chapter 3: cells and tissues microscope lab: letter e
TRANSCRIPT
CHAPTER 3: CELLS AND TISSUES
Microscope Lab: Letter e
Anatomy of a Generalized Cell
Did you hear?!
QUIZ tomorrow on these structures
and functions!
Anatomy of a Generalized Cell: QUIZ
A.
Q.
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D.E.
F.G.
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L.M.
VOYAGE INSIDE THE CELL15 min
VOYAGE INSIDE THE CELL15 min
Cell Diversity
There are seven primary types of cells found in humans. These types are defined by what they do.
REFER to TXT Figure 3.7 pg 65 and descriptions found in text.
1. Cells that connect body parts.
A. FibroblastElongated shapeFibrousLots of Rough ERBig Golgi Complex
celleng-tech.com
www.bioch.ox.ac.uk
www.davidlnelson.md
www.footdoc.ca
Cell Diversity
There are seven primary types of cells found in humans. These types are defined by what they do.
REFER to TXT Figure 3.7 pg 65 and descriptions found in text.
1. Cells that connect body parts.
B. ErythrocyteRed blood cellsCarries oxygenConcave shape provides extra surface area to take on oxygenNo organelles
www.adamdorman.com
Cell Diversity
There are seven primary types of cells found in humans. These types are defined by what they do.
REFER to TXT Figure 3.7 pg 65 and descriptions found in text.
2. Cells that cover and line body organs.
Epithelial CellHexagonal shapePack into sheetsIntermediate filamentsResists tearing
upload.wikimedia.org
learn.hamamatsu.com
Cell Diversity
There are seven primary types of cells found in humans. These types are defined by what they do.
REFER to TXT Figure 3.7 pg 65 and descriptions found in text.
3. Cells that move organs and body parts.
A. Skeletal and Smooth muscle cells.
Elongated shapeLots of contractile filaments
www.blobs.org
Skeletal Muscle Cell
Smooth Muscle Cellclass.kmu.edu.tw
Flash:Insane Feats of Strength
Cell Diversity
There are seven primary types of cells found in humans. These types are defined by what they do.
REFER to TXT Figure 3.7 pg 65 and descriptions found in text.
4. Cells that store nutrients.
Fat Cells
Made of a cell that becomes filled with a lipid droplet.
www.blobs.org
“Empty” Cell
“Filled” Cell
Teenage Obesity 30:00 http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=9F3F8962-C7F4-49F5-8D7A-15C990C343D3&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US#
Cell Diversity
There are seven primary types of cells found in humans. These types are defined by what they do.
REFER to TXT Figure 3.7 pg 65 and descriptions found in text.
5. Cells that fight disease
Macrophage Cells
Contain lots of lysosomes and use pseudopods (false feet) to capture disease units.
www.blobs.org
Flash:Macrophage Cytokine Release relfe.com
Cell Diversity
There are seven primary types of cells found in humans. These types are defined by what they do.
6. Cells that gather information and control body functions.
Nerve Cells (Neurons)
Have long extensions called Processes that receive and send messages.
www.blobs.orgimages.dpchallenge.com
2.bp.blogspot.com
Cell Diversity
There are seven primary types of cells found in humans. These types are defined by what they do.
7. Cells used for reproduction
Egg Cells (Oocyte)Female reproductive cell
Sperm Cells Male reproductive cell
www.blobs.org
2.bp.blogspot.com
Membrane Transport
Solution = homogeneous mixture of two or more components.Solute = the substance present in the smallest amount in the solution.
Example: Kool-Aid dissolved in WaterWater is the solvent. Kool-Aid is the solute.
Intracellular Fluid = fluid within the cellInterstitial Fluid = fluid around the outside of the cell
Contains nutrients, regulatory substances like hormones, salts, waste products.
Each cell pulls what it needs from the interstitial fluid and deposits waste into the interstitial fluid.
Intracellular Fluid Interstitial Fluid
• Membrane is made of special kind of lipid – phospholipids– “split personality”
• Membrane is a double layer – phospholipid bilayer
inside cell
outside cell
lipid
“repelled by water”
“attracted to water”
phosphate
Membrane Transport
Semi-permeable membrane
• Cell membrane controls what gets in or out• Need to allow some materials — but not all —
to pass through the membrane – semi-permeable (semi – partly)
• only some materials can get in or out
aa H2Osugar lipids salt waste
So what needs to get across the membrane?
O2
Membrane Transport
Crossing the cell membrane
• What molecules can get through the cell membrane without doors or help?– fats and oils can pass directly through
inside cell
outside cell
lipid
salt
aa H2Osugar
waste
but…what about other stuff?
