The Great War BeginsThe Great War Begins

Chapter 26 Section 1Chapter 26 Section 1Pages 779-782Pages 779-782

What is an alliance?What is an alliance?

Why would countries make Why would countries make alliances with one another?alliances with one another?

a.a. an an alliancealliance is a is a pact, , coalition or or friendship between two or more parties, made in order between two or more parties, made in order to advance common goals and to secure to advance common goals and to secure common interests. It is a Political agreement common interests. It is a Political agreement between countries to support each other in between countries to support each other in disputes with other countries. disputes with other countries.

b.Tradeb.Trade Share ResourcesShare Resources Mutual Economic AideMutual Economic Aide DefenseDefense

Ripple EffectRipple Effect

Crash CourseCrash CourseArchdukes, Cynicism, and World War I: Cr

ash Course World History #36 - YouTube

Main IdeaMain Idea

Europe in 1914 was on the brink of war. Europe in 1914 was on the brink of war. After an assassination, the nations of After an assassination, the nations of Europe were drawn one by one into what Europe were drawn one by one into what would be called the Great War, or World would be called the Great War, or World War I.War I.

The Great War BeginsThe Great War Begins

Europe on the Brink of WarEurope on the Brink of War

Rising tensions in Europe, 1914 Rising tensions in Europe, 1914 Tensions result of four factorsTensions result of four factors

MilitarismMilitarism AlliancesAlliances

ImperialismImperialism Nationalism Nationalism

• Nations formed partnerships to protect against opposing forces

• Triple Alliance united Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy

• Great Britain joined France, Russia in Triple Entente

• Believed no one nation would attack another, because allies would join fight

Alliances• Massive military buildup in

European countries, late 1800s and early 1900s

• Wanted to protect overseas colonies from other nations

• Growing power of armed forces left all sides ready to act at first sign of trouble

• Minor disagreements had potential to turn to armed conflict

Militarism

Europe on the Brink of WarEurope on the Brink of War

• Strong devotion to one’s national group or culture, increased in late 1800s

• Led to formation of new countries, struggles for power

• Most visible in Balkan Peninsula, southeastern Europe

• Home to many ethnic groups trying to break free from Ottoman Empire

Nationalism• Late 1800s and early 1900s

saw quest to build empires

• Created rivalry, ill will among European nations

• Germany, France, Russia, Great Britain vied to become great imperial nations

• Each did not want others to gain power

Imperialism

Europe on the Brink of WarEurope on the Brink of War

SummarizeSummarize

Why was Europe on the brink of war in Why was Europe on the brink of war in 1914?1914?

Answer(s): rising tensions as result of militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism

Europe on the Brink of WarEurope on the Brink of WarSome of strongest nationalist tensions in Some of strongest nationalist tensions in

Balkans in Serbia, independent nationBalkans in Serbia, independent nation Serbian leaders wanted to expand borders, unite people Serbian leaders wanted to expand borders, unite people

in “greater Serbia”in “greater Serbia”

Austria-Hungary, powerful empire to north, opposed Austria-Hungary, powerful empire to north, opposed expansionexpansion

Feared growth might encourage ethnic groups there to Feared growth might encourage ethnic groups there to rebelrebel

Tensions continued to rise in early 1900sTensions continued to rise in early 1900s

In the midst of the tensions with Serbia, archduke Ferdinand of In the midst of the tensions with Serbia, archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary decided to visit the Bosnian city of Sarajevo. Austria-Hungary decided to visit the Bosnian city of Sarajevo.

• Serbian Gavrilo Princip assassinated archduke, wife

• Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia

• Russia prepared to support Serbia

• Austria-Hungary ally Germany saw Russia as threat

• Germany declared war on Russia, ally France

The Impact• Germany faced war on two

fronts: Russia to east, France to west

• Decided to strike France quickly then move to Russia

• Began with quick strike into neutral Belgium

• Attack on neutral country led Great Britain to declare war on Germany

Fighting Begins

War Breaks OutWar Breaks Out

War Breaks OutWar Breaks OutMain players in World War I in place Main players in World War I in place Triple AllianceTriple Alliance

GermanyGermany Austria-HungaryAustria-Hungary ItalyItaly

Triple EntenteTriple Entente Great BritainGreat Britain FranceFrance RussiaRussia Serbia Serbia

SequenceSequenceWhat events led to the outbreak of World What events led to the outbreak of World

War I?War I?

