CHAPTER 3

MIGRATION

GEOGRAPHY & MIGRATION

• HGs look at:1. From where people

migrate2. To where people migrate3. Why people migrate

• Migration refers to a permanent move to a new location

MIGRATION cont.

EMIGRATION• From a location

- Three years ago I emigrated from Malvern to Downingtown

IMMIGRATION• To a location

- When I was 12 I immigrated to Malvern from Exton

Net Migration – difference between E and I(know positive/negative; net-in/net-out)

ISSUE #1

Where are Migrants Distributed?

REASONS FOR MIGRATING• Most people migrate for:

1. economic opportunity 2. cultural freedom

3. environmental comfort

E.G. RAVENSTEIN

• There is no single, definitive theory of migration but Ravenstein wrote migration "laws" that are very influential

• they serve as the basis for modern migration studies

1. the distance migrants typically move

2. the reasons they move

3. the characteristics of migrants

WILBUR ZELINSKY

• WZ identified a migration transition– a change in the

migration pattern in a society that results from the social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition

These people are emigrating from Italy in 1907 and immigrating to the United States. They are disembarking from the ship at Ellis Island, in New York Harbor, the principal point of entry into

the United States during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

DISTANCE OF MIGRATION• 2 major theories of

Ravenstein regarding distance?

• What is the difference between...?

a. international and internal migration b. voluntary and forced migration c. interregional and intraregional migration

INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION• Permanent movement from one

country to another

• Two types1. Voluntary – person chose to move for economic improvement

2. Forced – compelled to move due to cultural factors, felt they didn’t have a choice

- Sudanese Refugees vid

INTERNAL MIGRATION• Permanent movement within the

same country

• Two types1. interregional – from one region of a country to another (ex. NE to West)- historically, the main type has been from rural to urban areas (why?)

2. intraregional – movement within one region (ex. Florida to Georgia)- historically, the main type has been within urban areas

U.S. MIGRATION FLOWS

DISTANCE

DECAY

INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION PATTERNS

• 9% of the world's people are int'l migrants

• 3 biggest flows are....

1. Asia to Europe 2. Asia to North Am. 3. La. Am. to North Am.

• What is the general pattern?

The width of the arrows shows the amount of net migration between regions of the world. Countries with net in migration are in red, and those with net out-migration are in blue.

NET IMMIGRATION

NET EMIGRATION

U.S. IMMIGRATION PATTERNS

• 3 main eras of migration:

1. Colonial Settlement - 17th and 18th centuries 2. Mass European - late 19th and early 20th

3. Asian and Latin American - late 20th and early 21st

1. COLONIAL IMMIGRATION

• Came from Europe (voluntary) and Africa (forced)

• Prior to 1840, 90% of European immigrants came from G.B.

• 400,000 slaves before 1808; 250,000 after

2. Mid-1800s – EARLY 1900s

• U.S. offered the greatest hope of economic success (almost all during this Era were from Europe, the most from which country?)

• Europeans who didn’t come to the U.S. went mostly to temperate climates (ex. Canada, Australia, southern Africa, southern South America……why?)

• There have been four “peaks” of European immigration, know them!

3. RECENT IMMIGRATION (1970s – today)

• Immigration dropped sharply during1930s and 1940s (why?)

• Has surged since the 1970s, most from Latin America and Asia

IMMIGRATION FROM ASIA• 7 million from Asia in last

25 years

• China, Philippines, India, Vietnam

• Many also go to Canada (Canada receives a higher % of Europeans and lower % of Latin Americans – what might explain this?)

IMMIGRATION FROM LATIN AMERICA

• 13 million from 1960 – 2005 (overtook Asia in the 1980s as the leading source of immigrants)

• Most from Mexico (compare to Germany) and The Dominican Republic

• Significant role played by the Immigration Reform and Control Act (1986)

• same reason as other regions (pushed by poor economic situation and pulled by economic opportunity)

• significance of 2006?

BIG PICTURE

• Pattern of immigration in U.S. has changed from mostly European to mostly Asian and Latin American

• Reasons remain the same, pushed by poor economic/political conditions and pulled by economic and social opportunities

ISSUE #2

Where do People Migrate Within a Country?

INTERREGIONAL MIGRATION

• Why, in the past, did many people migrate from one region to another?

• What is the main type of interregional migration today?

MIGRATION BETWEEN REGIONS WITHIN THE U.S.

• Interregional was more prevalent in the past (why?)

• Most famous example of large-scale internal migration in U.S. history? (interregional or intraregional?)

• Population center has changed over the past 200 years (how? Why?)

CHANGING CENTERS OF POPULATION IN U.S.

