leaders called CAUDILLOS

• Economy- wealth still characterized by land ownership not capital wealth of Latin Americans. Little industry

Manifest DestinyHuge land acquisition-

Jefferson and Napoleon- Louisianna Purchase

Americans believed “sea to shining sea” was predestined by God

Mexican American WarJames K. Polk- PresidentTreaty of Guadalupe

Hidalgo- Mexico ceded southwest to USA.

Panama Canal- USA help Panama gain independence from Colombia- in return …Panama Canal!!!

Spanish-American War-1898 (the forgotten War)USA shows naval superiority for

the first timeWins easilyTakes Philippines (buys for $20

million), Guam, Puerto RicoCuba gains independence from

Spain

Chapter 26

Reasons:1.Poor leaders2.Backward Janissaries stunted technological

growth3.European greediness for territory

1. Cautious though- Ottomans were weak-a replacement might be WORSE

2. Began slowly taking land from Ottomans- but were concerned about balance of power in Europei.e. “Hey France, your piece of cake is bigger…no fair!”

Napoleon…conquered EgyptBritish helped Ottomans get it back…but…1805-Wahhabi RebellionMuhammad Ali

Sent by Ottomans to govern Egypt1841 he fought the Ottoman and became ruler

of EgyptReformed military, economyVery Western thinkingModernized cotton production (supplied cheap

cotton)

Suez CanalConnected Red Sea to Mediterranean.Built by French and EgyptiansWhen Egypt fell in $450 million debt, Britain

took financial control and later (1882) occupied Egypt.

This canal was the “Lifeline of the British Empire” because it allowed quicker access to its colonies in Asia and Africa.

Greek Independence- 1821

Ottoman land was valuableOttoman land was valuable1.1. Strategic location- landlocked countries had to Strategic location- landlocked countries had to

travel through to get to Black Sea (i.e. Russia)travel through to get to Black Sea (i.e. Russia)2.2. Oil in Persia and ArabiaOil in Persia and Arabia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OttomanEmpireIn1683.png

The Crimean War-18531. Russia vs. Ottomans- Russia wanted land

along the Black Sea2. Britain and France helped the Ottomans to

prevent Russia from becoming too powerful3. Ottomans won BUT . . .

Showed weakness Began losing land anyway (Slavic people in

Balkans, parts of Africa) BY 1914- Ottoman Empire was about 1/3 of it’s

greatest size

Balkan Crisis (1876-1878)- Nationalism rises and Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia, Montenegro leave.

1839-1876More tolerance for non-MuslimsLegal reformSchools to teach Western Science and techTelegraph and telephone systemWomen in educationConstitution?Many conservatives disliked…Overwhelmed eventually”

Early 1900s “Young Turks” take control in 1908 and establish a Republic

Unfortunately the Ottomans side in WW1 with Germany…lose… and that’s the end.