Answer(s): Serbian Gavrilo Princip killed Austrian Archduke Ferdinand and his wife; Germany (an ally of Austria-Hungary) declared war on Russia (an ally of Serbia); Germany attacked Belgium; Great Britain declared war on Germany

Germany’s planGermany’s planGermany wanted to quickly defeat France, move east to fight Germany wanted to quickly defeat France, move east to fight

RussiaRussiaGreat Britain’s declaration of war on Germany doomed its planGreat Britain’s declaration of war on Germany doomed its planThe Great War became bloody stalemateThe Great War became bloody stalemate

Russia enters fightingRussia enters fightingRussia attacked German territory from the eastRussia attacked German territory from the eastRussians defeated in Battle of TannenbergRussians defeated in Battle of TannenbergGermany distracted from France, Allies turned on German Germany distracted from France, Allies turned on German

invadersinvaders

Early battlesEarly battlesBattle of the Frontiers pitted German troops against both Battle of the Frontiers pitted German troops against both

French and BritishFrench and BritishBoth sides suffered heavy losses Both sides suffered heavy losses Germany victoriousGermany victorious

Fighting in 1914Fighting in 1914

Fighting in 1914Fighting in 1914Trench warfare begins Trench warfare begins Allied troops drove Germans back, Battle of the Marne, Allied troops drove Germans back, Battle of the Marne,

September 1914September 1914Retreating Germans dug series of trenches along Aisne Retreating Germans dug series of trenches along Aisne

RiverRiver Waited in trenches for Allied attackWaited in trenches for Allied attack Trenches elaborately constructed, cleverly concealedTrenches elaborately constructed, cleverly concealed

Allies dug trenches of their ownAllies dug trenches of their own Major battles for months with little change in positionsMajor battles for months with little change in positions Deadlocked region became known as Deadlocked region became known as Western FrontWestern Front

Trench WarfareTrench Warfare

Trench WarfareTrench Warfare

SummarizeSummarizeWhat were the major events of the fighting in What were the major events of the fighting in

1914?1914?

Answer(s): Germany advanced through Belgium to attack France; Russia attacked East Prussia; Russians crushed in Battle of Tannenberg; British and French forces regrouped; millions died or were wounded; trench warfare resulted in a stalemate

GROG 26.1- 5 PointsGROG 26.1- 5 Points Identify Cause and EffectIdentify Cause and Effect Using your Using your

notes, fill in the interactive graphic notes, fill in the interactive graphic organizer by explaining how the events of organizer by explaining how the events of the late 1800s and early 1900s led up to the late 1800s and early 1900s led up to the outbreak of World War I. the outbreak of World War I.

A new kind of warA new kind of warChapter 26 Section 2Chapter 26 Section 2

Pages 783-788Pages 783-788

Bell Ringer 26.2 – 5 pointsBell Ringer 26.2 – 5 points Write notes for a speech that a Write notes for a speech that a

European leader trying to prevent European leader trying to prevent the outbreak of war might have the outbreak of war might have given in July 1914. Use details from given in July 1914. Use details from the chapter in your notes. the chapter in your notes.

A.A. Alliance will not prevent warAlliance will not prevent warB.B. Militarism should be avoidedMilitarism should be avoidedC.C. Nationalism and imperialism could lead top Nationalism and imperialism could lead top

warwar

Main Idea Main Idea With the introduction of new types of warfare With the introduction of new types of warfare and new technologies, World War I resulted and new technologies, World War I resulted in destruction on a scale never before in destruction on a scale never before imagined.imagined.

A New Kind of WarA New Kind of War

New weaponsNew weaponsPoison gas, other new weapons response to massive deadlockPoison gas, other new weapons response to massive deadlockTwo systems of trenches stretched hundreds of miles, western Two systems of trenches stretched hundreds of miles, western

EuropeEuropeMillions of Allied and Central Powers soldiers in trenches of Millions of Allied and Central Powers soldiers in trenches of

Western FrontWestern Front

Life in trenchesLife in trenchesRainstorms produced deep puddles, mudRainstorms produced deep puddles, mudLice, rats, bad sanitation constant problemsLice, rats, bad sanitation constant problemsRemoving dead bodies often impossibleRemoving dead bodies often impossible

Trench warfareTrench warfareTrench warfareTrench warfare not new idea not new ideaSoldiers had long hidden behind mounds of earthSoldiers had long hidden behind mounds of earthScale of 1914 Europe trench warfare never before experiencedScale of 1914 Europe trench warfare never before experienced

