chapter 3
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Chapter 3. Early African Societies & The Bantu Migrations. A View of Egypt by Satellite. Development of African Agriculture. Sahara desert originally highly fertile region Western Sudan region nomadic herders, c. 9000 BCE Domestication of cattle c. 7500 BCE - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
A View of Egypt by Satellite
A View of Egypt by Satellite
Development of African Agriculture
• Sahara desert originally highly fertile region
• Western Sudan region nomadic herders, c. 9000 BCE– Domestication of cattle c. 7500 BCE– Later, cultivation of sorghum, yams,
increasingly diverse
• Widespread desiccation of the Sahara c. 5000 BCE
The Gift of the Nile
Gradual, predictable flooding– Inundation (July-October)– Sprouting– Summer
Communication:– Nubia-Egypt
• Current: north
• Winds: south
– Sub-Saharan Africa-Mesopotamia
Increased in importance w/ desiccation of Sahara
The Delta & TheCataracts
The Nile Valley, 3000-2000 BCE
Early Agriculture in Nile Valley
• 10,000 BCE migrants from Red Sea hills (northern Ethiopia)– Introduce collection of wild grains, language
roots of Coptic
• 5000 BCE Sudanic cultivators, herders migrate to Nile river valley
• Adaptation to seasonal flooding of Nile through construction of dikes, waterways– Villages dot Nile by 4000 BCE
The Annual Flooding of the Nile
The Annual Flooding of the Nile
Impact on Political Organization
• As in Mesopotamia a need for formal organization of public affairs
• Need to maintain order and organize community projects
• Egypt: simple, local irrigation projects
• Rural rather than heavily urban development
• Trade networks develop
The Fertile Nile Valley
The Fertile Nile Valley
Nile Irrigation-the Shaduf
Nile Irrigation-the Shaduf
Ancient Egyptian History
Ancient Egyptian HistoryPeriods Time Frame
Nile Culture Begins
4000 B. C. E.
Archaic 3100 – 2650 B. C. E.
Old Kingdom 2650 – 2134 B. C. E.
Middle Kingdom 2040 – 1640 B. C. E.
New Kingdom 1550 – 1070 B. C. E.
Late Period 750 – 332 B. C. E.
Greek Ptolemaic Era
332 – 30 B. C. E.
Roman Period 30 B. C. E. – 395 C. E.
Unification of Egypt• Legendary conqueror Menes, c. 3100 unifies
Egyptian kingdom– Sometimes identified with/as Narmer– Tradition: founder of Memphis, cultural and political
center of ancient Egypt– Instituted the rule of the Pharaoh
• Claimed descent from the gods
• Absolute rulers, had slaves buried with them from 2600 BCE
• Most powerful during Archaic Period (3100-2660 BCE) and Old Kingdom (2660-2160 BCE)
Menes: Unifier of Upper & Lower Egypt
Menes: Unifier of Upper & Lower Egypt
c. 3050 B. C. E. ?
c. 3050 B. C. E. ?
The Pyramids• Symbols of the pharaoh’s authority and
divine status• A testimony of the pharaohs’ ability to
marshal Egypt’s resources• Largest Khufu (Cheops) 2.3 million
limestone blocks w/ average weight of 2.5 tons
• Role: burial chambers for Pharaohs
Plan of the Great Pyramid of Khufu
Plan of the Great Pyramid of Khufu
The Valley of the KingsThe Valley of the Kings
Stepped Pyramid at Saqqara
Stepped Pyramid at Saqqara
“Bent” Pyramid of King Sneferu
“Bent” Pyramid of King Sneferu
The Great Sphinx
Valley of the Kings
View of the central East Valley
Relations with Nubia
• Competition over Nile trade
• Military conflict between 3100-2600 BCE
• Drives Nubians to the south– Established Kingdom of Kush, c. 2500 BCE
• Trade, cultural influences continue despite military conflict
The New Kingdom
• Few pyramids, but major monumental architectural projects
• Engaged in empire-building to protect against foreign invasion
• Local resistance drives Egypt out of Nubia
• Kingdom of Kush revives c. 1100 BCE
• Invasions of Kushites, Assyrians destroy Egypt mid 6th century BCE
Imperial Egypt,
1400 BCE
Egyptian Urban Culture• Major cities along Nile river, especially at delta
– Memphis c. 3100 BCE, Heliopolis c. 2900 BCE
• Nubian cities include Kerma, Napata, Meroë– Located at cataracts of the Nile
• Well-defined social classes – Pharaohs to slaves– Archaeological discoveries in Nubia also support
class-based society– Patriarchal societies, notable exceptions: female
Pharaoh Hatshepsut (r. 1473-1458 BCE)
Egyptian Social Hierarchy
Egyptian Social Hierarchy
Egyptian NobilityEgyptian Nobility
Egyptian Priestly ClassEgyptian Priestly Class
Ancient Egyptian Housing
Ancient Egyptian HousingMiddle Class
HomesMiddle Class Homes
Peasant Homes
Peasant Homes
Scenes of Ancient EgyptianDaily Life
Scenes of Ancient EgyptianDaily Life
Making Ancient Egyptian Beer
Making Ancient Egyptian Beer
Making Ancient Egyptian WineMaking Ancient Egyptian Wine
An Egyptian Woman’s “Must-Haves”
An Egyptian Woman’s “Must-Haves”
PerfumePerfume
WigsWigs
MirrorMirror
Economic Specialization
• Bronze metallurgy introduced late, with Hyksos invasion
• Development of iron early, c. 900 BCE
• Trade along Nile river– More difficult in Nubia due to cataracts– Sea trade in Mediterranean
Hieroglyphs• “Holy Inscriptions”
– Writing appeared at least by 3200 BCE– Pictographic supplemented with symbols
representing sounds and ideas– Survives on monuments, buildings and sheets of
papyrus– Hieroglyphs for formal writing, hieratic script for
everyday affairs used from 2600 BCE – 600 CE– Adopts Greek alphabet – demotic and Coptic scripts
• Meroitic writing - flexible system borrowed from hieroglyphs, represents sounds rather than ideas
Hieroglyphics “Alphabet”Hieroglyphics “Alphabet” 24 “letters” + 700 phonetic
symbols 24 “letters” + 700 phonetic
symbols
Hieroglyphic
“Cartouche”
Hieroglyphic
“Cartouche”
Champollion & the Rosetta Stone
Champollion & the Rosetta Stone
Egyptian ScribeEgyptian Scribe
Papyrus PaperPapyrus Paper
Papyrus PlantPapyrus Plant
Hieratic Scroll Piece
Hieratic Scroll Piece
Papyrus plant growing in a garden, Australia
Egyptian Papyrus Drawing
Development of Organized Religious Traditions
• Principal gods Amon and Re
• Religious tumult under Amenhotep IV (Akhenaten) (r. 1364-1347 BCE)– Introduces sole worship of sun god Aten– One of the world’s earliest expressions of
Monotheism
• Death of Akhenaten, traditional priest restore the cult of Amon-Re to privileged status
Ankhenaton: First Monotheist?