Membrane Transport
Cell membrane protein channels• Need to make “doors” through membrane
– protein channels allow substances in & out• specific channels allow specific material in & out• H2O channel, salt channel, sugar channel, etc.
inside cell
outside cellwaste salt
H2O aa sugar
Membrane Transport
• Channels are made of proteins– proteins both “like” water & “like” lipids
bi-lipidmembrane
protein channelsin bi-lipid membrane
Membrane Transport
Protein channels (cont.)• Proteins act as open doors in the membrane
– channels to move specific molecules through cell membrane
HIGH
LOWCo
nc
entr
ati
on
gra
die
nt
Sugar molecules
Membrane Transport
Simple Diffusion • Move from HIGH to LOW
inside cell
outside cell
Which way will these fat molecules move?fat
fat
fat
fat
fat
fat fat
fatfat
fat
fat
fat
fat
fat
LOW
HIGH
Membrane Transport
Facilitated Diffusion• Move from HIGH to LOW through a channel
inside cell
outside cell
sugar
sugar
sugar
sugar
sugarsugar
sugarsugar
sugarsugar
sugar
Which way will sugar move?
sugar
sugar
LOW
HIGH
Membrane Transport
Membrane Transport
Filtration = movement of water and solutes across a membrane as a result of hydrostatic pressure usually exerted by the blood.
Active transport• Cells may need to move molecules
against concentration gradient – need to pump “uphill”
• from LOW to HIGH using energy
– Solute PUMP– Requires ATP
Low High
Notice the direction of Amino Acid movement and the concentrations!Na+ activates the pump.
ATP
Membrane Transport
Bulk Transport
Exocytosis = movement of substances OUT of the cell.Endocytosis = movement of substances INTO the cell.
Osmosis
Movement of Water Across Cell Membrane
Osmosis diffusion of water from high concentration of
WATER to low concentration of water across a semi-permeable membrane
High Low
Membrane Transport
Maintaining HomeostasisMaintaining Homeostasis• Cell survival depends on balancing water uptake & water loss
freshwaterbalancedsaltwater
Membrane Transport
Cell Processes
Mitosis = Division of one cell into two identical cells.
Interactive Mitosis http://www.cellsalive.com/mitosis.htm
Cell Processes
Protein Synthesis =Processes that use DNA to create proteins.
BODY TISSUES: EPITHELIAL TISSUES
Tissues = groups of cells that are similar in structure and function
Epithelium: (epithe = covering) tissues of linings, coverings or glands
Functions:ProtectionAbsorptionSecretion
Characteristics:1. Fit closely together.2.Held together by desmosomes and tight junctions.3.Always have one free edge called the apical surface that is exposed to the body’s exterior or an organ cavity.4.Lower surface rests on a basement membrane which it secretes.5.Avascular = No blood supply of their own.6.Regeneration = ability to make more of themselves.
Characteristics:1. Fit closely together.2.Held together by desmosomes and tight junctions.3.Always have one free edge called the apical surface that is exposed to the body’s exterior or an organ cavity.4.Lower surface rests on a basement membrane which it secretes.5.Avascular = No blood supply of their own.6.Regeneration = ability to make more of themselves.
BODY TISSUES: EPITHELIAL TISSUES
Simple Epithelium = one layer of cellsStratified Epithelium = more than one layer of cellsPseudostratified Epithelium = one layer that looks like two.
Squamous = flatCuboidal = short cubesColumnar = tall columns
BODY TISSUES: EPITHELIAL TISSUES
Simple Squamous EpitheliaSimple Squamous Epithelia
Characteristics:• One layer.• Look like floor tiles.• Found in membranes where filtration or exchange of substances occurs.
Examples:• Lining of air sacs in lungs.• Walls of capilaries.• Serosae = slick membranes lining the body cavity and covering organs.
Why would this type of tissue need to be thin?Why would this type of tissue need to be thin?
nte-serveur.univ-lyon1.fr
BODY TISSUES: EPITHELIAL TISSUES
Simple Cuboidal EpitheliaSimple Cuboidal Epithelia
Characteristics:• One layer.• Look like cubes packed together.• Found in glands and ducts.
Examples:Salivary glandsPancreasKidney tubules
nte-serveur.univ-lyon1.fr
BODY TISSUES: EPITHELIAL TISSUES
Simple Columnar EpitheliaSimple Columnar Epithelia
Characteristics:• One layer.• Look like columns packed together.• Found in body cavities.• Goblet Cells = produce lubricating mucus.
Examples:Digestive tractMucosae = lining of body cavities that open to exterior.
