chapter 26: the cold war
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Chapter 26: The Cold War. Section 1: Origins of the Cold War. United States v. Soviet Union. Had been Allies against Germany in WWII The enemy of my enemy is my friend America: Capitalist Soviet Union: Communist The two countries did not agree on most things. VS. Leaders. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Chapter 26:The Cold War
Section 1:Origins of the Cold War
United States v. Soviet Union
Had been Allies against Germany in WWII– The enemy of my enemy is my friend
America: Capitalist Soviet Union: Communist The two countries did not agree on most things
VS.
Leaders
Truman: American President– He went to a conference in Potsdam as the newest
member of the Big Three– He was angry when it was clear that Stalin would
not keep his end of the deal and allow democracy in the Soviet controlled parts of eastern Europe
Stalin: Communist leader of Soviet Union– Wanted Communism to control all countries in his
power; thought capitalism was wrong
Truman
Stalin
United Nations
A group of representatives from many countries who worked to keep peace between countries
The U.S. and U.S.S.R. ended up using the UN to promote their ideas to other countries and it made the Cold War worse
UN, 1945
Potsdam Conference
July 1945 Meeting between major countries involved in
WWII Stalin refused to allow democracy in countries
he controlled Truman knew that there would be trouble
between the U.S. and U.S.S.R. This was the start of the Cold War
Churchill TrumanStalin
Tension Mounts
Satellite nations: countries where Stalin set up communist governments controlled by the S.U.– Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary,
Romania, and Poland Stalin said that Communism and Capitalism could not
work together and another war was inevitable Truman suggested containment: stopping the spread
of communism to other countries “Iron Curtain”: the division between communist
eastern Europe and capitalist western Europe
US Aims vs. Soviet Aims in Europe
Create a new world order: all countries to have self-determination
Gain access to raw materials and markets
Rebuild stable gov’ts in Europe and new markets for American goods
Reunite Germany so it would be more productive
Encourage communism in other countries
Rebuild eastern European countries hurt during the war
Control eastern Europe to balance US power in western Europe
Keep Germany divided so it would not get too powerful again
Containment
The name of the US foreign policy during the start of the Cold War
We did not want to let communism spread, we wanted to contain it
Truman Doctrine The US would give money to Greece and
Turkey so they could fight off any attempt at a Communist take-over
Marshall Plan
Sec. Of State Marshall’s plan to give aid to any country whose people were suffering from poverty after the war
1946-1947: a terrible winter made things even worse for people who were struggling to rebuild after WWII
This made the US look like heroes and communism did not spread in Western Europe
US and USSR fight over Germany
US and USSR fight over Germany
After WWII, Germany was split into zones In an attempt to take over the American controlled part of
Berlin, Stalin closed off all access to the city Berlin Airlift: 327 days of British and American planes
flying over Berlin and dropping supplies to the people stuck in the city (food, fuel, medicine, Christmas presents, etc.)
By May 1949, Soviet Union admitted defeat and lifted the blockade
NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization Belgium, Denmark, France, Great Britain, Iceland,
Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, United States, and Canada
A military alliance: All these countries agreed that they would defend each other if one was attacked
Greece, Turkey, and West Germany joined in the 1950s
NATO
It had a standing army of 500,000 troops so other countries did not want to attack members of NATO
Section 2
The Cold War Heats Up
China Becomes a Communist Country
Chiang Kai-shek: nationalist leader supported by America ($3 billion)
Mao Zedong: Communist leader who led his side to victory and established a Communist government after the war
The nationalists led by Kai-shek fled to Taiwan; America and the UN refused to accept the Peoples
Republic of China (the communist government)
The Korean War
Japan controlled Korea 1910-1945 1945: Japan surrendered North of 38th Parallel
to Soviets and South of the 38th to Americans 1950: N. Korea led a sneak attack on S. Korea S. Korea asked UN for help; the Soviets
boycotted the UN because Taiwan was recognized, not the P.R.C.
Truman sent troops from occupied Japan to Korea
The Korean War
16 nations sent 520,000 troops to help S. Korea (90% were American)
590,000 S. Korean troops Troops were led by Gen. Douglas MacArthur The Chinese support the N. Koreans Both sides fought to hold the 38th Parallel
– 1951-1953: Peace talks last 2 years, war ends in stalemate Account:
http://books.google.com/books?id=NRt5lgErVJEC&lpg=PA203&ots=fYYO2M8zx4&dq=we%20were%20eyeball%20to%20eyeball...we%20couldn't%20move%20at%20all%20in%20the%20daytime%20without%20getting%20shot%20at&pg=PA203#v=onepage&q&f=true
MacArthur vs. Truman
MacArthur wanted to wage full
scale war against China Truman refused to go along with this idea MacArthur tried to go around Truman by talking to
the media and other politicians Truman fired MacArthur MacArthur was a WWII hero and many people
backed him – he came home to a hero’s welcome
26-3
The Cold War at Home
Fear of Communist Influence
Loyalty Review Board: a group that investigated gov’t workers and their possible disloyal behavior
House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) – investigated communist activity in the movie industry– Hollywood Ten: movie industry workers who refused
to testify because of their civil liberties– Blacklist: list of movie industry workers who were
suspected communists who couldn’t get work
Spy Cases
The secret of how to make an Atomic Bomb had been leaked to the Soviets by spies
Alger Hiss: was accused of spying by a convicted spy, no hard evidence, was convicted of perjury and sent to jail– Richard Nixon gained fame from prosecuting this case
Ethel and Julius Rosenberg: were implicated by a scientist of espionage (spying) and were sentenced to death even though they plead the 5th Amendment during their trial
Joseph McCarthy
Senator from Wisconsin Became famous for
accusing suspected communists in the State Dept and eventually the U.S. Army– Because he accused WWII
hero’s, people had enough of his tactics and was disgraced
26-4
Two Nations Live on the Edge
Brinkmanship
Our policy of being on the edge of all out war with the Soviets during the beginning of the Cold War
H-Bomb: hydrogen bomb; 67 times stronger than the A-Bomb dropped on Hiroshima
Dwight D. Eisenhower: President from 1953-1960
John Foster Dulles: Sec. of State under Eisenhower
Cold War Throughout the World
CIA: Central Intelligence Agency; investigated issues for the American government that occurred in other countries
Warsaw Pact: signed in 1953 as a formal alliance between the Soviet Union and eastern European countries
Suez War: 1955; Egypt tried to play the Soviet Union and USA against each other for control over the Suez Canal
Eisenhower Doctrine: the US will defend the Middle East against any attempt at Communist take-over
Cold War / Space Race
Nikita Khrushchev: took over the Soviet Union after Stalin’s death in 1953
Sputnik: The Soviet launched satellite that orbited the earth– This prompted America to invest heavily in our space
program and science \ math in public schools
U-2 Incident: When Francis Gary Powers was shot down over the Soviet Union in his U2 spy plane