chapter 3 calculations with chemical formulas and equations hstmr. watson
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 3Chapter 3
Calculations with
Chemical Formulas
and Equations
HST Mr. Watson
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Mr. Watson HST
Molar MassMolar Mass
Sum
atomic masses
represented by formula
atomic masses => gaw
molar mass => MM
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Mr. Watson HST
One Mole of each SubstanceOne Mole of each Substance
Clockwise from top left:1-Octanol, C8H17OH;Mercury(II) iodide, HgI2;Methanol, CH3OH; andSulfur, S8.
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Mr. Watson HST
ExampleExample
What is the molar mass of ethanol, C2H5OH?
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Mr. Watson HST
ExampleExample
What is the molar mass of ethanol, C2H5O1H1?
MM = 2(gaw)C + (5 + 1)(gaw)H + 1(gaw)O
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Mr. Watson HST
ExampleExample
What is the molar mass of ethanol, C2H5OH?
MM = 2(gaw)C + (5 + 1)(gaw)H + 1(gaw)O
= 2(12.011)C + 6(1.00794)H + 1(15.9994)O
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Mr. Watson HST
ExampleExample
What is the molar mass of ethanol, C2H5OH?
MM = 2(gaw)C + (5 + 1)(gaw)H + 1(gaw)O
= 2(12.011)C + 6(1.00794)H + 1(15.9994)O
= 46.069 g/mol
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Mr. Watson HST
The MoleThe Mole
a unit of measurement, quantity of matter present
Avogadro’s Number6.022 x 1023 particles
Latin for “pile”
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Mr. Watson HST
ExampleExample
How many moles of carbon dioxide molecules are there in 10.00g of carbon dioxide?
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Mr. Watson HST
ExampleExample
How many moles of carbon dioxide molecules are there in 10.00g of carbon dioxide?
MM = 1(gaw)C + 2(gaw)O = 44.01 g/mol
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Mr. Watson HST
ExampleExample
How many moles of carbon dioxide molecules are there in 10.00g of carbon dioxide?
MM = 1(gaw)C + 2(gaw)O = 44.01 g/mol
#mol CO2
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Mr. Watson HST
ExampleExample
How many moles of carbon dioxide molecules are there in 10.00g of carbon dioxide?
MM = 1(gaw)C + 2(gaw)O = 44.01 g/mol
#mol CO2 = (10.00g)
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Mr. Watson HST
ExampleExample
How many moles of carbon dioxide molecules are there in 10.00g of carbon dioxide?
MM = 1(gaw)C + 2(gaw)O = 44.01 g/mol
#mol CO2 = (10.00g)(1 mol/44.01g)
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Mr. Watson HST
ExampleExample
How many moles of carbon dioxide molecules are there in 10.00g of carbon dioxide?
MM = 1(gaw)C + 2(gaw)O = 44.01 g/mol
#mol CO2 = (10.00g)(1 mol/44.01g)
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Mr. Watson HST
ExampleExample
How many moles of carbon dioxide molecules are there in 10.00g of carbon dioxide?
MM = 1(gaw)C + 2(gaw)O = 44.01 g/mol
#mol CO2 = (10.00)(1 mol/44.01)
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Mr. Watson HST
ExampleExample
How many moles of carbon dioxide molecules are there in 10.00g of carbon dioxide?
MM = 1(gaw)C + 2(gaw)O = 44.01 g/mol
#mol CO2 = (10.00)(1 mol/44.01)
= 0.2272 mol
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Mr. Watson HST
Combustion AnalysisCombustion Analysis
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Mr. Watson HST
Percentage CompositionPercentage Composition
description of a compound based on the relative amounts of each element in the compound
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Mr. Watson HST
EXAMPLE:EXAMPLE: What is the percent What is the percent composition of chloroform, composition of chloroform, CCHHClCl33, a , a substance once used as an anesthetic?substance once used as an anesthetic?
MM = 1(gaw)C + 1(gaw)H + 3(gaw)Cl
= (12.011 + 1.00797 + 3*35.453)amu
= 119.377amu
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Mr. Watson HST
EXAMPLE:EXAMPLE: What is the percent What is the percent composition of chloroform, composition of chloroform, CCHClHCl33, a , a substance once used as an anesthetic?substance once used as an anesthetic?
MM = 1(gaw)C + 1(gaw)H + 3(gaw)Cl
= (12.011 + 1.00797 + 3*35.453)amu
= 119.377amu
1(gaw)%C = ------------ X 100
MM
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Mr. Watson HST
EXAMPLE:EXAMPLE: What is the percent What is the percent composition of chloroform, CHClcomposition of chloroform, CHCl33, a , a substance once used as an anesthetic?substance once used as an anesthetic?
MM = 1(gaw)C + 1(gaw)H + 3(gaw)Cl
= (12.011 + 1.00797 + 3*35.453)amu
= 119.377amu 1(gaw)
%C = ------------ X 100 MM
1(12.011)%C = -------------- X 100 = 10.061% C
119.377
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Mr. Watson HST
EXAMPLE:EXAMPLE: What is the percent What is the percent composition of chloroform, Ccomposition of chloroform, CHHClCl33, a , a substance once used as an anesthetic?substance once used as an anesthetic?
MM = 1(gaw)C + 1(gaw)H + 3(gaw)Cl
= (12.011 + 1.00797 + 3*35.453)amu
= 119.377amu
1(1.00797)%H = ---------------- X 100 = 0.844359% H
119.377
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Mr. Watson HST
EXAMPLE:EXAMPLE: What is the percent What is the percent composition of chloroform, CHcomposition of chloroform, CHClCl33, a , a substance once used as an anesthetic?substance once used as an anesthetic?
