Chapter 29

Chapter 29Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic WorldThe Rise of nationalismConservatism vs. LiberalismIdeological difference emergeConservativeSociety is an organism that changes slowlyEdmund Burke generational contract theoryCondemns radical change or revolutionPrefers strong central government (monarchy)LiberalSociety is dynamic and change is normal signaling progressJohn Stuart Mill majority should not impose its will on the minorityChannel and manage changePrefers republican government/constitutions Enlightenment thinkersPlease pull out your enlightenment thinkers chart and complete it during this portion of the lesson.

ENLIGHTENMENT THINKERS:Applied new ways of understanding the natural world to human relationships, encouraging observation and inference in all spheres of lifeCritiqued the role that religion played in public life, insisting on the importance of reason as opposed to revelation.Developed new political ideas about the individual, natural rights, and social contractResistance to existing political authority, as reflected in revolutionary documents.THOMAS HOBBES (1588 1679) In nature, people were cruel, greedy and selfish. They would fight, rob, and oppress one another.To escape this people would enter into a social contract: they would give up their freedom in return for the safety and order of an organized society. Therefore, Hobbes believed that a powerful government like an absolute monarchy was best for society it would impose order and compel obedience. It would also be able to suppress rebellion.Curiosity is the lust of the mindWrote Leviathan often used to support absolute monarchy

CONSERVATIVE OR LIBERAL?JOHN LOCKE (1632 1704)Believed in natural laws and natural rights. At birth, the mind is a tabula rasa, a blank tablet. Everything we know comes from the experience of the senses empiricism.We are born with rights to LIFE LIBERTY AND PROPERTY because they are a part of nature, of our very existence they come from god.Wrote Two Treatises on GovernmentAll mankind... being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty or possessions.

CONSERVATIVE OR LIBERAL?Locke #2Rulers / governments have an obligation, a responsibility, to protect the natural rights of the people it governs.If a government fails in its obligation to protect natural rights, the people have the right to overthrow that government.The best government is one which is accepted by all of the people and which has limited power (Locke liked the English monarchy where laws limited the power of the king).Lockes ideas influenced Thomas Jefferson more than anything else when Jefferson wrote the US Declaration of Independence in 1776.Locke justified revolution in the eyes of the Founding Fathers.Locke also influenced later revolutions in France (1789) and in many other places in the world in the 19th Century.

JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU (1712 1778)People are basically good but become corrupted by society (ie: French monarchy).For Rousseau, the social contract was the path to freedom: people should do what is best for their community.The general will (of the people) should direct the state toward the common good. Hence, the good of the community is more important than individual interests. Force does not constitute right... obedience is due only to legitimate powers.

CONSERVATIVE OR LIBERAL?MONTESQUIEU (1689 1755)He strongly criticized absolute monarchy and was a voice for democracy.Separation of Powers - the best way to protect liberty was to divide the powers of government into three branches: legislative; executive; and judicial. The Spirit of LawsChecks and Balances each branch of government should check (limit) the power of the other two branches. Thus, power would be balanced (even) and no one branch would be too powerful. Montesquieu studied the history of governments and cultures all over the world.The spirit of moderation should also be the spirit of the lawgiver.

CONSERVATIVE OR LIBERAL?VOLTAIRE (1694 1778)Advocated freedom of thought, speech, politics, and religionFought against intolerance, injustice, inequality, ignorance, and superstition.Attacked idle aristocrats, corrupt government officials, religious prejudice, and the slave trade.He often had to express his views indirectly through fictional characters because he lived in an absolute monarchy in France.Candide I do not agree with a word you say but I will defend to the death your right to say it.

CONSERVATIVE OR LIBERAL?DENIS DIDEROT (1713 1784)This philosophe worked 25 years to produce (edit) a 28 volume Encyclopedia the first one. The Encyclopedia was not just a collection of articles on human knowledge, it was intended to change the way people thought. Montesquieu, Voltaire, and others wrote articles.Catholics who bought the books were under threat of excommunicationAbout 20,000 copies were printed between 1751 and 1789 despite efforts to ban the Encyclopedia.Every man has his dignity. I'm willing to forget mine, but at my own discretion and not when someone else tells me to.

