Chapter 26Chapter 26

Section 1: The World of IslamSection 1: The World of Islam

LEQ (s)LEQ (s)

►What are the basic teachings of Islam?What are the basic teachings of Islam?►Why did Islam spread rapidly?Why did Islam spread rapidly?►Why did Islam split into different Why did Islam split into different

branches?branches?►What were some achievements of What were some achievements of

Islamic civilization?Islamic civilization?►Define hejira, hajj, and caliph.Define hejira, hajj, and caliph.

Background HistoryBackground History

►Muhammad grew up in a time of violence and Muhammad grew up in a time of violence and lawlessnesslawlessness

► Troubled by evil and corruption, he often Troubled by evil and corruption, he often withdrew to a cave to fast and praywithdrew to a cave to fast and pray

► According to Muslim belief, one day, while According to Muslim belief, one day, while praying, Muhammad heard a voice call out, praying, Muhammad heard a voice call out, telling him to “Proclaim.”telling him to “Proclaim.”

► The voice was from the angel Gabriel sent by The voice was from the angel Gabriel sent by God.God.

►Muhammad was to be a prophet of GodMuhammad was to be a prophet of God

Background History cont.Background History cont.

►Muhammad was encouraged by his wife Muhammad was encouraged by his wife Khadija, to tell people about the religion of Khadija, to tell people about the religion of IslamIslam

► The words Gabriel spoke to Muhammad over The words Gabriel spoke to Muhammad over the next 12 years become the Koran (also the next 12 years become the Koran (also written Qur’an), the holy book of Islam.written Qur’an), the holy book of Islam.

► In the 600s and 700s A.D., Islam spread In the 600s and 700s A.D., Islam spread across the Middle East and beyond, into across the Middle East and beyond, into Africa, Asia, and EuropeAfrica, Asia, and Europe

The Rise of IslamThe Rise of Islam► Islam emerged in the Islam emerged in the

Arabian Peninsula, which is Arabian Peninsula, which is a crossroads for tradea crossroads for trade

► The city of Mecca and The city of Mecca and Yathrib (later renamed Yathrib (later renamed Medina) were two important Medina) were two important trade cities in the areatrade cities in the area

► Mecca was home to the Mecca was home to the Kaaba, a sacred shrine that Kaaba, a sacred shrine that housed many images of housed many images of Arab godsArab gods

► Many pilgrims came to the Many pilgrims came to the area to worship as wellarea to worship as well

► The Kaaba housed a sacred The Kaaba housed a sacred Black stone, that Arabs Black stone, that Arabs believed was sent from believed was sent from heavenheaven

from http://www.sitesatlas.com/Maps/Maps/604r.htmfrom http://www.sitesatlas.com/Maps/Maps/604r.htm

The prophet MuhammadThe prophet Muhammad

►Muhammad was born in Mecca in 570 Muhammad was born in Mecca in 570 (A.D)(A.D)

►His parents died when he was a child His parents died when he was a child and he was raised by an uncleand he was raised by an uncle

►As a young man he worked for a As a young man he worked for a wealthy widow named Khadijawealthy widow named Khadija

►He lead trade caravans across the He lead trade caravans across the desert to Palestine and Syria. At 25 he desert to Palestine and Syria. At 25 he married Khadija. married Khadija.

The prophet Muhammad The prophet Muhammad cont.cont.► At age 40, Muhammad heard the voice of Gabriel and was At age 40, Muhammad heard the voice of Gabriel and was

told to “proclaim”told to “proclaim”► Khadija encouraged Muhammad to teach the word of GodKhadija encouraged Muhammad to teach the word of God► Muhammad’s message angered the town’s merchants and Muhammad’s message angered the town’s merchants and

innkeepers because they believed that giving up their innkeepers because they believed that giving up their traditional gods would end their pilgrim traffictraditional gods would end their pilgrim traffic

► The pagan shop keepers believed that this would eventually The pagan shop keepers believed that this would eventually hurt their profitshurt their profits

► 622 A.D. – after Khadija’s death, Muhammad and his 622 A.D. – after Khadija’s death, Muhammad and his followers were forced to leave Meccafollowers were forced to leave Mecca