MM = 1(gaw)C + 1(gaw)H + 3(gaw)Cl
= (12.011 + 1.00797 + 3*35.453)amu
= 119.377amu
3(35.453)%Cl = -------------- X 100 = 89.095% Cl
119.377
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Mr. Watson HST
EXAMPLE:EXAMPLE: What is the percent What is the percent composition of chloroform, CHClcomposition of chloroform, CHCl33, a , a substance once used as an anesthetic?substance once used as an anesthetic?MM = 1(gaw)C + 1(gaw)H + 3(gaw)Cl
= 119.377amu
%C = 10.061% C
%H = 0.844359% H
%Cl = 89.095% Cl
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Mr. Watson HST
Simplest (Empirical) FormulaSimplest (Empirical) Formula
formula describing a substance based on the smallest set of subscripts
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Mr. Watson HST
Acetylene, C2H2, and benzene, C6H6, have the same empirical formula. Is the correct empirical formula:
C2H2
CH
C6H6
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Mr. Watson HST
EXAMPLE:EXAMPLE: A white compound is formed A white compound is formed when phosphorus burns in air. Analysis when phosphorus burns in air. Analysis shows that the compound is composed of shows that the compound is composed of 43.7% P43.7% P and and 56.3% O56.3% O by mass. What is by mass. What is the empirical formula of the compound?the empirical formula of the compound?
Relative Number of Atoms
Element % (%/gaw)
P 43.7 43.7/30.97 = 1.41
O 56.3 56.3/15.9994 = 3.52
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Mr. Watson HST
EXAMPLE:EXAMPLE: A white compound is formed A white compound is formed when phosphorus burns in air. Analysis when phosphorus burns in air. Analysis shows that the compound is composed of shows that the compound is composed of 43.7% P43.7% P and and 56.3% O56.3% O by mass. What is by mass. What is the empirical formula of the compound?the empirical formula of the compound?
Relative Number of Atoms
Element % (%/gaw) Divide by Smaller
P 43.7 43.7/30.97 = 1.41 1.41/1.41 = 1.00
O 56.3 56.3/15.9994 = 3.52 3.52/1.41 = 2.50
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Mr. Watson HST
EXAMPLE:EXAMPLE: A white compound is formed A white compound is formed when phosphorus burns in air. Analysis when phosphorus burns in air. Analysis shows that the compound is composed of shows that the compound is composed of 43.7% P43.7% P and and 56.3% O56.3% O by mass. What is by mass. What is the empirical formula of the compound?the empirical formula of the compound?
Relative Number of Atoms Multiply
% (%/gaw) Divide by Smaller by Integer
P 43.7 43.7/30.97 = 1.41 1.41/1.41 = 1.00 2*1.00 => 2
O 56.3 56.3/15.9994 = 3.52 3.52/1.41 = 2.50 2*2.50 => 5
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Mr. Watson HST
EXAMPLE:EXAMPLE: A white compound is formed A white compound is formed when phosphorus burns in air. Analysis when phosphorus burns in air. Analysis shows that the compound is composed of shows that the compound is composed of 43.7% P43.7% P and and 56.3% O56.3% O by mass. What is by mass. What is the empirical formula of the compound?the empirical formula of the compound?
Relative Number of Atoms Multiply
% (%/gaw) Divide by Smaller by Integer
P 43.7 43.7/30.97 = 1.41 1.41/1.41 = 1.00 2*1.00 => 2
O 56.3 56.3/15.9994 = 3.52 3.52/1.41 = 2.50 2*2.50 => 5
Empirical Formula => P2O5
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Mr. Watson HST
EXAMPLE:EXAMPLE: A sample of a brown-colored A sample of a brown-colored gas that is a major air pollutant is found to gas that is a major air pollutant is found to contain contain 2.34 g of N2.34 g of N and and 5.34 g of O5.34 g of O. What . What is the empirical formula of the compound?is the empirical formula of the compound?
2.34 %N = ----------------- X 100 = 30.5% N 2.34 + 5.34
5.34%O = ----------------- X 100 = 69.5% O 2.34 + 5.34
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Mr. Watson HST
EXAMPLE:EXAMPLE: A sample of a brown-colored A sample of a brown-colored gas that is a major air pollutant is found to gas that is a major air pollutant is found to contain contain 2.34 g of N2.34 g of N and and 5.34 g of O5.34 g of O. What . What is the empirical formula of the compound?is the empirical formula of the compound?%N = 30.5% N%N = 30.5% N %O = 69.5% O%O = 69.5% O
Relative # Atoms
Element % (%/gaw)
N 30.5 30.5/14.0067 = 2.18
O 69.5 69.5/15.9994 = 4.34
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Mr. Watson HST
EXAMPLE:EXAMPLE: A sample of a brown-colored A sample of a brown-colored gas that is a major air pollutant is found to gas that is a major air pollutant is found to contain contain 2.34 g of N2.34 g of N and and 5.34 g of O5.34 g of O. What . What is the empirical formula of the compound?is the empirical formula of the compound?
%N = 30.5% N %O = 69.5% O
Relative # Atoms
% (%/gaw) Divide by Smaller
N 30.5 30.5/14.0067 = 2.18 2.18/2.18 = 1.00
O 69.5 69.5/15.9994 = 4.34 4.34/2.18 = 1.99
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Mr. Watson HST
EXAMPLE:EXAMPLE: A sample of a brown-colored A sample of a brown-colored gas that is a major air pollutant is found to gas that is a major air pollutant is found to contain contain 2.34 g of N2.34 g of N and and 5.34 g of O5.34 g of O. What . What is the empirical formula of the compound?is the empirical formula of the compound?