The World War I BattlefieldThe World War I Battlefield

Over the topOver the topSoldiers ordered out of trenches to attack enemySoldiers ordered out of trenches to attack enemySprinting across area known as “no-man’s-land” a deadly Sprinting across area known as “no-man’s-land” a deadly

gamegameThousands on both sides died, cut down by enemy gunsThousands on both sides died, cut down by enemy guns

More effectiveMore effectiveOther new weapons more effective than poison gasOther new weapons more effective than poison gasRapid-fire machine guns in wide use Rapid-fire machine guns in wide use Artillery and high-explosive shells, enormous destructive powerArtillery and high-explosive shells, enormous destructive power

New weaponsNew weaponsNeither side able to make significant advances on enemy’s Neither side able to make significant advances on enemy’s

trenchestrenchesEach side turned to new weapons like poison gasEach side turned to new weapons like poison gasValue limited, both sides developed gas masksValue limited, both sides developed gas masks

The World War I BattlefieldThe World War I Battlefield

Death in the TrenchesDeath in the Trenches

The World War I BattlefieldThe World War I BattlefieldTanks and AircraftTanks and AircraftTanks pioneered by BritishTanks pioneered by British

Could cross rough battlefield terrainCould cross rough battlefield terrain

Reliability was a problemReliability was a problem

Aircraft most usefulAircraft most useful At beginning of war, mostly for observationAt beginning of war, mostly for observation

Soon had machine guns, bombs attachedSoon had machine guns, bombs attached

Faster airplanes useful in attacking cities, battlefieldsFaster airplanes useful in attacking cities, battlefields

New WeaponsNew Weapons

SummarizeSummarize

How did new technology affect the World How did new technology affect the World War I battlefield?War I battlefield?

Answer(s): New technologies such as poison gas and rapid-firing machine guns made the battlefield more dangerous; faster airplanes proved useful in attacking battlefield positions, factories, and cities; neither side was able to gain an advantage.

• Sought to control public opinion

• Censored newspaper reports about fighting to keep from discouraging public

• Created propaganda, information to influence opinions, encourage volunteers

• Posters, pamphlets, articles about enemy’s brutal actions

Government Control• Winning new type of war

required use of all society’s resources

• Total war, governments took stronger control of citizens’ lives

• New controls changes nations’ industries, economies

• Factories produced military equipment, citizens conserved food, other goods

Government Actions

War on the Home FrontWar on the Home Front

Propaganda PostersPropaganda Posters

War on the Home FrontWar on the Home Front

Women in WarWomen in WarMillions of men at battleMillions of men at battleWork on home front done by womenWork on home front done by women

Some worked in factories, producing war suppliesSome worked in factories, producing war supplies Others served as nurses to woundedOthers served as nurses to wounded

Contributions of womenContributions of women Transformed public views of womenTransformed public views of women Helped women win right to voteHelped women win right to vote

Women fight war at homeWomen fight war at home

In your own words define Propaganda?

How was Propaganda used in WW1?Hint: Think total war

What is your opinion of Propaganda?Good/BadWhy?

Propaganda City, North Korea

North Korea Propaganda video

North Korean Propaganda Video - YouTube

Find the Main IdeaFind the Main Idea

In what ways did the war affect the home In what ways did the war affect the home front?front?

Answer(s): The government took over factories; civilians conserved food and materials; propaganda was produced; women joined the work force.

While people on the home front supported their troops, the war While people on the home front supported their troops, the war in Western Europe was going badly for the Allied Powers. in Western Europe was going badly for the Allied Powers.

• Italy joined Allied Powers, May 1915

• Sent forces against Austria-Hungary at border with Italy

• Series of back-and-forth battles

• Little progress made

The Italian Front• Germans planned assault on

French fortress, Verdun

• Believed French would defend fortress at all costs

• Battle of Verdun meant to kill, injure as many French soldiers as possible, Bleed France White

• 400,000 French casualties in 10 months of fighting, almost as many for Germany

The Battle of Verdun

Battles on the Western FrontBattles on the Western Front

The Third Battle of YpresThe Third Battle of YpresFailed French offensive caused rebellion among French Failed French offensive caused rebellion among French

soldiers, spring 1917soldiers, spring 1917British began offensive near Ypres, Belgium, site of German British began offensive near Ypres, Belgium, site of German

attacksattacksThird Battle of Ypres a disaster for BritishThird Battle of Ypres a disaster for BritishAfter 3 years of battle, front lines remained virtually unchangedAfter 3 years of battle, front lines remained virtually unchanged

