chapter 2properties of matter section 2.1 classifying...

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Chapter 2 Properties of Matter

Section 2.1 Classifying Matter(pages 38–44)This section explains how materials are classified as pure substancesor mixtures. It discusses types of pure substances and mixtures.

Reading Strategy (page 38)

Summarizing As you read, complete the classification of matter in the diagram below. For more information on this Reading Strategy, see the Reading and Study Skills in the Skills and ReferenceHandbook at the end of your textbook.

Pure Substances (page 39)

1. Is the following sentence true or false? Every sample of a puresubstance has exactly the same composition and the sameproperties.

2. What are the two categories of pure substances? a. b.

Elements (pages 39–40)

3. What is an element?

4. Is the following sentence true or false? The smallest particle of anelement is an atom.

5. Why does an element have a fixed, uniform composition?

6. Circle the letter before each element that is a gas at room temperature.a. carbon b. oxygenc. mercury d. nitrogen

Match each element to its correct symbol.Element Symbol

7. aluminum a. C8. gold b. Al9. carbon c. Au

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Physical Science Reading and Study Workbook ■ Chapter 2 15

Matter

Element

Mixture

Compounds (page 40)

10. What is a compound?

11. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about compounds.a. A compound always contains at least two elements.b. The substances that make up a compound are always joined in

a fixed proportion.c. A compound has the same properties as the elements from

which it is formed.d. A compound can be broken down into simpler substances.

Mixtures (pages 41–42)

12. Why do the properties of a mixture vary?

13. A(n) mixture is a mixture whose parts arenoticeably different from one another.

14. Is the following sentence true or false? A homogeneous mixture isa mixture in which it is difficult to distinguish the substances fromone another.

Solutions, Suspensions, and Colloids (pages 42–44)

15. A mixture can be classified as a solution, a suspension, or a colloidbased on the size of its particles.

16. Circle the letter of the term that identifies the homogeneousmixture that forms when sugar is dissolved in a glass of hot water.a. solution b. suspensionc. colloid d. substance

17. Complete the table about solutions, suspensions, and colloids.

Solutions, Suspensions, and Colloids

Type of Mixture Relative Size of Homogeneous Do ParticlesLargest Particles or Heterogeneous? Scatter Light?

Solution No

Intermediate Homogeneous

Large Yes

18. Circle the letter before each example of a colloid. a. windshield wiper fluid b. fogc. homogenized milk d. muddy water

19. Is the following sentence true or false? If salt water is pouredthrough a filter, the salt will be trapped on the filter.

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Chapter 2 Properties of Matter©

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16 Physical Science Reading and Study Workbook ■ Chapter 2

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Section 2.2 Physical Properties(pages 45–51)This section discusses physical properties and physical changes. It alsoexplains how physical properties can be used to identify materials, selectmaterials, and separate mixtures.


Building Vocabulary As you read, write a definition for each term in the table below. For more information on this Reading Strategy, see the Reading and Study Skills in the Skills and ReferenceHandbook at the end of your textbook.

Defining Physical Properties

Physical Property Definition

Examples of Physical Properties (pages 45–47)

1. A physical property is any characteristic of a material that can beobserved or measured without changing the of the substances in the material.

2. Explain why a wooden spoon is a better choice than a metal spoon for stirring aboiling pot of soup.

3. Is the following sentence true or false? A liquid with a high viscosity flows more slowly than a liquid with a low viscosity at the same temperature.

4. Is the following sentence true or false? Discovering which of twomaterials can scratch the other is a way to compare the hardnessof the materials.

Match each term to its definition.Term Definition

5. viscosity6. conductivity7. malleability8. melting point9. boiling point

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Viscosity

Malleability

Melting Point

a. The ability of a solid to be hammered without shattering

b. The temperature at which a substance changes from a liquid to a gas

c. The resistance of a liquid to flowingd.The ability to allow heat to flowe. The ratio of the mass of a substance

to its volumef. The temperature at which a substance

changes from a solid to a liquid

11. Which of the substances in the table below are gases at room temperature? a. b. c.

Melting and Boiling Points of Some Substances

Substance Melting Point Boiling Point

Hydrogen �259.3°C �252.9°C

Nitrogen �210.0°C �195.8°C

Ammonia �77.7°C �33.3°C

Octane (found in gasoline) �56.8°C 125.6°C

Water 0.0°C 100.0°C

Acetic acid (found in vinegar) 16.6°C 117.9°C

Using Physical Properties (page 48)

12. Describe three steps that can be used to identify a material.

13. Is the following sentence true or false? Usually, people consideronly one property when choosing a material.

Using Properties to Separate Mixtures (page 50)

14. Two processes that are commonly used to separate mixtures areand .

15. Explain how filtration separates materials based on the size of their particles.

16. Explain why distillation works for converting seawater into fresh water.

Recognizing Physical Changes (page 51)

17. Is the following sentence true or false? In a physical change, someof the substances in a material change, but the properties of thematerial stay the same.