HUGGING THE COAST

RUSHING TO GOLD

MOVING SOUTH

- See worksheet

CROSSING THE APPALACHIANS

FILLING IN THE GREAT PLAINS

Changing Center of U.S. Population – the population center is the average location of everyone in the country. If the United

States were a flat plane place on top of a pin, and each individual weighed the same, the population center would be

the point where the population distribution causes the flat plane to balance on the head of a pin.

The Trail of Tears sculpture in Chattanooga, Tennessee commemorates the start of the pat that the Cherokee were

forced to take to relocate from Indian Territory (Oklahoma) in 1838.

Trail of Tears video

Interregional Migration in the U.S.

Fig. 3-13: Average annual migrations between regions in the U.S. in 1995 and in 2003

MIGRATION BETWEEN REGIONS IN THE WORLD'S LARGEST COUNTRY

• You are responsible for the section about Russia on page 86

• You are also responsible for the sections about Canada, Cina, and Brazil on pages 88-89

Brasilia, Brazil

Brasilia was created as Brazil’s new capital in 1960 and since then has attracted thousands of migrants in search of jobs.

Population has been increasing more rapidly in the west of Canada, especially Alberta and Saskatchewan

Migrants are heading eastward towards the major cities

Population is growing more rapidly in the interior of the country

INTRAREGIONAL MIGRATION

• Much more intraregional than interregional migration takes place globally

• globally, the most common type of intraregional migration is from rural to urban areas

• Today nearly ½ of world’s population lives in urban areas, in 1800 it was about 5%

MIGRATION FROM RURAL TO URBAN

• Industrialization in 1800s led to larger urban populations

• 80% of current U.S. population lives in urban areas (5% in 1800)

• In LDCs this has skyrocketed and accounts for 50% of population increase in those areas (ex. Sao Paulo, Brazil)

Housing for poor rural migrants is constructed in the suburbs of Lima, Peru

MIGRATION FROM URBAN TO SUBURBAN

• In MDCs most intraregional migration is from cities to suburbs (opposite in LDCs)

• Unlike other migration, reasons are not related to employment (pulled by lifestyle)

• Consequences include converting farms to developments, more roads, sewers, schools….

Intraregional Migration in the U.S.

Fig. 3-14: Average annual migration among urban, suburban, and rural areas in the U.S. during the 1990s. The largest flow was from central cities to suburbs.

Rural counties experienced net in-migration in Rocky Mountain and southern states and net out-migration in Great

Plain state

MIGRATION FROM METROPOLITAN TO NONMETROPOLITAN

• New trend in late 1900s, more people in MDCs immigrated into rural areas than emigrated out of them (counterurbanization)

• Why? – growth of suburbs, lifestyle, less isolation with new technologies, retirees, leisure activities

Percentage of Americans Moving in A Year – the percentage has declined from 20% in the 1980s to 12% in the 2010s

ISSUE #3

Why do People Migrate?

PUSH/PULL FACTORS: POLITICAL

- Cultural factors such as slavery and political instability

- Creation of new countries with new boundaries (people on wrong side of the border – ex. India/Pakistan in late 1940s)

- Wars create refugees (ex. Veitnam)

- IDPs are similar to refugees but don’t leave their country (Sudan)

- Hope of democracy may pull people in (Cubans coming to America); asylum seekers hope to be recognized as refugees

ECONOMIC MIGRANT OR REFUGEE?(why does it matter?)

Cuban emigrants are seen as political refugees since the ’59 revolution - concentrated in Florida

Haitians were considered economic, not political refugees in the ‘80s until changed by a lawsuit by the Haitian people

Surge of Vietnamese to U.S. after 1975 created some issues (boat people)-2nd surge in late ‘80s to other Asian nations- about 800,000 have ended up in the U.S.

The largest number of refugees originated in Southwest Asia and sub-Saharan Africa

PUSH/PULL FACTORS: ENVIRONMENTAL

– Pull towards attractive areas (warm climates, mountains, beaches…); pushed from hazardous ones

– Health concerns may force them to seek a new climate

– Water issues/disasters force many to move (Hurricane Katrina); floodplains?

– Droughts causes others to leave (Sahel region of northern Africa)

Flooding of the Mississippi River in 2011 inundated farms in the floodplain

This man in Abala, Niger, is explaining that his animals have died because of drought

PUSH/PULL FACTORS: ECONOMIC

– Better job opportunities may pull/bad economy may push

– Certain resources attract certain professions (petroleum may attract miners/engineers)

– Area with rapid population growth will pull in service workers (construction workers, restaurant workers)

– Can the pattern reverse itself? (think Ireland)

– most people migrate for economic reasons (remember this!)

Economic Migration in Ireland – With few job prospects, Ireland historically had ne out-migration until the1990s.