CONSERVATIVE OR LIBERAL?MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT (1759 1797)She argued that women had not been included in the Enlightenment slogan free and equal. Women had been excluded from the social contract. Vindication of the Rights of Women.Her arguments were often met with scorn, even from some enlightened men.Wollstonecraft believed in equal education for girls and boys. Only education could give women the knowledge to participate equally with men in public life.

CONSERVATIVE OR LIBERAL?Mary Wollstonecraft #3 - QuotesIf women be educated for dependence; that is, to act according to the will of another fallible being, and submit, right or wrong, to power, where are we to stop?

The divine right of husbands, like the divine right of kings, may, it is hoped, in this enlightened age, be contested without danger.

Let not men then in the pride of power, use the same arguments that tyrannic kings and venal ministers have used, and fallaciously assert that women ought to be subjected because she has always been so.

Strengthen the female mind by enlarging it, and there will be an end to blind obedience. Virtue can only flourish among equals.

ADAM SMITH (1723 1790)Smith was a Scottish economist who has been called the father of capitalism.Wealth of nationsHe was an advocate of laissez faire (French for let do ,let go, let pass. often referred to as hands off. Laissez faire was a theory of the natural laws of economics: business should operate with little or no government interference.It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own interest.

CONSERVATIVE OR LIBERAL?Revolutionary documentsWith the writings and musings of Enlightenment thinkers marinating worldwide, key documents emerged that supported revolution using the ideas of the enlightenment thinkers in concrete ways.America - The Declaration of IndependenceCalled for Life, Liberty, & the Pursuit of HappinessJefferson wrote it influenced heavily by whom?

France Declaration of the Rights of Man and the CitizenEquality of all menSoverignty rests in the peopleIndividual rights of liberty, property, security

Bolivars Jamaica Letter

Venezuelan Mural ArtPut Bolivars Jamaica letter on the Document camera and have students highlight enlightenment ideals that can be found in this document explaining why Bolivar chose to fight for independence.18American revolution1775-1783Based on which Philosophes ideology?

Assistance by : France, Spain, The Netherlands, & German statesFrench revolution1787 - 17993 estates

Under the Old Regime, there were three estates (classes). Who was in each one?The King & Marie

King Louis XVI (16) was a weak and extravagant leader. Marie Antoinette was the wife of Louis XVI (16).Spent too much $ on Versailles and warsHe wanted more $ so he called the estates generalWhat everyone wanted at the Estates General2nd estate wanted:To keep the 3rd estate from getting a voteNot to pay taxes3rd estate wanted: One Man = One voteKing wanted taxes1st estate wanted: to keep the 3rd estate from getting a voteNot to pay taxes

Tennis Court OathThe 3rd estate went to the Tennis court and1. Wrote a constitutionBegan the National Assembly This symbolized the beginning of representative govt. and an end to absolute monarchy! King getting weaker!

Storming the BastilleJuly 1789Peasants looking for guns and prisoners (there were 7 in there so mostly they wanted guns)

1791

National Assembly made a constitutional monarchy (King getting weaker)King imprisonedNew name for government: National ConventionChecking for Understanding!LiberalDoes a liberal want change?Will the liberal want to keep the monarchy?What is the prevailing thought of the day?ConservativeDoes a conservative want change?Will a conservative want to keep the monarchy?

Jacobins

Radical French Revolutionary GroupLiberal politicsGet rid of the Catholic Church! (peasants didnt like this idea!)Led by Maximilien RobespierreBegan the Reign of TerrorLeader of the Committee of Public safetyGuillotined the King and QueenReign of Terror25,000 to 40,000 deadExecuted RobespierreEnded with a more conservative French Revolution

Enter Napoleon Bonaparte

Coup detatRuled France as military dictator.Fixed taxesFixed corruptionFixed bankingRestored the catholic churchNapoleonic CodeEMPORER! Leader wasnt enough!France wasnt enough!

What he got when he went to war.