%N = 30.5% N %O = 69.5% O Relative # Atoms Multiply
% (%/gaw) Divide by Smaller by Integer
N 30.5 30.5/14.0067 = 2.18 2.18/2.18 = 1.00 1*1.00=>1
O 69.5 69.5/15.9994 = 4.34 4.34/2.18 = 1.99 1*1.99=>2
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Mr. Watson HST
EXAMPLE:EXAMPLE: A sample of a brown-colored A sample of a brown-colored gas that is a major air pollutant is found to gas that is a major air pollutant is found to contain contain 2.34 g of N2.34 g of N and and 5.34 g of O5.34 g of O. What . What is the empirical formula of the compound?is the empirical formula of the compound?
%N = 30.5% N %O = 69.5% O Relative # Atoms Multiply
% (%/gaw) Divide by Smaller by Integer
N 30.5 30.5/14.0067 = 2.18 2.18/2.18 = 1.00 1*1.00=>1
O 69.5 69.5/15.9994 = 4.34 4.34/2.18 = 1.99 1*1.99=>2
Empirical Formula => NO2
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Mr. Watson HST
Molecular FormulaMolecular Formula
the exact proportions of the elements that are formed in a molecule
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Mr. Watson HST
Molecular Formula from Molecular Formula from Simplest FormulaSimplest Formula
empirical formula => EF
molecular formula => MF
MF = X * EF
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Mr. Watson HST
Molecular Formula from Molecular Formula from Simplest FormulaSimplest Formula
formula mass => FM
sum of the atomic weights represented by the formula
molar mass = MM = X * FM
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Mr. Watson HST
Molecular Formula from Molecular Formula from Simplest FormulaSimplest Formula
first, knowing MM and FM
X = MM/FM
then
MF = X * EF
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Mr. Watson HST
EXAMPLE:EXAMPLE: A colorless liquid used in A colorless liquid used in rocket engines, whose empirical formula rocket engines, whose empirical formula is NOis NO22, has a , has a molar mass of 92.0molar mass of 92.0. What is . What is the molecular formula?the molecular formula?
FM = 1(gaw)N + 2(gaw)O = 46.0
MM 92.0X = ------- = -------- = 2 FM 46.0
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Mr. Watson HST
EXAMPLE:EXAMPLE: A colorless liquid used in A colorless liquid used in rocket engines, whose empirical formula rocket engines, whose empirical formula is NOis NO22, has a molar mass of 92.0. What is , has a molar mass of 92.0. What is the molecular formula?the molecular formula?
FM = 1(gaw)N + 2(gaw)O = 46.0
MM 92.0X = ------- = -------- = 2 FM 46.0
thus MF = 2 * EF
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Mr. Watson HST
What is the correct molecular formula for this colorless liquid rocket fuel?
2NO
NO
N2O4
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Mr. Watson HST
StoichiometryStoichiometry
stoi·chi·om·e·try noun1. Calculation of the quantities of
reactants and products in a chemical reaction.
2. The quantitative relationship between reactants and products in a chemical reaction.
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Mr. Watson HST
The Mole and Chemical The Mole and Chemical Reactions:Reactions:
The Macro-Nano ConnectionThe Macro-Nano Connection2 H2 + O2 -----> 2 H2O
2 H2 molecules 1 O2 molecule 2 H2O molecules
2 H2 moles molecules 1 O2 mole molecules 2 H2O moles molecules
4 g H2 32 g O2 36 g H2O
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Mr. Watson HST
EXAMPLEEXAMPLE
How much H2O, in moles results from burning an excess of H2 in 3.3 moles of O2?
H2 + O2 -----> H2O
2 H2 + O2 -----> 2 H2O
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Mr. Watson HST
EXAMPLEEXAMPLE
How much H2O, in moles results from burning an excess of H2 in 3.3 moles of O2?
H2 + O2 -----> H2O
2 H2 + O2 -----> 2 H2O (3.3 mol O2) (2 mol H2O)
#mol H2O = ------------------------------------ (1 mol O2)
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Mr. Watson HST
EXAMPLEEXAMPLE
How much H2O, in moles results from burning an excess of H2 in 3.3 moles of O2?
H2 + O2 -----> H2O
2 H2 + O2 -----> 2 H2O (3.3 mol O2) (2 mol H2O)
#mol H2O = ------------------------------------ (1 mol O2)
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Mr. Watson HST
EXAMPLEEXAMPLE
How much H2O, in moles results from burning an excess of H2 in 3.3 moles of O2?
H2 + O2 -----> H2O
2 H2 + O2 -----> 2 H2O (3.3) (2 mol H2O)
#mol H2O = ------------------------ = 6.6 mol H2O (1)
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Mr. Watson HST
Combination ReactionCombination Reaction
PbNO3(aq) + K2CrO4(aq) PbCrO4(s) + 2 KNO3(aq)
Colorless yellow yellow colorless
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Mr. Watson HST
Stoichiometric RoadmapStoichiometric Roadmap
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Mr. Watson HST
EXAMPLEEXAMPLE How much iron(III) oxide How much iron(III) oxide and aluminum powder are required to and aluminum powder are required to field weld the ends of two rails together? field weld the ends of two rails together?
Assume that the rail is 132 lb/yard and that one inch of the rails will be covered by an additional 10% mass of iron.
http://www.cbu.edu/~mcondren/Demos/Thermite-Welding.ppt
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Mr. Watson HST
EXAMPLEEXAMPLE How much iron(III) oxide How much iron(III) oxide and aluminum powder are required to and aluminum powder are required to field weld the ends of two rails together? field weld the ends of two rails together?