The severe recession of the early 21st century has brought net out-migration back to Ireland.

TYPES OF TEMPORARY WORKERSGUEST WORKERS

• Citizens of poor countries who obtain jobs in Europe and the ME

• Take low-skilled, low-status jobs that locals don’t fill

• Benefits home and new country in different ways such as….?

• What protects them from exploitation?

• Most in Europe come from NA, ME, EE/SE and Asia– A lot of Turks in Germany

• Guest worker programs no longer exist in Europe, what happened?

ASIA'S MIGRANT WORKERS

• Asia is a source and destination for migrant workers

• China has many living abroad but also attracts many from countries such as Veitnam

• Southwest Asian (M.E.) has many wealthy, oil nations that attract migrant workers from other parts of Asia; dangers of this?

• ESPN video about migrant workers in Qatar

An immigrant from North Africa cleans streets in Paris

Luxembourg and Switzerland have the highest percentages of immigrants

These immigrants in Dubai have lined up to get construction jobs

ISSUE #4

Why do Migrants Face Obstacles?

INTERVENING OBSTACLES

• Before modern transportation they were mostly environmental (ex. Gold Rushers had a hard time getting to California……why?)

• More modern IOs include political things as government regulations (ex. Quotas, passports)

• Visas are usually granted for specific employment or family reunification

IMMIGRATION POLICIES of HOST COUNTRIES

• Two policies used by host countries to control arrival of foreigners seeking work:

1. Quota system2. Temporary Work

QUOTA LAWS• Quota Act (1921)• National Origins Act (1924)

– These two remained relatively unchanged until the 1960s

– European bias ????– Led to a decline in immigration

• By 1965 national quotas were replaced with “hemisphere” quotas

• Hemisphere quotas were replaced by global quotas in 1978 – Congress has set preferences (why?) a. Family reunification b. Skilled workers c. Diversity

---- do quotas apply to refugees?

BRAIN DRAIN

• Effects of U.S. immigration policies on countries with a lot of emigrants – Some are unhappy that

they are losing this “brain power” to Europe and the U.S.

• Should the U.S. care?

PBS: DESTINATION AMERICA

• use the resources from this site

• order this dvd

CHARACTERISTICS OF UNAUTHORIZED IMMIGRANTS

• 58% are from Mexico, where are the rest from?

• about 1% are children; those born in the U.S. are legal citizens

• 35% of adult UIs have resided in the U.S. for 15 years or more; an increase over previous years

• make up about 5% of the U.S. labor force (what types of jobs)?

• California and Texas have the largest number of UIs, Nevada has the largest percentage

• California video from Frontline

U.S./MEXICO BORDER• border is almost 2,000 miles long

• guarded by guards and a barrier

• passes through small and big towns

• role of the U.S.-Mexican International Boundary and Water Commission

• View of America?

• View of Mexico?

• Raid video from Frontline

• Crimes on the border video from Frontline

Most unauthorized immigrants in the United States are from Mexico

A fence separates Tecate, Mexico (right), from Tecate, California (left)

ATTITUDES TOWARDS IMMIGRANTS

• Americans and Europeans have mixed feelings– U.S. - main concern is

about unauthorized immigration

– Europe - main concern is about cultural diversity

– Muslim Women in Australia vid

• Ravenstein's characteristics of immigrants

1. most long-distance migrants are male 2. most long-distance migrants are adults travelling alone

CONCERNS ABOUT IMMIGRATION

UNITED STATES• you are responsible for page

101

EUROPE• you are responsible for

pages102-103

Demonstrations supporting (left) tighter immigration controls and (right) more rights for immigrants

Migration Flows Within Europe – the largest flows are from Poland to Germany and from Romania to Spain

CULTURAL PROBLEMS FACED WHILE LIVING IN OTHER COUNTRIES

Type 1: List 5- 10 problems you think you would face if you were an

immigrant (forced or voluntary) in another country.

CULTURAL PROBLEMS FACED WHILE LIVING IN OTHER COUNTRIES

U.S. Attitudes toward Immigrants

• 19th century – immigrants were often viewed with suspicion but helped settle new territories and extend U.S. control

• Opposition increased in early 20th century as the frontier “closed”

• Recent issues about things such as allowing/denying undocumented immigrants access to public services such as schools, day-care centers, health clinics…

Europe & Guest Workers

• Isolated (usually arrive alone, send most money back home, experience language & cultural barriers)

• Some natives dislike/fear guest workers (why?)

• Recent efforts in Europe and ME to reduce the # of guest workers due to lower economic growth

• Troubles in Fiji?

Chapter 03: Review

a) Sub-Saharan Africa.b) Eastern Europe.c) Central America.d) Iberia.e) Southeast Asia.