BODY TISSUES: EPITHELIAL TISSUES
Pseudostratified Columnar EpitheliaPseudostratified Columnar Epithelia
Characteristics:• One layer.• Looks like two layers because some cells are shorter than others. (pseudo = false)• Functions in absorption and secretion.• Some have cilia.
Examples:Respiratory tract
cilia
nte-serveur.univ-lyon1.fr
BODY TISSUES: EPITHELIAL TISSUES
Stratified Squamous EpitheliaStratified Squamous Epithelia
Characteristics:• Multiple layers.• Most common stratified tissue.• Cells at free edge are squamous. Cells at basement membrane can be columnar or cuboidal.• Found where abuse or friction occurs.
Examples:EsophagusMouthOuter skin
BODY TISSUES: EPITHELIAL TISSUES
Stratified Cuboidal or Columnar EpitheliaStratified Cuboidal or Columnar Epithelia
Characteristics:Multiple layers.Rare.Found in ducts of large glands.
Examples:Salivary glands
nte-serveur.univ-lyon1.fr
BODY TISSUES: EPITHELIAL TISSUES
Transitional EpitheliaTransitional Epithelia
Characteristics:Multiple layers.Highly modified.Forms lining of a few organs.
Examples:BladderUretersUrethra
nte-serveur.univ-lyon1.fr
BODY TISSUES: CONNECTIVE TISSUES
Types of Connective TissueTypes of Connective Tissue
Cartilage tissue: softer than bone, more flexible.
Hyaline cartilage = lots of collagen fibers hidden by rubbery matrix that looks like glass (hyalin = glass).
Function: LarynxRibs to breastboneEnds of bones at jointsFetal “bones”
qwickstep.com
BODY TISSUES: CONNECTIVE TISSUES
Types of Connective TissueTypes of Connective Tissue
Cartilage tissue: softer than bone, more flexible.
Elastic cartilage Fibrocartilage = highly compressible cushionlike discs between vertebrae.
Function: Vertebral cushioning
BODY TISSUES: CONNECTIVE TISSUES
Types of Connective TissueTypes of Connective Tissue
Dense Connective/Fibrous tissue: collagen matrix.
Fibroblasts = fiber-forming cells between collagen fibers.Strong, rope-like structures.Tendon = attaches skeletal muscles to bones.Ligament = attaches bones to bones.
Function: Connections
kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca
BODY TISSUES: CONNECTIVE TISSUES
Types of Connective TissueTypes of Connective Tissue
Areolar tissue:
• Most widely distributed.• Soft, pliable.• Acts as a glue to hold organs together and in their places.• Lamina propria = areolar tissue that underlies all mucosa epithelium.• Looks like mostly space (aerola = small open space)
Function: Cushions and protectsAbsorbs waste materials
www.tvcc.edu
athletictapeinfo.com
cheneyhs.org
BODY TISSUES: CONNECTIVE TISSUES
Types of Connective TissueTypes of Connective Tissue
Adipose tissue:
Commonly called “FAT.”Areolar tissue in which fat cells predominate.
Function: Subcutaneous layer under skin.InsulationProtection
guaranteedtosleep.com
BODY TISSUES: CONNECTIVE TISSUES
Types of Connective TissueTypes of Connective Tissue
Reticular Connective tissue:
Associated with reticular cells (similar to fibroblasts).
Function: Forms Stroma (framework) that supports free blood cells in lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow.
www.unomaha.edu
www.malecare.com
www.helenjaques.co.uk
BODY TISSUES: CONNECTIVE TISSUES
Types of Connective TissueTypes of Connective Tissue
Blood:
Also called “vascular tissue.”Made of blood cells surrounded by blood plasma (fluid).
Function: Transports oxygen, nutrients, water, etc.
blog.lib.umn.edu
kska.org
BODY TISSUES: MUSCLE TISSUES
MUSCLE TISSUE
• Highly Specialized to contract or shorten.• Elongated.• Also called “muscle fibers.”
Function: Produces movement.
www.uic.edu
www.deviantart.comwww.athleteofficial.com
BODY TISSUES: MUSCLE TISSUES
Types of Muscle Tissue
Skeletal Muscle:
• connective sheets• attached to skeleton• voluntarily controlled• cells are long, cylindrical, and multinucleate (many nuclei)
Function: Movement
www.uic.edu
www.clccharter.org
BODY TISSUES: MUSCLE TISSUES
Types of Muscle Tissue
Cardiac Muscle:
• Found only in heart.• Has striations.• Fit together at intercalated disks (like clasped fingers).• Gap junctions allow ions to pass freely from cell to cell which produces electrical beat.• Involuntary muscle.