Assume that the rail is 132 lb/yard and that one inch of the rails will be covered by an additional 10% mass of iron.
The mass of iron in 1 inch of this rail is:
#g/in = (132 #/yard) (1 yard/36 in) (454 g/#)
= 1.67 X 103 g/in
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Mr. Watson HST
EXAMPLEEXAMPLE How much iron(III) oxide How much iron(III) oxide and aluminum powder are required to and aluminum powder are required to field weld the ends of two rails together? field weld the ends of two rails together? Assume that the rail is 132 lb/yard and that
one inch of the rails will be covered by an additional 10% mass of iron.
The mass of iron in 1 inch of this rail is:#g/in = (132) (1/36 in) (454 g)
= 1.67 X 103 g/inThe mass of iron in a weld adding 10% mass:
#g = (1.67 X 103 g) (0.10) = 167 g
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Mr. Watson HST
EXAMPLEEXAMPLE How much iron(III) oxide and How much iron(III) oxide and
aluminum powder are required to field weld the ends of aluminum powder are required to field weld the ends of two rails together? Assume that the rail is 132 lb/yard two rails together? Assume that the rail is 132 lb/yard and that one inch of the rails will be covered by an and that one inch of the rails will be covered by an additonal additonal 10% mass of iron.10% mass of iron.
The mass of iron in 1 inch of this rail is:
#g/in = (132 #/yard) (1 yard/36 in) (454 g/#)
= 1.67 X 103 g/in
The mass of iron in a weld adding 10% mass:
#g = (1.67 X 103 g) (0.10) = 167 g
Balanced chemical equation:
Fe2O3 + 2 Al ---> 2 Fe + Al2O3
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Mr. Watson HST
EXAMPLEEXAMPLE How much iron(III) oxide and How much iron(III) oxide and
aluminum powder are required to field weld the ends of aluminum powder are required to field weld the ends of two rails together? Assume that the rail is 132 lb/yard two rails together? Assume that the rail is 132 lb/yard and that one inch of the rails will be covered by an and that one inch of the rails will be covered by an additonal additonal 10% mass of iron.10% mass of iron.
The mass of iron in 1 inch of this rail is:
#g/in = (132 #/yard) (1 yard/36 in) (454 g/#)
= 1.67 X 103 g/in
The mass of iron in a weld adding 10% mass:
#g = (1.67 X 103 g) (0.10) = 167 g
Balanced chemical equation:
Fe2O3 + 2 Al ---> 2 Fe + Al2O3
What mass of Fe2O3 is required for the thermite process?
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Mr. Watson HST
EXAMPLEEXAMPLE How much iron(III) oxide and How much iron(III) oxide and
aluminum powder are required to field weld the ends of aluminum powder are required to field weld the ends of two rails together? Assume that the rail is 132 lb/yard two rails together? Assume that the rail is 132 lb/yard and that one inch of the rails will be covered by an and that one inch of the rails will be covered by an additonal additonal 10% mass of iron.10% mass of iron.
The mass of iron in a weld adding 10% mass:
#g = (1.67 X 103 g) (0.10) = 167 g
Balanced chemical equation:
Fe2O3 + 2 Al ---> 2 Fe + Al2O3
What mass of Fe2O3 is required for the thermite process?
(1 mol Fe) (1 mol Fe2O3) (159.7 g Fe2O3)#g Fe2O3 = (167 g Fe) * -------------------------------------------------------
(55.85 g Fe) (2 mol Fe) (1 mol Fe2O3)
= 238 g Fe2O3
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Mr. Watson HST
EXAMPLEEXAMPLE How much iron(III) oxide and How much iron(III) oxide and
aluminum powder are required to field weld the ends of aluminum powder are required to field weld the ends of two rails together? Assume that the rail is 132 lb/yard two rails together? Assume that the rail is 132 lb/yard and that one inch of the rails will be covered by an and that one inch of the rails will be covered by an additonal additonal 10% mass of iron.10% mass of iron.
The mass of iron in a weld adding 10% mass: #g Fe = 167 g Fe
Balanced chemical equation:
Fe2O3 + 2 Al ---> 2 Fe + Al2O3
What mass of Fe2O3 is required for the thermite process?#g Fe2O3 = 238 g Fe2O3
What mass of Al is required for the thermite process?
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Mr. Watson HST
EXAMPLEEXAMPLE How much iron(III) oxide and How much iron(III) oxide and
aluminum powder are required to field weld the ends of aluminum powder are required to field weld the ends of two rails together? Assume that the rail is 132 lb/yard two rails together? Assume that the rail is 132 lb/yard and that one inch of the rails will be covered by an and that one inch of the rails will be covered by an additonal additonal 10% mass of iron.10% mass of iron.The mass of iron in a weld adding 10% mass: #g Fe = 167 g Fe
Balanced chemical equation:Fe2O3 + 2 Al ---> 2 Fe + Al2O3
What mass of Fe2O3 is required for the thermite process?#g Fe2O3 = 238 g Fe2O3
What mass of Al is required for the thermite process? (1 mol Fe) (2 mol Al) (26.9815 g Al)
#g Al = (167 g Fe) * ----------------------------------------------- (55.85 g Fe) (2 mol Fe) (1 mol Al)= 80.6 g Al
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Mr. Watson HST
EXAMPLEEXAMPLE How much iron(III) oxide and How much iron(III) oxide and
aluminum powder are required to field weld the ends of aluminum powder are required to field weld the ends of two rails together? Assume that the rail is 132 lb/yard two rails together? Assume that the rail is 132 lb/yard and that one inch of the rails will be covered by an and that one inch of the rails will be covered by an additonal additonal 10% mass of iron.10% mass of iron.