The largest number of internal refugees are found in

a) Sub-Saharan Africa.b) Eastern Europe.c) Central America.d) Iberia.e) Southeast Asia.

The largest number of internal refugees are found in

Explanation:Figure 3-25 graphically portrays the magnitude of internal displacement in Africa.

a) Southeast Asiab) West Africac) Siberiad) South Americae) Middle East and Southwest Asia

Which region has the greatest number of international refugees?

a) Southeast Asiab) West Africac) Siberiad) South Americae) Middle East and Southwest Asia

Which region has the greatest number of international refugees?

Explanation:FIGURE 3-25 graphically portrays the magnitude of international displacement in Palestine and Afghanistan.

a) international migration.b) intraregional migration.c) interregional migration.d) forced migration.e) net migration.

Moving from San Francisco to Iowa would be considered

a) international migration.b) intraregional migration.c) interregional migration.d) forced migration.e) net migration.

Moving from San Francisco to Iowa would be considered

Explanation:Moving from one region to another—the West Coast to the Midwest—is an interregional migration.

a) North America.b) South America.c) Africa.d) Asia.e) Europe.

Globally, the largest source of international migrants is

a) North America.b) South America.c) Africa.d) Asia.e) Europe.

Globally, the largest source of international migrants is

Explanation:Asia sends the largest number of migrants globally. The flow of migrants is predominantly from less-developed countries to Europe and North America.

a) Australia.b) China. c) Germany.d) Japan.e) the United States.

Globally, the most likely destination of international migrants is

a) Australia.b) China. c) Germany.d) Japan.e) the United States.

Globally, the most likely destination of international migrants is

Explanation:The United States attracts the majority of immigrants. Other destinations include: Australia, Canada, France, and Germany.

a) 1880sb) 1930sc) 1950sd) 1970se) 1990s

In which decade was immigration into the United States the lowest?

a) 1880sb) 1930sc) 1950sd) 1970se) 1990s

In which decade was immigration into the United States the lowest?

Explanation:Immigration to the United States declined due to restrictive legislation and the global economic depression.

a) Chinab) Indiac) Japand) Philippinese) South Korea

Which country has been the largest source of immigrants from Asia to the United States over the last two decades?

a) Chinab) Indiac) Japand) Philippinese) South Korea

Which country has been the largest source of immigrants from Asia to the United States over the last two decades?

Explanation:India has sent 65,000 immigrants to the United States.

a) Canada.b) Caribbean.c) China.d) Germany.e) Mexico.

The greatest number of undocumented immigrants in the United States come from

a) Canada.b) Caribbean.c) China.d) Germany.e) Mexico.

The greatest number of undocumented immigrants in the United States come from

Explanation:It is estimated that 9.3 million undocumented individuals entered the U.S. in 2007. 5.3 million were from Mexico.

a) economic pull factors; environmental push factorsb) environmental push factors; cultural pull factors c) cultural pull factors; environmental push factorsd) economic pull factors; cultural push factorse) economic push factors; environmental pull factors

People in the Soviet Union voluntarily migrated to the Far North because of _________, but many of the migrants left the Far North less than a year later because of _____________.

a) economic pull factors; environmental push factorsb) environmental push factors; cultural pull factors c) cultural pull factors; environmental push factorsd) economic pull factors; cultural push factorse) economic push factors; environmental pull factors

People in the Soviet Union voluntarily migrated to the Far North because of _________, but many of the migrants left the Far North less than a year later because of _____________.

Explanation:High wages enticed people to move and the long, cold winters made them want to return home.

a) 1810sb) 1830sc) 1850sd) 1920se) 1950s

Which decade witnessed the least movement of the United States’ center of population?

a) 1810sb) 1830sc) 1850sd) 1920se) 1950s

Which decade witnessed the least movement of the United States’ center of population?

Explanation:Restrictive immigration legislation and the onset of the Great Depression resulted in fewer people moving west than in previous decades.

a) 1950sb) 1960sc) 1970sd) 1980se) 1990s

In which decade has the lowest percentage of Americans moved?

a) 1950sb) 1960sc) 1970sd) 1980se) 1990s

In which decade has the lowest percentage of Americans moved?

Explanation:Americans are choosing to move less these days because more Americans are homeowners and fewer families have only a single income.

a) Northeast and Midwestb) Northeast and Westc) Midwest and Southd) South and Northeaste) South and West

Which two regions of the country have had the most out-migration in the last 30 years?

a) Northeast and Midwestb) Northeast and Westc) Midwest and Southd) South and Northeaste) South and West

Which two regions of the country have had the most out-migration in the last 30 years?

Explanation:A lot of people have left the “rust belt” and relocated to the “sun belt.”