3 big mistakesBlockade of BritainPeninsular WarInvasion of Russia

Waterloo 1815Europe vs. NapoleonNapoleon lostExiled to St. Helena where he died alone (this is not the entire story Christian, I apologize, we are out of time)

Haitian revolution1796 1801Second successful revolution in the Western HemisphereFirst successful slave revolution! Go Toussaint!Haitian Revolution

Declaration of the Rights of Man and CitizenLarge maroon community500 fighters went to American Revolution

Haitian Revolution Continued1791 Civil war between whites and gens de couleur1791 Slave revolt led by Toussaint louverture1801 Constitution1802 Napoleon sent 40,000 troops1803 Toussaint died in France1804 Haiti established

Latin American Independence movementsMexicoLatin/South AmericaMexican Independencehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cT60g-GlnLs

Father Miguel Hidalgo: mexico Inspired by the Enlightenment idealsCalled for a rebellion and marched on Mexico City with the lower classes, the Mestizos, mulattoes, and slaves Defeated in 1811 by the upper classes, the peninsulares and creolesTried and failed again four years later

Inspired by the Enlightenment idealsCalled for a rebellion and marched on Mexico City with the lower classes, the Mestizos, mulattoes, and slaves Defeated in 1811 by the upper classes, the peninsulares and creolesTried and failed again four years laterFather Miguel Hidalgo: mexicoFree at Last1. Argentina 18162. Chile 18183. Columbia 18194. Peru 18215. Venezuela 1830

Central & South America

Simon Bolivar

Gran ColumbiaBrazilian independencePedro I

Linguistic, religious, & cultural commonalities:NATIONALISMPeople groups around the world began to identify with one another based on:LanguageReligionSocial customsTerritoryhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EH2v2eJjqik

Transitional ideologiesThe global spread of European political and social thought and the increasing number of rebellions stimulated new transnational ideologies and solidarities.Discontent with monarchist and imperial rule encouraged the development of political ideologies, including liberalism, socialism, and communism.Liberalism

Political doctrine that takes protecting and enhancing the freedom of the individual to be the central problem of politics.political doctrine that takes protecting and enhancing the freedom of the individual to be the central problem of politics. Liberals typically believe that government is necessary to protect individuals from being harmed by others; but they also recognize that government itself can pose a threat to liberty. As the revolutionary American pamphleteer Thomas Paine expressed it in Common Sense (1776), government is at best a necessary evil. Laws, judges, and police are needed to secure the individuals life and liberty, but their coercive power may also be turned against him. The problem, then, is to devise a system that gives government the power necessary to protect individual liberty but also prevents those who govern from abusing that power.The problem is compounded when one asks whether this is all that government can or should do on behalf of individual freedom. Some liberalsthe so-called neoclassical liberals, or libertariansanswer that it is. Since the late 19th century, however, most liberals have insisted that the powers of government can promote as well as protect the freedom of the individual. According to modern liberalism, the chief task of governmentis to remove obstacles that prevent individuals from living freely or from ... (200 of 8,197 words)48Socialism

communism

POLITICAL SCIENCE AND COWS

http://www.cowsareveg.com/Cows-R-Cool.gifPOLITICAL SCIENCE AND COWSFeudalismYou have two cows. Your lord takes some of the milk.

http://www.bah.org/~greg/images/cows.gifPOLITICAL SCIENCE AND COWSFascismYou have two cows. The government takes both, hires you to take care of them, then sells you the milk.

http://www.bah.org/~greg/images/cows.gifPOLITICAL SCIENCE AND COWSPure CommunismYou have two cows. Your neighbours help you take care of them, and you share all the milk.

http://www.bah.org/~greg/images/cows.gifPOLITICAL SCIENCE AND COWSDictatorshipYou have two cows. The government takes both and shoots you.

http://www.bah.org/~greg/images/cows.gif

POLITICAL SCIENCE AND COWSPure DemocracyYou have two cows. The neigbours decide who gets the milk.

http://www.bah.org/~greg/images/cows.gifPOLITICAL SCIENCE AND COWSCapitalismYou have two cows. You sell one and buy a bull

http://www.bah.org/~greg/images/cows.gif

POLITICAL SCIENCE AND COWSTotalitarianismYou have two cows. The government takes them both and denies theyever existed. Milk is banned.

http://www.bah.org/~greg/images/cows.gifPOLITICAL SCIENCE AND COWSBureaucracyYou have two cows. At first the government regulates what you can feed them and when you can milk them. Then it pays you not to milk them.After that, it takes both, shoots one, milks the other and pours the milk down the drain.

http://www.bah.org/~greg/images/cows.gifThen it requires you to fill out forms accounting for the missing cows.

Italian & German UnificationItalyGermany

Thank you for your hard work this class period! It will pay off!This information is the building blocks for the next two centuries of history, please internalize and own this!