Ankhenaton: First Monotheist?
Amenhotep IV (Akhenaten) • Akhenaten was the only
pharaoh to try and introduce the idea of monotheism to the polytheistic Egyptians.
• Because he predated Zoroaster by approximately 700 years, he is considered the first monotheist.
• The one god he believed in was the sun, represented by Aton, god of the sun disc.
Egyptian Gods & Goddesses:
“The Sacred ‘Trinity’”
Egyptian Gods & Goddesses:
“The Sacred ‘Trinity’”
Osiris Isis Horus Osiris Isis Horus
Mummification and the Afterlife• Inspiration of the cycles of the Nile• Belief in the revival of the dead
– First: ruling classes only, later expanded to include lower classes
• Cult of Osiris– Lord of the underworld– Power to determine who deserved immortality– Held out hope of eternal reward for those who
lived moral lives
• Nubian worship of Apedemak and Sebiumeker
The Final JudgementThe Final Judgement
Osiris Anubis Horus Osiris Anubis Horus
Preparations for the Underworld
Preparations for the Underworld
Priests protected your KA, or soul-spirit
Priests protected your KA, or soul-spirit
ANUBIS weighs the dead person’s heart against a feather.
ANUBIS weighs the dead person’s heart against a feather.
Preparation for the Afterlife
Preparation for the Afterlife
Egyptian MummiesEgyptian Mummies
Seti I1291-1278
B. C. E.
Seti I1291-1278
B. C. E.Queen Tiye,
wife of Amenhotep II
1210-1200 B. C. E.
Queen Tiye, wife of
Amenhotep II1210-1200 B. C. E.
Ramses II1279-1212 B.
C. E.
Ramses II1279-1212 B.
C. E.
Journey to the Underworld
Journey to the Underworld
A boat for the journey is
provided for a dead pharaoh
in his tomb
A boat for the journey is
provided for a dead pharaoh
in his tomb
The dead travel on the “Solar Barge”
The dead travel on the “Solar Barge”
Egyptian Book of the Dead
Egyptian Book of the Dead
Archaeologist, Howard Carter (1922)
Archaeologist, Howard Carter (1922)
King Tutankhamon’s Death Mask
King Tutankhamon’s Death Mask
1336-1327 B. C. E.1336-1327 B. C. E.
King TutankhamonKing Tutankhamon
King Tutankhamun’s Tomb
King Tutankhamun’s Tomb
Treasures From Tut’s Tomb
Treasures From Tut’s Tomb
The Valley of the Queens
The Valley of the Queens
Temple of Queen Hatshepsut
Temple of Queen Hatshepsut
1473-1458 B. C. E.
1473-1458 B. C. E.
The Ankh – The “Cross” of LifeThe Ankh – The “Cross” of Life
QueenNefertitiQueen
Nefertiti
Abu Simbel:Monument to Ramses II
Abu Simbel:Monument to Ramses II
1279-1213 B. C. E.
1279-1213 B. C. E.
Canopic JarsThe four sons of Horus: the jackal-headed jar represented the east,
contained the stomach, the falcon-headed jar representing the west, contained the intestines, the baboon-headed jar representing the north,
contained the lungs, the human-headed jar representing the south, contained the liver.
Ramses II
• After King Tut, only Ramses II would rise to be a strong pharaoh.
• Under Ramses there was a new increase in the building of temples and monuments.
• It is believed that Ramses is the pharaoh that allowed Moses to lead the Hebrews out of Egypt.
• He had 48-50 sons and 40-53 daughters.
Bantu Migrations, 3000-1000 BCE
• Bantu: means “people”• Originated in what would be modern Nigeria• Migration throughout sub-Saharan regions
– Population pressures
• Over 500 variations of original Bantu language– 90 million speakers– Similar to Indo-Europeans in that they spread
language as they moved.
• By 1000 BCE, occupied most of Africa south of the equator
Bantu Migrations, 2000 BCE-1000 CE
Bantu Migration
Bantu Religions
• Evidence of early monotheism
• Deistic views as well– Prayers to intercessors, e.g. ancestor spirits
• Great variations among populations
Aswan High Dam: 1968
Aswan High Dam (NASA satellite photo)
The hydroelectric power station of
Aswan Dam