The mass of iron in a weld adding 10% mass:
#g Fe = 167 g Fe
#g Fe2O3 = 238 g Fe2O3
#g Al = 80.6 g Al
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Mr. Watson HST
Limiting ReactantLimiting Reactant
reactant that limits the amount of product that can be produced
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Mr. Watson HST
EXAMPLEEXAMPLE
What is the number of moles of Fe(OH)3 (S) that can be produced by allowing 1.0 mol Fe2S3, 2.0 mol H2O, and 3.0 mol O2 to react?
2Fe2S3(S) + 6H2O(l) + 3O2(g) -----> 4Fe(OH)3(S) + 6S(S)
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Mr. Watson HST
EXAMPLEEXAMPLE
What is the number of moles of Fe(OH)3 (S) that can be produced by allowing 1.0 mol Fe2S3, 2.0 mol H2O, and 3.0 mol O2 to react?
2Fe2S3(S) + 6H2O(l) + 3O2(g) -----> 4Fe(OH)3(S) + 6S(S)
balanced equation relates:
2Fe2S3(S) <=> 6H2O(l) <=> 3O2(g)
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Mr. Watson HST
EXAMPLEEXAMPLE
What is the number of moles of Fe(OH)3 (S) that can be produced by allowing 1.0 mol Fe2S3, 2.0 mol H2O, and 3.0 mol O2 to react?
2Fe2S3(S) + 6H2O(l) + 3O2(g) -----> 4Fe(OH)3(S) + 6S(S)
balanced equation relates:
2Fe2S3(S) <=> 6H2O(l) <=> 3O2(g)
have only:
1Fe2S3(S) <=> 2H2O(l) <=> 3O2(g)
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Mr. Watson HST
EXAMPLE EXAMPLE What is the number of What is the number of moles of Fe(OH)moles of Fe(OH)3 (S)3 (S) that can be produced that can be produced by allowing 1.0 mol Feby allowing 1.0 mol Fe22SS33, 2.0 mol H, 2.0 mol H22O, O, and 3.0 mol Oand 3.0 mol O22 to react? to react?2Fe2S3(S) + 6H2O(l) + 3O2(g) -----> 4Fe(OH)3(S) + 6S(S)
balanced equation relates:2Fe2S3(S) <=> 6H2O(l) <=> 3O2(g)
have only:1Fe2S3(S) <=> 2H2O(l) <=> 3O2(g)
not enough H2O to use all Fe2S3
plenty of O2
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Mr. Watson HST
EXAMPLE EXAMPLE What is the number of What is the number of moles of Fe(OH)moles of Fe(OH)3 (S)3 (S) that can be produced that can be produced by allowing by allowing 1.0 mol Fe1.0 mol Fe22SS33, 2.0 mol H, 2.0 mol H22O, O, and 3.0 mol Oand 3.0 mol O22 to react? to react?
2Fe2S3(S) + 6H2O(l) + 3O2(g) -----> 4Fe(OH)3(S) + 6S(S)
if use all Fe2S3:
(1.0 mol Fe2S3) (4 mol Fe(OH)3)
#mol Fe(OH)3 = ------------------------------------------ (2 mol Fe2S3)
= 2.0 mol Fe(OH)3
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Mr. Watson HST
EXAMPLE: EXAMPLE: What is the number of What is the number of moles of Fe(OH)moles of Fe(OH)3 (S)3 (S) that can be produced that can be produced by allowing 1.0 mol Feby allowing 1.0 mol Fe22SS33, , 2.0 mol H2.0 mol H22OO, , and 3.0 mol Oand 3.0 mol O22 to react? to react?
2Fe2S3(S) + 6H2O(l) + 3O2(g) -----> 4Fe(OH)3(S) + 6S(S)
if use all H2O:
(2.0 mol H2O) (4 mol Fe(OH)3) #mol Fe(OH)3 = -----------------------------------------
(6 mol H2O)= 1.3 mol Fe(OH)3
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Mr. Watson HST
EXAMPLE: EXAMPLE: What is the number of What is the number of moles of Fe(OH)moles of Fe(OH)3 (S)3 (S) that can be produced that can be produced by allowing 1.0 mol Feby allowing 1.0 mol Fe22SS33, 2.0 mol H, 2.0 mol H22O, O, and and 3.0 mol O3.0 mol O22 to react? to react?2Fe2S3(S) + 6H2O(l) + 3O2(g) -----> 4Fe(OH)3(S) + 6S(S)
if use all O2
(3.0 mol O2) (4 mol Fe(OH)3) #mol Fe(OH)3 = ---------------------------------------
(3 mol O2)
= 4.0 mol Fe(OH)3
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Mr. Watson HST
EXAMPLE: EXAMPLE: What is the number of What is the number of moles of Fe(OH)moles of Fe(OH)3 (S)3 (S) that can be produced that can be produced by allowing by allowing 1.0 mol Fe1.0 mol Fe22SS33, , 2.0 mol H2.0 mol H22OO, , and and 3.0 mol O3.0 mol O22 to react? to react?
2Fe2S3(S) + 6H2O(l) + 3O2(g) -----> 4Fe(OH)3(S) + 6S(S)
1.0 mol Fe2S3 => 2.0 mol Fe(OH)3
2.0 mol H2O => 1.3 mol Fe(OH)3
3.0 mol O2 => 4.0 mol Fe(OH)3
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Mr. Watson HST
EXAMPLE: EXAMPLE: What is the number of What is the number of moles of Fe(OH)moles of Fe(OH)3 (S)3 (S) that can be produced that can be produced by allowing by allowing 1.0 mol Fe1.0 mol Fe22SS33, , 2.0 mol H2.0 mol H22OO, , and and 3.0 mol O3.0 mol O22 to react? to react?