Function: Pumps blood.
cache1.asset-cache.net
ucl.ac.ukjournals.prous.com
academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu
BODY TISSUES: MUSCLE TISSUES
Types of Muscle Tissue
Smooth Muscle:
• Also called “visceral muscle.”• No striations.• Found in walls of hollow organs (stomach, blood vessels, uterus, etc.)• Makes cavity of organ smaller or larger.• Peristalsis = wavelike motion that keeps food moving through the digestive system.
Function: Pushes substances through an organ along a specific pathway.
medsci.indiana.eduPeristalsis http://www.mennellmedia.co.uk/VideoProjects/Peristalsis/Peristalsis.html
BODY TISSUES: NERVOUS TISSUES
Nervous Tissue:
• Neurons = cells making up nervous tissues.• Neurons receive and conduct electrical impulses in the form of chemicals.• Has supporting cells to help protect and insulate.
FUNCTION:• Irritability and conductivity.
TISSUE REPAIR TISSUE REPAIR How tissue repair works:
Regeneration = replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells.
Fibrosis = repair by the formation of scar tissue.
Scar tissue = connective tissue used for repair.
la.rsmjournals.com
Method of repair depends on1. type of tissue damaged2. severity of the injury
Method of repair depends on1. type of tissue damaged2. severity of the injury
Generally speaking, clean cuts (incisions) heal better than ragged tears (lacerations).
Incisions
biomedcentral.com
laceration
myskin-info.com
BODY TISSUES: NERVOUS TISSUES
Wound healing:
1.Capillaries become permeable.2.Clotting agents enter wound area.
http://adam.about.com/care/Blood-clotting-animation.htm
3. Clot exposed to air forms a scab.
enjoylongerhealth.com
Refer to pg 85 Fig 3.21Refer to pg 85 Fig 3.21
BODY TISSUES: NERVOUS TISSUES
Wound healing:
4.Granulation Tissue forms.(Pink tissue composed of mostly
capillaries that grow into the damaged area.)
5.Phagocytes in granulation tissue will dispose of clot and tissues that are no longer needed.
lookfordiagnosis.com
astrographics.com
BODY TISSUES: NERVOUS TISSUES
Wound healing:
6. Fibroblasts synthesize collagen fibers (scar tissue) to fill in the gap.
derma-rollers.com
eurekalert.org
Matrix fibers (blue)Growth factors (green)Smooth muscle protein (red)
BODY TISSUES: NERVOUS TISSUES
Wound healing:
7.Surface epithelium regenerates under the scab.
8.Scab detaches.
9.New epithelium covers underlying scar tissue (scar tissue may be visible or not).
NOTE: Scar tissue cannot perform the function of the tissue it has replaced.
DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS OF CELLS AND TISSUES
Life begins as a single cell…
…and that cell gives rise to a wide variety of cells.
tutorvista.com
dorlingkindersley-uk.co.uk
DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS OF CELLS AND TISSUES
Most cells (except neurons) continue to divide until puberty.
Skin and intestinal cells regenerate continually.
Liver cells will regenerate as needed.
Heart and nerve cells become amitotic (cannot replace lost cells).
trustnutrition.info
sodahead.com
DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS OF CELLS AND TISSUES
Aging begins once maturity is reached.
Aging man http://www.dlwaldron.com/ageproganimat.html
Environmental factors can affect the aging process.
Environmental factors can affect the aging process.
DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS OF CELLS AND TISSUES
Other modifications of cells and tissue can occur at any time.
Neoplasm = cells that fail to stop multiplying
Benign = nonspreading
Malignant = spreading
Hyperplasia = enlargement of tissues/organsex. Anemia leads to bone marrow hyperplasiaex. Breast enlargement during pregnancy
Hemangioma
The large red mass within the tongue most likely represents a
benign neoplasm of blood vessels--a "hemangioma."
Hemorrhage is the most common complication of such lesions
drstoute.com
HyperplasiaHyperplasia of the vaginal area in a
canine.
Hyperplasia of breast during pregnancy.
DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS OF CELLS AND TISSUES
Atrophy = decrease in size
Can occur if the tissue loses its normal stimulation.
Atrophied brain (left side) of patient with Huntington’s
disease.
hdroster.iu.edu
Atrophied bone marrow due to osteoporosis.
vibrogymstudio.com
“A new locus for recessive distal spinal muscular atrophy…”
jmg.bmj.com
CSI: Autopsy 3:55 http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/player/science/health-human-body-sci/human-body/real-csi-sci.html
Anatomy in Acti
on!
Canine Bone Repair 2:49 http://www.myvnn.com/page.asp?id=39&media_type=11&story_id=105
Assignment:TXT pg 89 1-11TXT pg 90 At the Clinic #1 and #3