► Muhammad was accepted in Yathrib, which was renamed Muhammad was accepted in Yathrib, which was renamed Medina, or “city of the prophet”Medina, or “city of the prophet”

► The migration of Muhammad and his followers from Mecca The migration of Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Medina is known as the to Medina is known as the hejirahejira

► the hejira represents the first year in the Muslim calendarthe hejira represents the first year in the Muslim calendar► Muhammad and his followers returned to Medina in 630 A.D.Muhammad and his followers returned to Medina in 630 A.D.► His army recaptured the city and rededicated the black His army recaptured the city and rededicated the black

stone to Godstone to God► By 632 A.D., Muhammad had carried Islam across the By 632 A.D., Muhammad had carried Islam across the

Arabian PeninsulaArabian Peninsula

Teachings of IslamTeachings of Islam► Islam means “submission”, a Muslim is Islam means “submission”, a Muslim is

someone who submits to Godsomeone who submits to God► The Five Pillars of Islam areThe Five Pillars of Islam are► 1. the belief in one God, and Muhammad is 1. the belief in one God, and Muhammad is

his prophet (Abraham, Moses, and Jesus his prophet (Abraham, Moses, and Jesus are also important prophets in Islam)are also important prophets in Islam)

► 2. Prayer, five times a day facing Mecca2. Prayer, five times a day facing Mecca► 3. Charity3. Charity► 4. Fasting in the Holy month of Ramadan4. Fasting in the Holy month of Ramadan► 5. Hajj, pilgrimage to Mecca5. Hajj, pilgrimage to Mecca

The KoranThe Koran► The sacred book of Islam is the Koran (Qu’ran)The sacred book of Islam is the Koran (Qu’ran)► For a period of time, the Koran was forbidden to be For a period of time, the Koran was forbidden to be

translated from Arabictranslated from Arabic► Arabic became a universal language, which united Muslims Arabic became a universal language, which united Muslims

around the worldaround the world► Muhammad met many Jews and Christians on his travels. Muhammad met many Jews and Christians on his travels.

All three religions are monotheistic.All three religions are monotheistic.► Muhammad believes that Allah is the same God of the Jews Muhammad believes that Allah is the same God of the Jews

and Christiansand Christians► All three of the religions believe in a final day of judgmentAll three of the religions believe in a final day of judgment► Muhammad accepted the original teachings of the Jewish Muhammad accepted the original teachings of the Jewish

and Christian scriptures as God’s word. He called Jews and and Christian scriptures as God’s word. He called Jews and Christians “people of the book” and they had a special Christians “people of the book” and they had a special status as “protected people.” Muslims were required to status as “protected people.” Muslims were required to treat them with tolerance.treat them with tolerance.

► Like Judaism and Christianity, Islam has values such as Like Judaism and Christianity, Islam has values such as honoring your parents, being honest and kind, protecting honoring your parents, being honest and kind, protecting the weak and helpless, and that all people are equalthe weak and helpless, and that all people are equal

Expansion of IslamExpansion of Islam► In the next century after Muhammad’s In the next century after Muhammad’s

death, the Muslim Arabs had conquered an death, the Muslim Arabs had conquered an empire that reached from the Indus River to empire that reached from the Indus River to the Atlantic Ocean (732 A.D.)the Atlantic Ocean (732 A.D.)

► The Muslim armies were extremely The Muslim armies were extremely successful due to their united beliefssuccessful due to their united beliefs

► Islam taught that Muslim warriors who died Islam taught that Muslim warriors who died in the service of Islam would win a place in in the service of Islam would win a place in paradiseparadise

► The idea of Jihad also motivated many The idea of Jihad also motivated many Muslim soldiersMuslim soldiers

► The lure of riches to be won in the The lure of riches to be won in the conquered lands was another powerful conquered lands was another powerful incentiveincentive

Other reasons of SuccessOther reasons of Success► In some places, the Arabs were welcomedIn some places, the Arabs were welcomed► The Byzantine and Persian empires ruled The Byzantine and Persian empires ruled

diverse peoples who resented foreign diverse peoples who resented foreign controlcontrol

► The Arabs were sometimes looked upon as The Arabs were sometimes looked upon as liberatorsliberators