2Fe2S3(S) + 6H2O(l) + 3O2(g) -----> 4Fe(OH)3(S) + 6S(S)
1.0 mol Fe2S3 => 2.0 mol Fe(OH)3
2.0 mol H2O => 1.3 mol Fe(OH)3
3.0 mol O2 => 4.0 mol Fe(OH)3
Since 2.0 mol H2O will produce only 1.3 mol Fe(OH)3, then H2O is the limiting reactant. Thus the correct number of moles of Fe(OH)3 is 1.33 moles.
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Mr. Watson HST
EXAMPLE: EXAMPLE: What is the number of What is the number of moles of Fe(OH)moles of Fe(OH)3 (S)3 (S) that can be produced that can be produced by allowing by allowing 1.0 mol Fe1.0 mol Fe22SS33, , 2.0 mol H2.0 mol H22OO, , and and 3.0 mol O3.0 mol O22 to react? to react?
2Fe2S3(S) + 6H2O(l) + 3O2(g) -----> 4Fe(OH)3(S) + 6S(S)
1.0 mol Fe2S3 => 2.0 mol Fe(OH)3
2.0 mol H2O => 1.3 mol Fe(OH)3 least amount
3.0 mol O2 => 4.0 mol Fe(OH)3
Since 2.0 mol H2O will produce only 1.3 mol Fe(OH)3, then H2O is the limiting reactant.
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Mr. Watson HST
EXAMPLE: EXAMPLE: What is the number of What is the number of moles of Fe(OH)moles of Fe(OH)3 (S)3 (S) that can be produced that can be produced by allowing by allowing 1.0 mol Fe1.0 mol Fe22SS33, , 2.0 mol H2.0 mol H22OO, , and and 3.0 mol O3.0 mol O22 to react? to react?
2Fe2S3(S) + 6H2O(l) + 3O2(g) -----> 4Fe(OH)3(S) + 6S(S)
1.0 mol Fe2S3 => 2.0 mol Fe(OH)3
2.0 mol H2O => 1.3 mol Fe(OH)3 least amount
3.0 mol O2 => 4.0 mol Fe(OH)3
Since 2.0 mol H2O will produce only 1.3 mol Fe(OH)3, then H2O is the limiting reactant. Thus the maximum number of moles of Fe(OH)3 that can be produced by this reaction is 1.3 moles.
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Mr. Watson HST
Theoretical YieldTheoretical Yield
the amount of product produced by a reaction based on the amount of the limiting reactant
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Mr. Watson HST
Actual YieldActual Yield
amount of product actually produced in a reaction
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Mr. Watson HST
Percent YieldPercent Yield
actual yield% yield = --------------------- * 100 theoretical yield
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Mr. Watson HST
EXAMPLE EXAMPLE A chemical plant A chemical plant obtained 0.299 kg of 98.0% Nobtained 0.299 kg of 98.0% N22HH44 for for every 1.00 kg of Clevery 1.00 kg of Cl22 that is reacted with that is reacted with excess NaOH and NHexcess NaOH and NH33. What are the: (a) . What are the: (a) theoretical, (b) actual, and (c) percent theoretical, (b) actual, and (c) percent yield of yield of purepure N N22HH44??
2NaOH + Cl2 + 2NH3 -----> N2H4 + 2NaCl + 2H2O
(a) to calculate the theoretical yield, use the net equation for the overall process
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Mr. Watson HST
EXAMPLE EXAMPLE A chemical plant A chemical plant obtained 0.299 kg of 98.0% Nobtained 0.299 kg of 98.0% N22HH44 for for every every 1.00 kg of Cl1.00 kg of Cl22 that is reacted with that is reacted with excess NaOH and NHexcess NaOH and NH33. What are the: (a) . What are the: (a) theoretical, (b) actual, and (c) percent theoretical, (b) actual, and (c) percent yield of yield of purepure N N22HH44??2NaOH + Cl2 + 2NH3 -----> N2H4 + 2NaCl + 2H2O(a) to calculate the theoretical yield, use the net equation for
the overall process
(1.00 kg Cl2) #kg N2H4 = ---------------------
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Mr. Watson HST
EXAMPLE EXAMPLE A chemical plant A chemical plant obtained 0.299 kg of 98.0% Nobtained 0.299 kg of 98.0% N22HH44 for for every 1.00 kg of Clevery 1.00 kg of Cl22 that is reacted with that is reacted with excess NaOH and NHexcess NaOH and NH33. What are the: (a) . What are the: (a) theoretical, (b) actual, and (c) percent theoretical, (b) actual, and (c) percent yield of yield of purepure N N22HH44??2NaOH + Cl2 + 2NH3 -----> N2H4 + 2NaCl + 2H2O(a) to calculate the theoretical yield, use the net equation for
the overall process
(1.00 kg Cl2) (1000 g Cl2)#kg N2H4 = -----------------------------------
(1 kg Cl2) metric conversion
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Mr. Watson HST
EXAMPLE EXAMPLE A chemical plant A chemical plant obtained 0.299 kg of 98.0% Nobtained 0.299 kg of 98.0% N22HH44 for for every 1.00 kg of Clevery 1.00 kg of Cl22 that is reacted with that is reacted with excess NaOH and NHexcess NaOH and NH33. What are the: (a) . What are the: (a) theoretical, (b) actual, and (c) percent theoretical, (b) actual, and (c) percent yield of yield of purepure N N22HH44??2NaOH + Cl2 + 2NH3 -----> N2H4 + 2NaCl + 2H2O(a) to calculate the theoretical yield, use the net equation for
the overall process
(1.00) (1000 g Cl2) (1 mol Cl2) #kg N2H4 = -----------------------------------------
(1) (70.9 g Cl2) molar mass
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Mr. Watson HST
