chapter 3
DESCRIPTION
Used with Holt ChemistryTRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 3
Substances are made of atoms
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Natural Philosophy
Heraclitus versus Parmenides
Heraclitus – everything is in the process of change
Parmenides – Change is impossible
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Natural Philosophy
In 400 BCE, Democritus stated, All matter consists of tiny particles called átomos, which are not created and cannot be destroyed.
This was the beginning of the atomism.
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Natural Philosophy
The fight wasn’t over. Plato disagreed.He thought that the beauty of the world
had to be caused by more than mere atoms.
He proposed a system of changing elements; water, fire, earth, air.
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Natural Philosophy
Aristotle disagreed with both Democritus and Plato. He proposed a system called Hylomorphism.
Hylomorphism is a system of ever changing states of matter.
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Natural Philosophy
Atomism was lost until the 16th CenturyThough it was still not a hard science, it
was part of a belief system called alchemy.
Thankfully, Robert Boyle put an end to the mess when he wrote The Skeptical Chemyst.
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“Nature works by means of bodies unseen.”
Lucretius
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The Elements
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Atomic Theory
Three laws provide supporting evidence of atoms.– Law of Definite Proportions– Law of Conservation of Mass– Law of Multiple Proportions
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Law of Definite Proportions
Every compound is composed of specific elements and whole-number ratios of those elements.
Water H20 - 2 Hydrogen: 1 Oxygen
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Law of Conservation of Mass
Matter cannot be create or destroyed by normal physical or chemical processes
i.e.- What goes in, must come out!
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Law of Multiple Proportions
The same elements can bond in differing whole-number ratios to form different compounds.
Methanol CH3O
Ethanol C2H5O
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Dalton’s Atomic Theory
It contained five principles based on current knowledge of atoms.
We have summarized those principles in the following statements:
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Dalton’s Atomic Theory
1. All matter is made up of tiny indestructible particles called atoms.
2. All atoms of one type (element) have the same mass and properties.
3. Atoms of different types (elements) have different masses and properties.
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Dalton’s Atomic Theory
4. In Chemical reactions, atoms rearrange, but are not changed, created, or destroyed.
5. When different elements combine, they do so in some ratio of whole numbers.
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Chapter 3
Structure of Atoms
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Atomic dessert
In 1897 J.J. Thomson was able to control light in a vacuum through the use of magnets.
He concluded that the charge of the beam was negative.
He also new that the charge was due to movement of something inside atoms
He concluded that atoms contain subatomic particles with + and - charges.
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Atomic Dessert
He created the “plum pudding” model of the atom
The Atom was a big positive charge, with very small particles of negative charges embedded in it.
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Radioactive Man
In 1907, Ernest Rutherford performed “The Gold Foil Experiment”
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Radioactive Man
Conclusion: Atoms have a hard, positively charged center called a nucleus.
The center was packed with tiny particles called PROTONS.
Most of the atom is empty space, while the tiny, tiny electrons float around outside.
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Subatomic Particles
POSIT IVECHARG E
PROT ONS
NEUT RALCHARG E
NEUT RONS
NUCLEUS
NEG AT IVE CHARG E
ELECT RONS
AT OM
NUCLEUS ELECTRONS
PROTONS NEUTRONS NEGATIVE CHARGE
POSITIVE CHARGE
NEUTRAL CHARGE
ATOM
Atomic Numberequals the # of...
equal in a neutral atom
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Elephants and Fleas
Today, we believe that the atom has three subatomic parts:
PROTON – positive charge in the nucleus
NEUTRON – no charge in the nucleus
ELECTRON – negative charge, orbiting the nucleus
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Elephants and Fleas
Atomic Number – number of protonsAtomic Mass – number of protons +
number of neutrons
Why aren’t electrons added into the mass of the atom?
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Isotopes
ISOTOPE - atoms of the same element that have a different number of neutrons
This happens rather frequently, that is why the atomic mass on the periodic table is not a whole number. It is an average of the different isotopes for that element.
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Chapter 3
Electron Configurations
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The not so great “greats”
Dalton, Thomson, and Rutherford were great men of science, but they had yet to understand the atom.
It wasn’t until Niels Bohr began to think about Hydrogen that were started to understand how complex an atom really is.
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Bohr: What is it good for?!
Bohr, using a technique called Line Emission Spectrums, saw that electron didn’t just fly randomly around the nucleus. In fact, they are in distinct orbits called ENERGY LEVELS.
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Bohr: What is it good for?!
If you put energy into an electron, it will change energy level into an EXCITED STATE. It will eventually drop back down to it’s GROUND STATE and give off energy in the form of light.
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The colors of chemistry
Electromagnetic Spectrum – radiation moving at the speed of light ranging from low-energy radio waves to high-energy cosmic rays; includes visible light
It is often referred to as “light”The spectrum is created by the
“jumping” of electrons between orbits
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Visible Spectrum
The more energy a wave has, the higher the frequency
Red has the lowest frequency, therefore it has the lowest energy
The most energetic color is violetROY G BIV
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Electrons are wavicles.
Bohr model of the atom shows electrons orbiting a nucleus.– Electrons are particles
When we attempt to observe an electron, it changes position– Electrons are waves
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De Broglie to the rescue
In 1924, Louis De Broglie suggested that electrons do not travel in perfect orbits, but rather in orbitals.
The resulting image was an “electron cloud.”
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Electron Configuration Rules
Take notes on Hog Hilton and work on board.