► The Islamic belief of equality was The Islamic belief of equality was appealing to people as wellappealing to people as well

► The Muslims were tolerant conquerors and The Muslims were tolerant conquerors and they did not force “people of the book” to they did not force “people of the book” to convert to Islamconvert to Islam

► However, they had to pay a special However, they had to pay a special “nonbeliever tax”“nonbeliever tax”

Divisions with IslamDivisions with Islam► 30 years after Muhammad’s death, a serious dispute 30 years after Muhammad’s death, a serious dispute

permanently split Islam into two separate branches: the permanently split Islam into two separate branches: the Sunni and ShiiteSunni and Shiite

► The dispute concerned who would become The dispute concerned who would become caliphcaliph or or successor to the prophetsuccessor to the prophet

► The fourth caliph after Muhammad was named Ali The fourth caliph after Muhammad was named Ali (Muhammad’s cousin and son-in-law)(Muhammad’s cousin and son-in-law)

► In 661, Ali was murdered and a rival leader established the In 661, Ali was murdered and a rival leader established the Umayyad dynastyUmayyad dynasty

► Ali’s son challenged the Umayyad and he too was murderedAli’s son challenged the Umayyad and he too was murdered► These murders caused the followers of Ali, the Shiites, to These murders caused the followers of Ali, the Shiites, to

break awaybreak away► The Shiites claimed that only descendants of Ali could The Shiites claimed that only descendants of Ali could

become caliphsbecome caliphs► The majority of Muslims are Sunni and they believe that any The majority of Muslims are Sunni and they believe that any

devout Muslim could become a caliphdevout Muslim could become a caliph

The Arab EmpireThe Arab Empire► Under the Umayyads and Abbasisds, the Arab Empire Under the Umayyads and Abbasisds, the Arab Empire

enjoyed periods of stable, orderly governmentenjoyed periods of stable, orderly government► Umayyad dynasty – (661-750), made Damascus, Umayyad dynasty – (661-750), made Damascus,

Syria the capital of their empireSyria the capital of their empire► Arabs held the highest government positions and Arabs held the highest government positions and

Arabic was the official language of the empireArabic was the official language of the empire► Non-Arab Muslims, such as the Persians resented the Non-Arab Muslims, such as the Persians resented the

discriminationdiscrimination► Muslim Persians insisted that being a Muslim is more Muslim Persians insisted that being a Muslim is more

important that being Arabimportant that being Arab► 750 A.D., the Shiites and other groups overthrew the 750 A.D., the Shiites and other groups overthrew the

Umayyads and set up the Abbassid dynastyUmayyads and set up the Abbassid dynasty

Abbassid Dynasty (750 -1258)Abbassid Dynasty (750 -1258)► The new capital was made at Baghdad (means The new capital was made at Baghdad (means

“God-given”) on the banks of the Tigris rivers“God-given”) on the banks of the Tigris rivers► Known for their public work projects such as Known for their public work projects such as

mosques, irrigation systems, libraries, mosques, irrigation systems, libraries, hospitals, public baths, and schools.hospitals, public baths, and schools.

► Abbassid dynasty lasted roughly 500 years Abbassid dynasty lasted roughly 500 years despite some kingdoms that broke awaydespite some kingdoms that broke away

►Despite political divisions, religion and culture Despite political divisions, religion and culture united the peoples of the Muslim worldunited the peoples of the Muslim world

Golden Age of Muslim Golden Age of Muslim CivilizationCivilization► Blended cultures of Greek, Persian, and IndianBlended cultures of Greek, Persian, and Indian

► They traded as far as Scandinavia, East Africa, They traded as far as Scandinavia, East Africa, and Chinaand China

►Muslims started business practices such as Muslims started business practices such as issuing letters of credit and receipts, which issuing letters of credit and receipts, which are later adopted by Europeansare later adopted by Europeans

► 830 A.D., Muslim scholar Al-Mamun set up a 830 A.D., Muslim scholar Al-Mamun set up a library of ancient texts from around the library of ancient texts from around the known worldknown world

►Muslim scholars have preserved many Muslim scholars have preserved many subjects for European use such as medical subjects for European use such as medical information, astronomy, music, poetry, and information, astronomy, music, poetry, and philosophy.philosophy.