The Battle of the SommeThe Battle of the SommeBritish launched attack in Somme River area to pull German British launched attack in Somme River area to pull German

troops away from Verduntroops away from VerdunMain assault during 1916, but no major breakthrough Main assault during 1916, but no major breakthrough Both sides lost great number of troops; British suffered nearly Both sides lost great number of troops; British suffered nearly

60,000 casualties on the first day of fighting60,000 casualties on the first day of fighting

SummarizeSummarize

What was the result of the battles on the What was the result of the battles on the Western Front?Western Front?

Answer(s): Both sides suffered extreme casualties, but the front lines remained virtually unchanged.

Much of the early fighting took place in Europe, but the conflict Much of the early fighting took place in Europe, but the conflict quickly became a true world war as fighting spread around the quickly became a true world war as fighting spread around the globe. Over 30 nations officially took sides in the war.globe. Over 30 nations officially took sides in the war.

• Ottoman Empire joined Central Powers, late 1914

• Controlled sea passage, Dardanelles

• Used by Allies to ship supplies to Russia

Gallipoli Campaign• Allies landed force

on Gallipoli Peninsula

• Attempted to destroy guns, forts on Dardanelles

• Gave up after months of fighting, 200,000 deaths

Spring 1915• Ottoman subjects

in Arabian Peninsula rebelled later in war

• British sent T.E. Lawrence to support Arabs

• Arabs overthrew Ottoman rule

Major Loss

War around the WorldWar around the World

Gallipoli PeninsulaGallipoli Peninsula

Armenian Massacre

• Different conflict elsewhere in Ottoman Empire during Gallipoli Campaign

• Russia launched attack in Caucasus

Use of Force

• Ottoman leaders claimed Armenians aided Russians

• Began forcibly removing Armenians from Caucasus, spring 1915

Caucasus

• Mountain region between Black and Caspian seas

• Home to ethnic Christian Armenians, minority in Muslim Ottoman Empire

Violence, starvation

• 600,000 Armenians died in massacre

• Ottoman leaders accused of genocide, destruction of racial, political or cultural group

War around the WorldWar around the World

War around the WorldWar around the WorldOther FightingOther FightingWar also fought in Asia and AfricaWar also fought in Asia and AfricaJapan declared war on GermanyJapan declared war on Germany

Part of military agreement with Great BritainPart of military agreement with Great Britain Japanese captured German colonies in ChinaJapanese captured German colonies in China British, French attacked German colonies in AfricaBritish, French attacked German colonies in Africa

Allied colonies scattered around world made Allied colonies scattered around world made contributions to warcontributions to war

Some colonists worked as laborers to keep armies Some colonists worked as laborers to keep armies suppliedsupplied

Others fought, died in battles in hope of winning Others fought, died in battles in hope of winning independenceindependence

Hopes were in vainHopes were in vain

SummarizeSummarize

In what areas of the world did the war take In what areas of the world did the war take place?place?

Answer(s): Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Pacific

GROG 26.2 -5 PointsGROG 26.2 -5 PointsUsing your notes, fill in the interactive Using your notes, fill in the interactive

graphic organizer by explaining how the graphic organizer by explaining how the war on the Western Front was different war on the Western Front was different from the war elsewhere in the world. from the war elsewhere in the world.

Revolution In RussiaRevolution In Russia

Chapter 26 Section 3Chapter 26 Section 3

Bell Ringer 26.3Bell Ringer 26.3From the perspective of a World War I From the perspective of a World War I

soldier, write a letter describing life in the soldier, write a letter describing life in the trenches. Use details from the section in trenches. Use details from the section in your letter. your letter.

Main IdeaMain Idea

The war and social unrest combined to The war and social unrest combined to push Russia to the edge of a push Russia to the edge of a revolution. The events that followed led revolution. The events that followed led to Russia’s exit from the war and to Russia’s exit from the war and became a major turning point in world became a major turning point in world history.history.