EXAMPLE EXAMPLE A chemical plant A chemical plant obtained 0.299 kg of 98.0% Nobtained 0.299 kg of 98.0% N22HH44 for for every 1.00 kg of Clevery 1.00 kg of Cl22 that is reacted with that is reacted with excess NaOH and NHexcess NaOH and NH33. What are the: (a) . What are the: (a) theoretical, (b) actual, and (c) percent theoretical, (b) actual, and (c) percent yield of yield of purepure N N22HH44??2NaOH + Cl2 + 2NH3 -----> N2H4 + 2NaCl + 2H2O(a) to calculate the theoretical yield, use the net equation for
the overall process
(1.00)(1000)(1 mol Cl2) #kg N2H4 = -----------------------------------------
(1)(70.9)
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Mr. Watson HST
EXAMPLE EXAMPLE A chemical plant A chemical plant obtained 0.299 kg of 98.0% Nobtained 0.299 kg of 98.0% N22HH44 for for every 1.00 kg of Clevery 1.00 kg of Cl22 that is reacted with that is reacted with excess NaOH and NHexcess NaOH and NH33. What are the: (a) . What are the: (a) theoretical, (b) actual, and (c) percent theoretical, (b) actual, and (c) percent yield of yield of purepure N N22HH44??2NaOH + Cl2 + 2NH3 -----> N2H4 + 2NaCl + 2H2O(a) to calculate the theoretical yield, use the net equation for
the overall process
(1.00)(1000)(1 mol Cl2)(1 mol N2H4) #kg N2H4 = -------------------------------------------------
(1) (70.9) (1 mol Cl2)
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Mr. Watson HST
EXAMPLE EXAMPLE A chemical plant A chemical plant obtained 0.299 kg of 98.0% Nobtained 0.299 kg of 98.0% N22HH44 for for every 1.00 kg of Clevery 1.00 kg of Cl22 that is reacted with that is reacted with excess NaOH and NHexcess NaOH and NH33. What are the: (a) . What are the: (a) theoretical, (b) actual, and (c) percent theoretical, (b) actual, and (c) percent yield of yield of purepure N N22HH44??2NaOH + Cl2 + 2NH3 -----> N2H4 + 2NaCl + 2H2O(a) to calculate the theoretical yield, use the net equation for
the overall process
(1.00)(1000)(1)(1 mol N2H4) #kg N2H4 = -------------------------------------------------
(1) (70.9)(1)
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Mr. Watson HST
EXAMPLE EXAMPLE A chemical plant A chemical plant obtained 0.299 kg of 98.0% Nobtained 0.299 kg of 98.0% N22HH44 for for every 1.00 kg of Clevery 1.00 kg of Cl22 that is reacted with that is reacted with excess NaOH and NHexcess NaOH and NH33. What are the: (a) . What are the: (a) theoretical, (b) actual, and (c) percent theoretical, (b) actual, and (c) percent yield of yield of purepure N N22HH44??2NaOH + Cl2 + 2NH3 -----> N2H4 + 2NaCl + 2H2O(a) to calculate the theoretical yield, use the net equation for
the overall process
(1.00)(1000)(1)(1 mol N2H4) (32.0 g N2H4) #kg N2H4 = --------------------------------------------------------
(1)(70.9) (1) (1 mol N2H4)
molar mass
![Page 83: Chapter 3 Calculations with Chemical Formulas and Equations HSTMr. Watson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062304/56649f505503460f94c7399c/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Mr. Watson HST
EXAMPLE EXAMPLE A chemical plant A chemical plant obtained 0.299 kg of 98.0% Nobtained 0.299 kg of 98.0% N22HH44 for for every 1.00 kg of Clevery 1.00 kg of Cl22 that is reacted with that is reacted with excess NaOH and NHexcess NaOH and NH33. What are the: (a) . What are the: (a) theoretical, (b) actual, and (c) percent theoretical, (b) actual, and (c) percent yield of yield of purepure N N22HH44??2NaOH + Cl2 + 2NH3 -----> N2H4 + 2NaCl + 2H2O(a) to calculate the theoretical yield, use the net equation for
the overall process
(1.00)(1000)(1)(1) (32.0 g N2H4)(1 kg N2H4)#kg N2H4 = ----------------------------------------------------------
(1)(70.9)(1)(1) (1000 g N2H4)
metric conversion
![Page 84: Chapter 3 Calculations with Chemical Formulas and Equations HSTMr. Watson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062304/56649f505503460f94c7399c/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Mr. Watson HST
EXAMPLE EXAMPLE A chemical plant A chemical plant obtained 0.299 kg of 98.0% Nobtained 0.299 kg of 98.0% N22HH44 for for every 1.00 kg of Clevery 1.00 kg of Cl22 that is reacted with that is reacted with excess NaOH and NHexcess NaOH and NH33. What are the: (a) . What are the: (a) theoretical, (b) actual, and (c) percent theoretical, (b) actual, and (c) percent yield of yield of purepure N N22HH44??2NaOH + Cl2 + 2NH3 -----> N2H4 + 2NaCl + 2H2O(a) to calculate the theoretical yield, use the net equation for
the overall process(1.00)(1000)(1)(1) (32.0)(1 kg N2H4)
#kg N2H4 = ----------------------------------------------------------(1)(70.9)(1)(1)(1000)
![Page 85: Chapter 3 Calculations with Chemical Formulas and Equations HSTMr. Watson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062304/56649f505503460f94c7399c/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Mr. Watson HST
