chapter 28 reproduction+in+plant

7/28/2019 Chapter 28 Reproduction+in+Plant

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CHAPTER 28

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS

REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGIES


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CO 28


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Figure 28.1

FIGURE 28.1 Alternation of

generations in flowering

plants.The sporophyte bears flowers.

The flower produces

microspores within anthers and

megaspores within ovules by

meiosis. A megaspore becomesa female gametophyte, which

produces an egg within an

embryo sac, and a microspore

becomes a male gametophyte(pollen grain), which produces

sperm. Fertilization results in a

seed-enclosed zygote and

stored food.


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Figure 28.2

FIGURE 28.2 Anatomy of a flower.

A complete flower has all flower parts: sepals, petals, stamens, and

at least one carpel.

Flowers


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Figure 28.3

FIGURE 28.3 Monocot versus eudicot flowers.


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Figure 28.3a


a. Monocots, such as daylilies, have flower parts usually in threes. In

particular, note the three petals and three sepals.


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Figure 28.3b


b. Azaleas are eudicots. They have flower parts in four or fives; note the

five petals of this flower. P = petal,s = sepal.


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Figure 28.4

FIGURE 28.4 Corn plants are monoecious.


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Figure 28.4a

FIGURE 28.4 Corn

plants are

monoecious.A corn plant has

clusters of staminate

flowers (a) and

carpellate flowers.


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Figure 28.4b

FIGURE 28.4 Corn

plants are monoecious.A corn plant has

clusters of staminate

flowers

(b). Staminate flowers

produce the pollen that

is carried by wind to the

carpellate flowers,

where an ear of corn

develops.


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Life Cycle of Flowering Plants

- Development of Male Gametophyte

- Development of Female Gametophyte

- Development of Sporophyte

Fi 28 5


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Figure 28.5

FIGURE 28.5 Life cycle of flowering plants.Development of gametophytes; A pollen sac in the anther contains

microsporocytes, which produce microspores by meiosis. A microspore

develops into a pollen grain which germinates and has two sperm. An

ovule in an ovary contains a megasporocyte, which produces a megasporby meiosis.


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A megaspore develops into an embryo sac containing seven cells, one ofwhich is an egg. Development ofsporophyte: A pollen grain contains

two sperm by the time it germinates and forms a pollen tube. During

double fertilization, one sperm fertilizes the egg form a diploid zygote,

and the other fuses with the polar nuclei to form a triploid (3n)

endosperm cell. a seed contains the developing embryo plus stored food.

Fig re 28 5a


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Figure 28.5a

Figure 28 5b


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Figure 28.5b


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Development of Sporophyte

Figure 28 6


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Figure 28.6

Figure 28 6a


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Figure 28.6a

FIGURE 28.6

Pollination.

a. Cocksfoot grass,Dacylus glomerata,

releasing pollen.

Figure 28 6b


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Figure 28.6b

FIGURE 28.6 Pollination.

b Pollen grains of Canadian goldenrod, Solidago canadensis.

Figure 28 6c


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Figure 28.6c

FIGURE 28.6 Pollination.

c. Pollen grains of pussy willow, Salix discolor. The shape and pattern

of pollen grain walls are quite distinctive, and experts can use them to

identify the genus, and aven sometimes the species, that produced a

particular pollen grain. Pollen grains have strong walls resistant to

chemical and mechanical damage; therefore, they frequently becomes


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Flowering plants are heterosporous. Microspores

develop into sperm-bearing mature male

gametophytes. A megaspore develops into an egg-bearing mature female gametophyte. During double

fertilization, one sperm nucleus unites with the egg

nucleus, producing a zygote, and the other units with

the polar nuclei, forming a 3n endosperm cell.


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SEED DEVELOPMENT

Development of the Eudicot Embryo

Globular Stage The Heart Stage and Torpedo Stage Embryo

The Mature Embryo

Figure 28.7a


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g

FIGURE 28.7 Development of a eudicot embryo

Figure 28.7aa


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g

Figure 28.7ab


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g

Figure 28.7b


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Figure 28.7ba


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Figure 28.7bb


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Figure 28.7bc


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Figure 28.7bd


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Monocot Versus Eudicots

The embryo plus its stored food is contained within a

seed coat.

Figure 28.8


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FIGURE 28.8 Monocot versus eudicot.

a. In bean seed (eudicot), the endosperm has disappeared; the bean

embryos cotyledons take over food storage functions. b. The corn

kernel (monocot) has endosperm that is still present a maturity.