Revolution in RussiaRevolution in Russia

• Adaptation of Marxist ideas of overthrow of capitalism

• Wanted elite group to keep much of power over Russia

• As Russia’s problems grew more serious, Bolsheviks gained more followers

• Czar Nicholas hoped World War I would cause people to rally to his leadership and overcome domestic problems

Bolshevik Plan• Russia a troubled nation

• Czar Nicholas II had promised reform after 1905 revolution, but delivered little real change

• Bolsheviks sought to change life through revolution, wanted to overthrow czar

• Led by Lenin, wanted proletariat to rule Russia as socialist country

The Years Before the War

Russia and World War IRussia and World War I

At the start of the war, Russia had an enormous army of some At the start of the war, Russia had an enormous army of some 6 million soldiers. 6 million soldiers.

• Outbreak of fighting caused patriotism, rush to join military

• Otherwise Russia ill-prepared for war

– Factories unable to produce supplies quickly

– Transportation system weak

– Equipment outdated

Preparations for War• Many Russian officers

advanced on connections, not ability

• Some initial successes on battlefield

• Losses soon outnumbered victories

• Millions of Russian soldiers wounded, killed during early battles

On the Battlefield

Russia in World War IRussia in World War I

Russian Weapons

Czar Nicholas II took personal command of forces, Czar Nicholas II took personal command of forces, 19151915

Move made little sense since he knew little of military mattersMove made little sense since he knew little of military matters Czar’s fate became linked with fate of Russian armed forcesCzar’s fate became linked with fate of Russian armed forces Bad situation grew worse under Czar’s commandBad situation grew worse under Czar’s command

Conditions in Russia worse than on battlefieldConditions in Russia worse than on battlefield Food, goods scarce; peasants grew desperateFood, goods scarce; peasants grew desperate Unpopular Czarina relied on Unpopular Czarina relied on Grigory RasputinGrigory Rasputin, viewed as , viewed as

corrupt, immoralcorrupt, immoral Shaky support for Russian monarchy dipped even lowerShaky support for Russian monarchy dipped even lower

Russian army seemed doomedRussian army seemed doomed Central Powers were able to stop Russian offensiveCentral Powers were able to stop Russian offensive Destroyed Russian soldiers’ faith in leadershipDestroyed Russian soldiers’ faith in leadership Army had little strength, even less confidenceArmy had little strength, even less confidence

Conditions Grow WorseConditions Grow Worse

Find the Main IdeaFind the Main Idea

How did World War I affect Russia?How did World War I affect Russia?

Answer(s): poor economic conditions, worker strikes, unpopular czar

By the end of 1916, Russia was once again on the edge of a By the end of 1916, Russia was once again on the edge of a revolution. As the new year began and conditions in Russia revolution. As the new year began and conditions in Russia continued to worsen, the Russian people clearly wanted a continued to worsen, the Russian people clearly wanted a change.change.

• Citizens protested in streets of Petrograd, March 8, 1917

• Police, soldiers refused to shoot rioters

• Government was helpless

Revolution Begins• Ordered legislature • to disband• His order defied• Citizens, government,

military refused to obey Czar

• Forced to abdicate, March 15, 1917

Czar Nicholas II• March revolution

known as February Revolution

• Russian calendar at time 13 days behind

• New calendar adopted, 1918

Calendar Change

The Russian RevolutionThe Russian Revolution

Provisional Government• Duma established temporary

government • Led by Aleksandr Kerensky• Many unhappy with new

leadership

Bolshevism

• Abolish private property

• Enforce social equality

• Later known as Marxism-Leninism

Bolsheviks• Led opposition to Kerensky’s

provisional government • Wanted out of WWI • Wanted fundamental change

in government and society• Planned Marxist revolution

Vladimir Lenin• Bolshevik leader forced to live

outside Russia• Returned, April 1917• Germany hoped Lenin would

weaken Russian war effort

The Russian RevolutionThe Russian Revolution

Kerensky’s final offensive• Kerensky ordered final military offensive against Central Powers

along Eastern Front, mid-1917• Drive failed and led to widespread rebellion in Russian army• Weakened Russian army collapsed

• Conditions ideal for Lenin• Armed Bolshevik factory workers, Red

Guard, attacked provisional government, November 1917

• Known as October Revolution• Kerensky’s government collapsed after

nearly bloodless struggle

Bolshevik takeover• Established radical Communist

program (Socialism)• Made private ownership of land

illegal• Land given to peasants• Control of factories given to workers

Lenin became leader

The Bolshevik RevolutionThe Bolshevik Revolution

SummarizeSummarize

What were the main events of the Russian What were the main events of the Russian Revolution?Revolution?