18. Explain why the boiling of water is a physical change.

19. Circle the letter for each process that is a reversible physical change. a. wrinkling a shirt b. freezing waterc. cutting hair d. peeling an orange

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Section 2.3 Chemical Properties(pages 54–58)This section discusses chemical properties and describes clues that may showthat a chemical change has taken place.


Relating Text and Visuals As you read, complete the table by finding examples of the clues for recognizing chemical changes inFigures 19 and 20. For more information on this Reading Strategy, see the Reading and Study Skills in the Skills and ReferenceHandbook at the end of your textbook.

Recognizing Chemical Changes

Clue Example

Change in color

Production of gas

Formation of precipitate

Observing Chemical Properties (pages 54–55)

1. Is the following sentence true or false? The substances in paraffin donot change when a candle burns.

2. Circle the letters of the compounds formed when a candle burns.a. paraffinb. hydrogenc. water d. carbon

3. What is a chemical property?

4. Is the following sentence true or false? Flammability is a material’s ability to burnin the presence of carbon dioxide.

5. The property that describes how readily a substance combineschemically with other substances is .

6. Circle the letter of each property that is a chemical property.a. hardness b. densityc. flammability d. reactivity

7. Is the following sentence true or false? Nitrogen is a more reactiveelement than oxygen.

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8. Why isn’t iron used to make coins?

9. What is the benefit of pumping nitrogen gas into seawater that is stored in steel tanks?

Recognizing Chemical Changes (pages 56–57)

10. A(n) change occurs when a substance reactsand forms one or more new substances.

11. What are three examples of chemical changes? a. b.c.

12. Circle the letters of examples of evidence for a chemical change.a. a change in colorb. a filter trapping particles c. the production of a gas d. the formation of a solid precipitate

Match each example to evidence of a chemical change.Example Chemical Change

13. Lemon juice isadded to milk.

14. A silver braceletdarkens when exposed to air.

15. Vinegar is mixed with baking soda.

Is a Change Chemical or Physical? (page 58)

16. Is the following sentence true or false? When iron is heated untilit turns red, the color change shows that a chemical change hastaken place.

17. When matter undergoes a chemical change, the composition of the matter .

18. When matter undergoes a physical change, the composition of the matter .

19. Complete the following table about chemical changes.

Chemical Changes

Type of Change Are New Substances Formed? Example

Chemical

Physical

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a. the production of a gasb. the formation of a precipitatec. a change in color

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Chapter 3 States of Matter

Section 3.1 Solids, Liquids, and Gases (pages 68–73)This section explains how materials are classified as solids, liquids, or gases.It also describes the behavior of these three states of matter.


Comparing and Contrasting As you read about the states of matter,replace each letter in the diagram below with one of these phrases:definite volume, definite shape, variable volume, or variable shape. For moreinformation on this Reading Strategy, see the Reading and Study Skillsin the Skills and Reference Handbook at the end of your textbook.

Solid Liquid Gas

Describing the States of Matter (pages 68–70)

1. What are three common states of matter? a. b. c.

2. Is the following sentence true or false? The fact that a copper wirecan be bent shows that some solids do not have a definite shape.

3. Circle the letter of each phrase that describes how particles at theatomic level are arranged within most solids.a. randomly arranged b. packed close togetherc. arranged in a regular pattern d. spaced far apart

4. Is the following sentence true or false? A liquid takes the shape of itscontainer.

5. What is the state of matter in which a material has neither a definiteshape nor a definite volume?

6. Compare and contrast the arrangement of particles at the atomic level for a liquidand a solid.

7. What determines the shape and volume of a gas?

8. On the sun, where temperatures are extremely high, matter exists in a state knownas .

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9. The state of matter that can exist at extremely temperatures is called a Bose-Einstein condensate.

10. Complete the table about states of matter.

States of Matter

State Shape Volume

Definite

Liquid

Not definite

Kinetic Theory (page 71)

11. Describe kinetic energy.

12. Circle the letter of the phrase that describes all particles of matterin the kinetic theory of matter.a. randomly arranged b. constant temperaturec. in constant motion d. orderly arrangement

Explaining the Behavior of Gases (pages 72–73)

13. Is the following sentence true or false? There are forces ofattraction among the particles in all matter.

14. Why can scientists ignore the forces of attraction among particles in a gas under ordinary conditions?

15. Is the following sentence true or false? Because of the constantmotion of the particles in a gas, the gas has a definite shape and volume.

Explaining the Behavior of Liquids (page 73)

16. Do forces of attraction have a stronger effect on the behavior of theparticles in a gas or in a liquid?

17. Circle the letter of each factor that affects the behavior of liquids.a. fixed location of particlesb. constant motion of particlesc. orderly arrangement of particlesd. forces of attraction among particles

Explaining the Behavior of Solids (page 74)

18. Solids have a(n) volume and shape becauseparticles in a solid vibrate in locations.

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Chapter 3 States of Matter©



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Section 3.2 The Gas Laws (pages 75–81)This section discusses gas pressure and the factors that affect it. It alsoexplains the relationships between the temperature, volume, and pressure of a gas.