EXAMPLE EXAMPLE A chemical plant A chemical plant obtained 0.299 kg of 98.0% Nobtained 0.299 kg of 98.0% N22HH44 for for every 1.00 kg of Clevery 1.00 kg of Cl22 that is reacted with that is reacted with excess NaOH and NHexcess NaOH and NH33. What are the: (a) . What are the: (a) theoretical, (b) actual, and (c) percent theoretical, (b) actual, and (c) percent yield of yield of purepure N N22HH44??2NaOH + Cl2 + 2NH3 -----> N2H4 + 2NaCl + 2H2O(a) to calculate the theoretical yield, use the net equation for
the overall process(1.00)(1000)(1)(1) (32.0)(1 kg N2H4)
#kg N2H4 = ----------------------------------------------------------(1)(70.9)(1)(1)(1000)
= 0.451 kg N2H4
![Page 86: Chapter 3 Calculations with Chemical Formulas and Equations HSTMr. Watson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062304/56649f505503460f94c7399c/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Mr. Watson HST
EXAMPLE EXAMPLE A chemical plant A chemical plant obtained obtained 0.299 kg of 98.0% N0.299 kg of 98.0% N22HH44 for for every 1.00 kg of Clevery 1.00 kg of Cl22 that is reacted with that is reacted with excess NaOH and NHexcess NaOH and NH33. What are the: (a) . What are the: (a) theoretical, (b) actual, and (c) percent theoretical, (b) actual, and (c) percent yield of yield of purepure N N22HH44??2NaOH + Cl2 + 2NH3 -----> N2H4 + 2NaCl + 2H2O(a) theoretical yield #kg N2H4 = 0.451 kg N2H4
(b) actual yield
(0.299 kg product) # kg N2H4 = --------------------------
![Page 87: Chapter 3 Calculations with Chemical Formulas and Equations HSTMr. Watson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062304/56649f505503460f94c7399c/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Mr. Watson HST
EXAMPLE EXAMPLE A chemical plant A chemical plant obtained 0.299 kg of obtained 0.299 kg of 98.0% N98.0% N22HH44 for for every 1.00 kg of Clevery 1.00 kg of Cl22 that is reacted with that is reacted with excess NaOH and NHexcess NaOH and NH33. What are the: (a) . What are the: (a) theoretical, (b) actual, and (c) percent theoretical, (b) actual, and (c) percent yield of yield of purepure N N22HH44??2NaOH + Cl2 + 2NH3 -----> N2H4 + 2NaCl + 2H2O(a) theoretical yield #kg N2H4 = 0.451 kg N2H4
(b) actual yield (0.299 kg product) (98.0 kg N2H4)
# kg N2H4 = -------------------------------------------- (100 kg product)
purity factor
![Page 88: Chapter 3 Calculations with Chemical Formulas and Equations HSTMr. Watson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062304/56649f505503460f94c7399c/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Mr. Watson HST
EXAMPLE EXAMPLE A chemical plant A chemical plant obtained 0.299 kg of 98.0% Nobtained 0.299 kg of 98.0% N22HH44 for for every 1.00 kg of Clevery 1.00 kg of Cl22 that is reacted with that is reacted with excess NaOH and NHexcess NaOH and NH33. What are the: (a) . What are the: (a) theoretical, (b) actual, and (c) percent theoretical, (b) actual, and (c) percent yield of yield of purepure N N22HH44??2NaOH + Cl2 + 2NH3 -----> N2H4 + 2NaCl + 2H2O(a) theoretical yield #kg N2H4 = 0.451 kg N2H4
(b) actual yield (0.299 kg product) (98.0 kg N2H4)
# kg N2H4 = -------------------------------------------- (100 kg product)
= 0.293 kg N2H4
![Page 89: Chapter 3 Calculations with Chemical Formulas and Equations HSTMr. Watson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062304/56649f505503460f94c7399c/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Mr. Watson HST
EXAMPLE EXAMPLE A chemical plant A chemical plant obtained 0.299 kg of 98.0% Nobtained 0.299 kg of 98.0% N22HH44 for for every 1.00 kg of Clevery 1.00 kg of Cl22 that is reacted with that is reacted with excess NaOH and NHexcess NaOH and NH33. What are the: (a) . What are the: (a) theoretical, (b) actual, and (c) percent theoretical, (b) actual, and (c) percent yield of yield of purepure N N22HH44??2NaOH + Cl2 + 2NH3 -----> N2H4 + 2NaCl + 2H2O(a) theoretical yield #kg N2H4 = 0.451 kg N2H4
(b) actual yield # kg N2H4 = 0.293 kg N2H4
![Page 90: Chapter 3 Calculations with Chemical Formulas and Equations HSTMr. Watson](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062304/56649f505503460f94c7399c/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Mr. Watson HST
EXAMPLE EXAMPLE A chemical plant A chemical plant obtained 0.299 kg of 98.0% Nobtained 0.299 kg of 98.0% N22HH44 for for every 1.00 kg of Clevery 1.00 kg of Cl22 that is reacted with that is reacted with excess NaOH and NHexcess NaOH and NH33. What are the: (a) . What are the: (a) theoretical, (b) actual, and (c) percent theoretical, (b) actual, and (c) percent yield of yield of purepure N N22HH44??2NaOH + Cl2 + 2NH3 -----> N2H4 + 2NaCl + 2H2O(a) theoretical yield #kg N2H4 = 0.451 kg N2H4
(b) actual yield # kg N2H4 = 0.293 kg N2H4
(c) percent yield 0.293 kg
% yield = -------------- X 100 = 65.0 % yield 0.451kg