chapter 3: cells humans have 75 – 100 trillion cells cells are the structural and functional...
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 3: Cells
Humans have 75 – 100 trillion cells Cells are the structural and functional
units of the body The human body is 65% water The intracellular environment is found
within the cell, separated from the external environment
Cell lie in a supportive bath that surrounds them and provides everything they need,the extracellular environment
The Extracellular Environment Water, dissolved gases, salts, food
particles, cell products Cell products are synthesized by the cell
and released into the extracellular environment by a process called secretion
Cell products include hormones, proteins, vitamins
Water + products + other substances = ECF (extracellular fluid)
The ECF is thick and syrupy
The ECF
2 types:Plasma is found in blood vessels and the chambers of the heart Plasma is the liquid that helps transport and float the cells of blood through the body
Interstitial fluid is found between the cells of the bodyInterstitial fluid provides a pathway between cells
Travel between some areas of the body is restricted by dense strands of protein that form a Matrix
This matrix provides structural support
Intercellular Environment Compartments of the external
cellular environment found between adjacent cells
When cells are close together, these spaces may contain molecular bridges
The bridges connect cells and make rapid chemical communication possible
Intracellular Environment
Protoplasmwater, proteins, fats, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and electrolytes
When these substances are organized and the life processes are being carried out, protoplasm is called---alive
Intracellular fluid (ICF) is made up of water + proteins + other chemicals
Cell work takes place in the intracellular environment, e.g. energy production, energy storage, product synthesis
Components of Protoplasm The plasma membrane-the barrier that
separates intracellular and extracellular environments
Cytoplasm-a thick, gel-like fluid that contains all the cell’s organelles
Nucleus-Large, oval-shaped structure that regulates the cell’s activities
Cell Structure and Function
Human cells vary in size—all are microscopic
The human egg cell is ~1000 micrometers The human sperm cell is ~ 50
micrometers 25, 400 micrometers = 1 inch Human cells vary widely in shape Variation in size and shape is a reflection
of the various roles different cells play in the body
The Plasma Membrane Envelops the cell completely Regulates movement of materials into and
out of the cell Helps maintain homeostasis Made up of approximately equal weights
of lipids (fats) and proteins plus a very small amount of carbohydrates
Barrier is not solid, it is called selectively permeable
Lipids in the Plasma Membrane Phospholipids and cholesterol Phospholipids have a hydrophilic head (attracted
to water) and hydrophobic tails(repels water)
Due to their opposite interactions with water, phospholipid molecules form a double-layered arrangement called the lipid bilayer
At body temperature, the plasma membrane is liquid (like vegetable oil)
Cholesterol molecules lie in the lipid bilayer and help provide stability
Proteins in the Plasma Membrane Peripheral and Integral Peripheral are attached to the outside and
inside surfaces of the plasma membrane Integral proteins are partially or
completely embedded in the lipid bilayer Integral proteins serve as channels for
transport of materials passing through the membrane
These openings are called pores
Modifications to the Plasma Membrane Modifications in the structure of the plasma membrane
enable some cells to perform special functions
Cells that are close together and cannot move about have 4 Regions:free surface – exposed to a lumen (open space)lateral borders- adjacent to neighboring cellsbasal surface – attached to a matrix of protein called the basement membrane
These cells are in the digestive tract, liver, kidney, walls of the blood vessels
The modifications usually occur at the free surface
Microvilli Some cells have a free surface that is
extensively folded to form many tiny, slender projections called microvilli
Each microvillus is covered by the cell membrane and has a small amount of cytoplasm inside of it
Microvilli are common in cells that absorb materials, such as cells of the small intestine, and in cells that release materials, such as excretory cells in the kidneys
Cilia Cilia are slender projections of the plasma
membrane that extend into a lumen They contain an organized arrangement of
proteins called microtubules Cilia move about in a coordinated, whip-
like manner in order to move body fluids Cilia are common in cells of the respiratory
tract which is layered with mucus
Flagella Another modification of the plasma
membrane A flagellum is normally a single, long
structure Flagella contain microtubules for strength
and stability Flagella whip about and provide propulsion
for cells such as sperm cells
Crossing the Plasma Membrane Different mechanisms for movement of
materials across the cell membrane are classified by the nature of the energy that powers their movement
Passive—powered by kinetic energy ( a force that causes molecules to move randomly)
Active— demand an input of energy from the cell/ATP
Diffusion: A Passive Process Molecules move from areas of high
concentration to areas of low concentration
Molecules move on a concentration gradient by kinetic energy
An equal distribution of molecules is called equilibrium
Facilitated diffusion occurs when some molecules bind with integral proteins in the plasma membrane
Osmosis: A Passive Process The movement of water molecules (only) across a
selectively permeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration
Isotonic Solutions have equal osmotic pressureCell is at equilibrium
Hypertonic solutions have more solutes outside the cell than in (cell will dump water and shrink, crenation)
Hypotonic solutions have less solutes outside the cell than in (cell will take in water and swell, hypertrophy)