Chapter 27AMERICA AND THE WORLD,

1921–1945

Failure of Treaty of Versailles

1923 – German presses produced 400,000,000,000,000,000 marks/day

Loaf of bread cost 4 million marks1933- Hitler came to power1922- Mussolini came to power1930s- militarists in power

Isolationism

U.S. refused to be bound by any agreement to preserve international peace

U.S. never joined the League of NationsDepression shifted focus to domestic

affairs

FDR’s "Good Neighbor" Policy

Cooperation in tradeRenounced past imperialism

Nye Committee

1935: Senator Gerald Nye led passage of neutrality legislation – U.S. trade/loans with nations at war

prohibited

1937--Japan invaded ChinaFDR permitted sale of arms to China

War in Europe

FDR approved appeasement of HitlerJuly, 1939: FDR attacked neutrality acts

The Road to War

U.S. remained at peace 1939–1941Roosevelt openly expressed favor for

Allies, moved cautiously to avoid outcry from isolationists

1939–1941: FDR sought help for England without actually entering the war

From Neutrality to Undeclared War

U.S. greatly increased military spending and began a first-ever peacetime draft

U.S. ships transported war suppliesLend Lease aid to EnglandU.S. Navy told to shoot submarines on

sight

The Election of 1940

Showdown in the Pacific

Japanese invasion of Indochina prompted U.S. to end all trade with Japan– Cut off steel, iron, oil

December 7, 1941: Pearl Harbor attacked

Dec. 8, 1941 – FDR addressed Congress– By that afternoon, Congress voted 388-1 to

declare war on Japan– Germany and Italy declared war on US

2,403 American deaths– 68 civilians– 1,178 wounded– 1,177 dead from USS Arizona alone

Wartime Partnerships

U.S.-English alliance cemented by personal friendship between FDR and Churchill

Stalin + Soviet Union unsatisfied with alliance– Perceived itself as alone in conflict

War in the Pacific

Two-pronged drive against Japan– Led by MacArthur + Nimitz

A turning point:– June, 1942: Victory at Midway launched

advance into Japanese-held territories– Japanese lost 4 aircraft carriers, a cruiser,

250 planes– Allies began island hopping- winning back

territory island by island

War in the Pacific

World War II in the Pacific

The Election of 1944

War Aims and Wartime Diplomacy

Soviets did bulk of fighting against Germany– Over 10 million military deaths– Decided to control Eastern Europe to prevent

another German attack

United Nations created

The Big 3 at Yalta

Important Conferences of the Big 3

Tehran Conference (1943) – planned final strategy for war against Germany

– Stalin wanted a second front opened in Western Europe

Yalta Conference (Feb. 1945) – agreement let Soviets control elections in Eastern Europe in exchange for agreeing to declare war on Japan

Potsdam Conference (July 1945) – discussed establishment of post-war order, peace treaties, and effects of war, after V-E Day (May 8)– Truman attended instead of FDR

Victory

June 6, 1944: Normandy Invasion (D-Day)

May 8, 1945: Unconditional German surrender (V-E Day)

Manhattan Project– August 6: Atom bomb destroyed Hiroshima– August 9: Atom bomb destroyed Nagasaki

August 14: Japan surrendered (V-J Day)

Invasion on the Beaches of Normandy

World War II in Europe and North Africa

Japanese Internment

The Home Front

War ended depression Economy geared for military outputAutomobile factories converted to tank

and airplane productionWomen moved into the workplaceScarce goods rationedRosie the Riveter – image used to

attract women to wartime work force

Rationing

= fixed allotments of goods deemed essential for military

Meant to distribute scarce items fairlyHouseholds received ration books w/

coupons to buy meat, shoes, sugar, gas, etc.