Figure 28.8a


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Figure 28.8aa


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Figure 28.8ab


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Figure 28.8b


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Figure 28.8ba


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Figure 28.8bb


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FRUIT TYPES AND SEED

DISPERSAL

Simple Fruits

Compound Fruits

Figure 28.9


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Simple Fruits

Figure 28.10


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Compound Fruits

Figure 28.10a


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Figure 28.10b


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Figure 28.10c


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Figure 28.10d


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In flowering plants, the seed develop from the

ovule, and the fruit develop from the ovary. Fruit

aid dispersal of seeds.

Figure 28.11

S d G i ti


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Seed Germination

Seed structure

Germination and growth

Figure 28.11a


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Figure 28.11b


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Figure 28.11ba


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Figure 28.11bb


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Figure 28.12


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Figure 28.12a


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Figure 28.12b

FIGURE 28 12 Corn kernel structure and germination


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FIGURE 28.12 Corn kernel structure and germination.

a. Grain structure. b. Germination and development of the seedling.

Figure 28.12ba


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Figure 28.12bb


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Figure 28.12bc


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G i ti i l t l t d b


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Germination is a complex event regulated by many

factors. The embryo breaks out of the seed coat and

becomes a seedling with leaves, stem, and roots.


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ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS

Figure 28.13

1 ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS


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1.ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS

Tissue Culture of Plants

FIGURE 28.13 Asexual reproduction

in plants.

Meristem tissue at nodes can generate

new plants, as when the stolons of

strawberry plants, Fragaria, give rise to

new plants.

Figure 28.14



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FIGURE 28.14 Tissue culture.

a. When plant cell walls areremoved by digestive enzyme

action, the result is naked cells,

or protoplasts. b. Regeneration

of cell walls and the beginningof cell division. c. cell division

produces aggregates of cells. d.

An undifferentiated mass, called

a callus. e. Somatic cell

embryos such as this one appear.f. The embryos develop into

plantlets that can be transferred

to soil for growth into adult

plants.

Figure 28.14a


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Figure 28.14b


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Figure 28.14c


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Figure 28.14d


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Figure 28.14e


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Figure 28.14f


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Plant tissue culture is now well established The


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Plant tissue culture is now well established. The

starting material can be meristem tissue from almost

any part of a plant, or it can be adult cells, because

plant cells are totipotent if provided with the correct

hormonal/ nutrient solution.

Genetic Engineering of Plants


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Genetic Engineering of Plants

-Tissue Culture and Genetic Engineer ing

-Agricul tural Plants with Improved Traits

Figure 28.15


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FIGURE 28.15 maize

Figure 28.15a


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Figure 28.15b


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Figure 28.16


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FIGURE 28.16 Genetically engineered plants.

a. Genetically engineered herbicide-resistant soybean plants. b. Potato

plant that has not been genetically engineered to be resistant to pests. c.

Potato plant that is pest resistant.

Figure 28.16a


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Figure 28.16b


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Figure 28.16c


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Genetic engineering of plants is now a reality. The


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Genetic engineering of plants is now a reality. The

next generation of transgenic crops is expected to

have improved agricultural traits and food qualities

And to result in higher yeilds


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THE END

Figure 28.17


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Figure 28.17a


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Figure 28.17b


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Figure 28B


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Figure 28Ba


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Figure 28Bb


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Figure 28Bc


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Pg 515


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UNLABELED

COLOR ART

Figure 28.1


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Figure 28.2


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Pg 497


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Figure 28.5


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Figure 28.7a


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Figure 28.7aa


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Figure 28.7ab


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Figure 28.7b


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Figure 28.7ba


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Figure 28.7bb


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Figure 28.7bc


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Figure 28.7bd


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Figure 28.8


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Figure 28.8a


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Figure 28.8aa


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Figure 28.8b


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Figure 28.8ba


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Figure 28.9


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Figure 28.11


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Figure 28.11a


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Figure 28.11b


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Figure 28.11ba


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Figure 28.12


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Figure 28.12a


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Figure 28.12b


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Figure 28.12ba


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Pg 515


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Table 28.1


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Table 28.2


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Figure 25.19


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Figure 25.19a


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Figure 25.19aa


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Figure 25.19ab


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Figure 25.19b


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Figure 25.19ba


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Figure 25.19bb


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Figure 25.19c


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Figure 25.19ca


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Figure 25.19cb


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Figure 25.19d


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Figure 25.19da


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Figure 28Aa


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Figure 28Ab


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Figure 28Ac


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Figure 28Ad


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chapter 28 reproduction+in+plant

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