Answer(s): the February Revolution and the Bolshevik Revolution

After the RevolutionAfter the Revolution

Lenin sought to end Russian Lenin sought to end Russian involvement in World War I involvement in World War I

Sent Sent Leon TrotskyLeon Trotsky to negotiate peace with to negotiate peace with Central PowersCentral Powers

Russia’s army virtually powerlessRussia’s army virtually powerlessTrotsky had to accept agreement harsh on Trotsky had to accept agreement harsh on

RussiaRussiaRussia gained peace, gave up large parts of Russia gained peace, gave up large parts of

empireempire

Civil WarCivil WarWhite Army received military help from France, U.S.White Army received military help from France, U.S.Civil War raged for 3 years between Lenin’s (Bolsheviks) Red Civil War raged for 3 years between Lenin’s (Bolsheviks) Red

Army and White ArmyArmy and White ArmyMillions of Russians died in fighting, faminesMillions of Russians died in fighting, famines

Bolsheviks finally triumphed, late 1920Bolsheviks finally triumphed, late 1920

Reaction to TreatyReaction to TreatyBolsheviks’ acceptance of peace treaty angered many Bolsheviks’ acceptance of peace treaty angered many

RussiansRussians

Bolsheviks’ opponents organized the White ArmyBolsheviks’ opponents organized the White ArmyWhite Army included army leaders, political opponents, White Army included army leaders, political opponents,

wealthy Russians opposed to Communist systemwealthy Russians opposed to Communist system

Collapsing economyCollapsing economyBrought on by civil war, pushed Russia to edge of total ruinBrought on by civil war, pushed Russia to edge of total ruinPeasants, workers especially hard hitPeasants, workers especially hard hitLenin introduced Lenin introduced New Economic PolicyNew Economic Policy, 1921, 1921

The Soviet UnionThe Soviet UnionRussia reunited with several neighboring lands, became Union Russia reunited with several neighboring lands, became Union

of Soviet Socialist Republics, dominated by Communist of Soviet Socialist Republics, dominated by Communist leadershipleadership

Lenin’s death in 1924 led to struggle for control of Soviet UnionLenin’s death in 1924 led to struggle for control of Soviet Union

Key pointsKey pointsNew Economic Policy permitted some capitalist activityNew Economic Policy permitted some capitalist activityPeasants could sell food at profitPeasants could sell food at profitTried to encourage badly needed food productionTried to encourage badly needed food production

New Economic PolicyNew Economic Policy

SequenceSequenceWhat events took place after the Russian What events took place after the Russian

Revolution?Revolution?

Answer(s): The Bolsheviks formed the Red Army which fought against the White Army. The White Army was made up of army leaders, political opponents of the Bolsheviks, and wealthy Russians.

GROG 26.3 5 PointsGROG 26.3 5 PointsUsing your notes, fill in the interactive Using your notes, fill in the interactive

graphic organizer by identifying the causes graphic organizer by identifying the causes and effects of the Russian Revolution. and effects of the Russian Revolution.

The War EndsThe War Ends

Chapter 26 Section 4Chapter 26 Section 4Pages 794-799Pages 794-799

Main Idea Main Idea

After several years of bloody After several years of bloody stalemate-and the entry of the United stalemate-and the entry of the United States into the conflict-the Allied States into the conflict-the Allied Powers finally prevailed. The peace, Powers finally prevailed. The peace, however, proved difficult to establish.however, proved difficult to establish.

The War EndsThe War Ends

Bell Ringer 26.4Bell Ringer 26.4 In a paragraph, explain why Lenin and In a paragraph, explain why Lenin and

the Bolsheviks took the actions they did the Bolsheviks took the actions they did between 1917 and 1924. Use details between 1917 and 1924. Use details from the section to support your from the section to support your explanation. Be sure to include explanation. Be sure to include information about Bolshevik political and information about Bolshevik political and economic goals.economic goals.

a.a. Poor economicsPoor economicsb.b. Unpopular czarUnpopular czarc.c. Bolsheviks believed Marxism-Leninism would solve Bolsheviks believed Marxism-Leninism would solve

Russia problemsRussia problems

The United States Enters the The United States Enters the WarWar

German attacks on ships carrying Americans German attacks on ships carrying Americans angered American people, leaders angered American people, leaders

German plan to have Mexico attack U.S. also surfaced German plan to have Mexico attack U.S. also surfaced American NeutralityAmerican Neutrality