Identifying Cause and Effect As you read, identify the variables thataffect gas pressure, and write them in the diagram below. For moreinformation on this Reading Strategy, see the Reading and Study Skillsin the Skills and Reference Handbook at the end of your textbook.

Pressure (pages 75–76)

1. What is pressure?

2. Circle the letter of each unit used to express amounts of pressure. a. newton b. joulec. pascal d. kilopascal

3. What causes the pressure in a closed container of gas?

Factors that Affect Gas Pressure (pages 76–77)

4. Name the factors that affect the pressure of an enclosed gas.a. b. c.

5. Is the following sentence true or false? In a closed container,increasing the temperature of a gas will decrease the force withwhich particles hit the walls of the container.

6. What effect does raising the temperature of a gas have on its pressure, if the volume of the gas and the number of its particlesare kept constant?

7. How does reducing the volume of a gas affect its pressure if the temperature of the gas and the number of particles are constant?

8. Increasing the number of particles of a gas will itspressure if the temperature and the volume are constant.

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Gaspressure

isaffected

by

Charles’s Law (page 78)

9. Jacques Charles recorded the behavior of gases on a graph like theone above. The data shows that the volume of a gas increases atthe same rate as the of the gas.

10. A temperature equal to 0 K on the Kelvin temperature scale isknown as .

11. What does Charles’s law state?

Boyle’s Law (page 79)

12. If the temperature and number of particles of gas in a cylinderdo not change, and the volume of the cylinder is reduced by half,the pressure of the gas will be as the original pressure.

13. Boyle’s law states that there is an inverse relationship between thepressure and volume of a gas. Circle the letter of the correctexpression of this relationship.

a. P1V1 � P2V2

b. P1V2 � P2V1

c. �

d. P1P2 � V1V2

The Combined Gas Law (pages 80–81)

14. Circle the letters of the factors that are included in the expressionof the combined gas law. a. temperature b. number of particlesc. volume d. pressure

P2

V2

P1

V1

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Temperature (�C)

Vo

lum

e (m

L)

10

8

6

4

2

0�300 �250 �200 �150 �100 �50 0 50 100

�273.15

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Section 3.3 Phase Changes(pages 84–91)This section explains what happens when a substance changes from one stateof matter to another and describes six phase changes.


Summarizing As you read, complete the description of energy flowduring phase changes in the diagram below. For more information onthis Reading Strategy, see the Reading and Study Skills in the Skillsand Reference Handbook at the end of your textbook.

Endothermic Exothermic

Characteristics of Phase Changes (pages 84–86)

1. What is a phase change?

Match each term with the letter of the phase-change description that bestdescribes it.

Term Phase-Change

2. freezing a. Solid to gas3. sublimation b. Liquid to gas4. condensation c. Gas to solid5. melting d. Liquid to solid6. deposition e. Gas to liquid7. vaporization f. Solid to liquid

8. What happens to the temperature of a substance during a phase change?

9. Is the following sentence true or false? The temperature at which a substancefreezes is lower than the temperature at which it melts.

10. Circle the letter that describes the behavior of a substance during aphase change.a. neither absorbs nor releases energy b. always absorbs energyc. always releases energy d. either absorbs or releases energy

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Solid Liquid Solid

Gas

Solid Solid

11. A substance absorbs energy from its surroundings during a(n)change.

12. The energy absorbed by one gram of ice as it melts is known as thefor water.

13. As water freezes, it releases heat to its surroundings. Freezing is anexample of a(n) change.

Melting and Freezing (page 88)

14. Is the following sentence true or false? Water molecules have a moreorderly arrangement in ice than in liquid water.

15. When liquid water freezes, the average kinetic energy of itsmolecules , and the arrangement of themolecules becomes more orderly.

Vaporization and Condensation (pages 88–90)

16. Vaporization is the phase change in which a substance changesfrom a(n) into a(n) .

17. The energy absorbed by one gram of water as it changes from its liquid phase into water vapor is known as the

for water.18. Is the following sentence true or false? When water vapor collects

above the liquid in a closed container, the pressure caused by thecollisions of this vapor and the walls of the container is calledvapor pressure.

19. The phase change in which a substance changes from a gas into aliquid is called .

20. Compare and contrast the processes of evaporation and boiling bycompleting the table below.

Evaporation and Boiling

Process Phase Change Where It Occurs Temperature

Evaporation

Boiling

21. Is the following sentence true or false? A gas absorbs energy as itchanges into a liquid.

Sublimation and Deposition (page 91)

22. Dry ice can change directly from a solid to a gas without forming aliquid first. This process is an example of .

23. What is deposition?

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