Chapter 3Chapter 3Chemical & Chemical &

Physical Feature Physical Feature of the Oceanof the Ocean

AtomAtomThe smallest particle an The smallest particle an element can be divided element can be divided into & maintain into & maintain propertiesproperties

Building block of matterBuilding block of matter

MoleculeMoleculeA group of atoms A group of atoms chemically combined chemically combined that can exist by itselfthat can exist by itself

COCO22

IonIonCharged particleCharged particleClCl-1-1

Polyatomic IonPolyatomic IonA group of atoms A group of atoms chemically combined chemically combined that together have a that together have a chargecharge

COCO33-2-2

Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds

A.A. Polymers Polymers

large complex organic compounds large complex organic compounds linked by covalent bondslinked by covalent bonds

A.A.3 forms3 forms

Complex carbohydrates contain two or Complex carbohydrates contain two or more monomers of simple sugars linked more monomers of simple sugars linked together.together.

Proteins are formed by linking Proteins are formed by linking monomers of amino acids together.monomers of amino acids together.

Nucleic acids are made of sequences of Nucleic acids are made of sequences of nucleotides linked together.nucleotides linked together.

Genes:Genes:

specific sequences of nucleotides in specific sequences of nucleotides in a DNA moleculea DNA molecule

Chromosomes: Chromosomes:

combinations of genes that make a combinations of genes that make a single DNA molecule, plus some single DNA molecule, plus some proteinsproteins

Genome: Genome:

the complete sequence of DNAthe complete sequence of DNA

B.B. Inorganic Compounds Inorganic Compounds

All compounds without the All compounds without the combination of carbon atoms and combination of carbon atoms and other elements’other elements’

B.B. Matter exists in four states: Matter exists in four states:

B.B. solid,solid,

C.C. liquid, liquid,

D.D. GaseousGaseous

E.E. a fourth state known as plasma. a fourth state known as plasma.

B.B.Matter and resources Matter and resources usefulness, usefulness,

B.B. 1.1. High-quality = concentrated and High-quality = concentrated and highly useful-found near the Earth’s highly useful-found near the Earth’s surface.surface.

C.C. 2.2. Low-quality =dilute and found Low-quality =dilute and found deep underground and/or dispersed deep underground and/or dispersed in air or water.in air or water.

B.B.3-63-6 Nuclear ChangesNuclear Changes

B.B. Matter can undergo a change known Matter can undergo a change known as a nuclear change. as a nuclear change.

C.C. Three types of nuclear change:Three types of nuclear change:A.A. radioactive decay, radioactive decay,

B.B. nuclear fission, nuclear fission,

C.C. nuclear fusion.nuclear fusion.

Radioactive decayRadioactive decay

Radioactive isotopes emit high-energy Radioactive isotopes emit high-energy radiation until the original unstable radiation until the original unstable isotope is changed into a stable isotope is changed into a stable isotopeisotope

Nuclear fusion Nuclear fusion

B.B. Combining of two light element isotopes Combining of two light element isotopes ez(H)ez(H)

C.C. Occurs at extremely high temperatures. Occurs at extremely high temperatures.

D.D. Releases more energy than fission. Releases more energy than fission.

E.E. It is still in the laboratory stage after 50 It is still in the laboratory stage after 50 years of research.years of research.

EnergyEnergy

The capacity to do work and The capacity to do work and transfer heat; it moves transfer heat; it moves

matter.matter.

Kinetic energyKinetic energy

has mass and speed; - wind has mass and speed; - wind and electricity and electricity

Potential energyPotential energy

stored energy - match,.stored energy - match,.

Energy changes Energy changes

Potential E. becomes kinetic Potential E. becomes kinetic E. –dropping an egg. E. –dropping an egg.

HeatHeat

• The total kinetic energy of all The total kinetic energy of all moving atoms, ions, or molecules in moving atoms, ions, or molecules in a substance. a substance.

• 3 forms3 formsA.A. convection, convection,

B.B. conduction, and conduction, and

C.C. radiation.radiation.

Temperature is the average speed Temperature is the average speed of motion of atoms,.of motion of atoms,.

Quality of energy.Quality of energy.

1.1. High energy is concentrated –loads High energy is concentrated –loads of work. of work.

2. Low energy is dispersed -little work2. Low energy is dispersed -little work

Energy Laws: Energy Laws:

The First Law of Thermodynamics The First Law of Thermodynamics

1. Energy can neither be created nor 1. Energy can neither be created nor destroyeddestroyed

2. Energy may be converted from to 2. Energy may be converted from to another. another.

The Second Law of The Second Law of ThermodynamicsThermodynamics

A.. Usable energy and quality decreases A.. Usable energy and quality decreases when changed from one form to another. when changed from one form to another.

• heat is often produced and lost.heat is often produced and lost.

• In living systems, solar energy is changed to In living systems, solar energy is changed to chemical energy, then to mechanical energychemical energy, then to mechanical energy

• High-quality energy cannot be High-quality energy cannot be recycled/reusedrecycled/reused

Energy efficiency Energy efficiency

A. is very poor—about 16% of energy A. is very poor—about 16% of energy produces useful work.produces useful work.• Forty-one percent is unavoidable waste Forty-one percent is unavoidable waste

energy, energy, • forty-three percent is unnecessarily forty-three percent is unnecessarily

wasted energy. wasted energy.

B. A change in habits can further B. A change in habits can further reduce this waste.reduce this waste.

Matter and Energy Laws and Matter and Energy Laws and Environmental ProblemsEnvironmental Problems

A.A. Resource use automatically adds some Resource use automatically adds some waste heat/waste matter to the environment.waste heat/waste matter to the environment.

B. Advanced industrialized countries have high B. Advanced industrialized countries have high waste economies.waste economies.

1.1. Resources flow into planetary sinks (air, water, Resources flow into planetary sinks (air, water, soil, organisms) with accumulation to harmful soil, organisms) with accumulation to harmful levels.levels.

2.2.

2.Eventually consumption will exceed capacity of 2.Eventually consumption will exceed capacity of the environment to dilute/degrade wastes.the environment to dilute/degrade wastes.

C. Recycling/reusing more of Earth’s C. Recycling/reusing more of Earth’s matter resources slows depletion. matter resources slows depletion.

D. It just slow the process and buys some D. It just slow the process and buys some time but doesn’t stop the impact.time but doesn’t stop the impact.

E. Shifting to a more sustainable E. Shifting to a more sustainable economy is the best long-term solution economy is the best long-term solution