American public generally supported AlliesAmerican public generally supported Allies U.S. remained neutral officiallyU.S. remained neutral officially President President Woodrow WilsonWoodrow Wilson believed U.S. should stay out believed U.S. should stay out

of affairs of other nationsof affairs of other nations ““He kept us out of war” He kept us out of war”

LusitaniaLusitania Initially U-boats attacked only military, merchant shipsInitially U-boats attacked only military, merchant ships

Passenger ship Passenger ship Lusitania Lusitania sunk, 120 Americans among the deadsunk, 120 Americans among the deadFearing U.S. entry into war, Germany agreed to stop attacking Fearing U.S. entry into war, Germany agreed to stop attacking

passenger shipspassenger shipsGermany hoped to defeat Allied powers before U.S. entered warGermany hoped to defeat Allied powers before U.S. entered war

Trouble on the seasTrouble on the seasRemaining neutral not easy with Germany attacking civilian Remaining neutral not easy with Germany attacking civilian

shipsshipsAttacks part of policy called unrestricted submarine warfare Attacks part of policy called unrestricted submarine warfare Any ship traveling in waters around Great Britain subject to Any ship traveling in waters around Great Britain subject to

attack by German attack by German U-boatsU-boats

Sinking of Lusitania

Final push to warFinal push to warRepeated attacks on shipping brought U.S. close to war on Repeated attacks on shipping brought U.S. close to war on

GermanyGermanyDiscovery of Discovery of Zimmermann NoteZimmermann Note final push, February 1917 final push, February 1917Secret message from German diplomat Arthur Zimmermann to Secret message from German diplomat Arthur Zimmermann to

MexicoMexico

Call for warCall for warAmerican public called for war against GermanyAmerican public called for war against GermanyU.S. had kinship, financial ties to Great Britain, Allied PowersU.S. had kinship, financial ties to Great Britain, Allied PowersU.S. entered war on side of Allied Powers, April 1917U.S. entered war on side of Allied Powers, April 1917

Contents of noteContents of noteGermany proposed Mexico attack the U.S. in return for U.S. landGermany proposed Mexico attack the U.S. in return for U.S. landPromised Texas, Arizona and New Mexico, all once belonging to Promised Texas, Arizona and New Mexico, all once belonging to

MexicoMexicoHoped war with Mexico would keep U.S. out of war in EuropeHoped war with Mexico would keep U.S. out of war in Europe

The Zimmermann NoteThe Zimmermann Note

Zimmerman Note

Identify Cause and EffectIdentify Cause and Effect

How did unrestricted submarine warfare How did unrestricted submarine warfare affect U.S. entry into the war?affect U.S. entry into the war?

Answer(s): Germany broke its promise to the United States to stop attacking passenger ships.

German leaders knew America entering the war would increase German leaders knew America entering the war would increase the strength of Allied Powers.the strength of Allied Powers.

• Wanted to deal decisive blow to Allied Powers before U.S. had time to ready for war

• Opportunity came with Russia’s withdrawal from war

– Russia out by end of 1917– German troops no longer

needed on Eastern front– Could launch new offensive in

the west

A New German Offensive• Launched major assault, March

1918• Made progress, advanced to

within 40 miles of Paris• High cost to Germany, lost

800,000 troops• By June, 1918, U.S. troops arrived

in Europe, added 100’s of thousand of troops

• Gave Allies hope, discouraged Germans

Assault on West

The End of the FightingThe End of the Fighting

Balance of power shiftedBalance of power shiftedAllied forces stopped German assault in Second Battle of the Allied forces stopped German assault in Second Battle of the

MarneMarneAllies now on the offensiveAllies now on the offensiveAllies used tanks, aircraft; gained huge amounts of territoryAllies used tanks, aircraft; gained huge amounts of territory

End of warEnd of warAllied forces broke through Hindenburg LineAllied forces broke through Hindenburg LineGerman leaders sought German leaders sought armisticearmistice with Allies with AlliesOther Central Powers also admitted defeat, war endedOther Central Powers also admitted defeat, war ended

Germany a defeated forceGermany a defeated forceMany Germans gave up without a fightMany Germans gave up without a fightBegan to doubt their own powerBegan to doubt their own powerGreat turmoil within German ranksGreat turmoil within German ranks

German CollapseGerman Collapse

SummarizeSummarize

How did fighting come to an end?How did fighting come to an end?

Answer(s): The Allies used tanks and aircraft at the Marne, then broke through the Hindenburg Line, and Germans sought an armistice.

Italy’s leader hoped to gain territory for his nation, but was disappointed to find himself mostly ignored by other leaders

during peace talks.

Although peace had come to the battlefield, the leaders of the war’s major countries still had to work out a formal peace agreement. This task would prove difficult.

• Wilson announced his vision of world peace, Fourteen Points

• Included reduction of weapons, right of people to choose own government

• Proposed organization of world nations, protect from aggression

Wilson’s Vision

A Difficult PeaceA Difficult Peace

• Leaders of four major Allies all had different ideas of peace treaty

• French wanted to punish Germany, reparations for cost of war

• British wanted to punish Germany, but not weaken it

Allied Goals

After difficult negotiations, the Allies finally compromised on the After difficult negotiations, the Allies finally compromised on the Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles. The treaty was named after the French . The treaty was named after the French Palace of Versailles, where the treaty signing took place.Palace of Versailles, where the treaty signing took place.

• Germany forced to pay enormous amount of money to war’s victims

• Treaty also assessed responsibility for the war on Germany

Key points• Military size limited

• Return conquered lands to France, Russia

• German land taken to form Poland

• Other colonies given to various world powers

Weaker Germany• Furious, though no

choice but to sign

• Reparations crippled economy

• Bitterness would affect German politics in years to come

German reaction

The Treaty of VersaillesThe Treaty of Versailles

League of Nations• Organization of world

governments proposed by Wilson

• Established by Treaty of Versailles

Other treaties• Separate agreements with

all defeated Central Powers • Made important changes to

Europe

Main goals• Encourage cooperation, keep

peace between nations• Germany excluded• U.S. did not ratify treaty, not

member, weakened League

Changes in Europe• Austria-Hungary, Ottoman

Empire lands broken apart • Independent nations created:

Austria, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Turkey

AftermathAftermath

• Movement to create a Jewish state in the Middle East

• Balfour Declaration favored establishing Jewish state in Palestine

• Britain created Transjordan from Palestine Mandate

• Mandates eventually became colonies

Zionist movement• Former Ottoman lands turned

into mandates, territories to be ruled by European powers

• Syria, Lebanon became French mandates

• Palestine, Iraq became British mandates

• European nations supposed to control mandates only until they were able to govern selves

Changes in Middle East

The Middle EastThe Middle East

SummarizeSummarize

Why was it so difficult to work out a peace Why was it so difficult to work out a peace agreement?agreement?

Answer(s): because each of the four major Allies had different goals

Human Costs• Nearly 9 million soldiers killed in battle• Millions wounded, taken prisoner• Almost an entire generation of young German, Russian,

French men died, were wounded in war• Deadly outbreak of influenza spread by returning soldiers killed

some 50 million worldwide, spring 1918

• War destroyed national economies

• Farmland, cities devastated• Economic chaos in much of

Europe• Cost Europe role as dominant

economic region of world• U.S., Japan, others prospered

during war

Economic Costs• World War I caused widespread

political unrest• Communist revolution in Russia• Monarchies in Austria-Hungary,

Ottoman Empire overthrown• Political, social turmoil would

shape world in years to come

Political Changes

The Costs of the WarThe Costs of the War

The Costs of the WarThe Costs of the War

Unrest in ColoniesUnrest in ColoniesMany colonists who fought in war heard noble Many colonists who fought in war heard noble

words about importance of freedom, democracy words about importance of freedom, democracy

After fighting for colonial rulers, expected rights After fighting for colonial rulers, expected rights for themselvesfor themselves

Wartime sacrifices did not win new freedomsWartime sacrifices did not win new freedomsEuropean powers split up lands controlled by European powers split up lands controlled by

Germans, Austro-Hungarians, Ottomans and Germans, Austro-Hungarians, Ottomans and redistributed them to other colonial powersredistributed them to other colonial powers

SummarizeSummarizeWhat were the costs of the war?What were the costs of the war?

Answer(s): Millions of people died or were wounded. Some nations' economies were devastated while others prospered. Some people enjoyed the benefits of freedom and democracy after the war, but others remained under the control of colonial rulers.

GROG 26.4 -5 PointsGROG 26.4 -5 PointsUsing your notes, fill in the interactive Using your notes, fill in the interactive

graphic organizer by explaining what you graphic organizer by explaining what you believe was the most significant effect of believe was the most significant effect of World War I. World War I.