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Chapter 3

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Greenpeace Environmental organizations VS Society of Toxicology American Medical Association ACS Michigan Environmental Science Board American Chemical Council Chemical Manufactures Association Chlorine Chemistry Council American Industrial Health Council United Kingdom Chemical Industries Phase out chlorine and products made using it Phasing out chlorine and its products is unnecessar y

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Epibatidine http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epibatidine Thyroxine http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid_hormone

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Ethylene dichloride (intermediate for PVC production) 35% Pulp and paper 11% Propylene oxide (production, use, various industries) 8% Chlorinated ethanes (production, use, various industries) 5% Chlorinated methanes (production, use, various industries) 4% Other organic chemicals (production, use, various industries) 16% Inorganic chemicals (production, use, various industries) 11% Water treatment (used in various industries) 5% Miscellaneous 5% http://www.epa.gov/chemfact/s_chlori.txt

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http://www.greener- industry.org.uk/pages/chlorine/images/chlor_Graph02.gif

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https://www.chem.tamu.edu/class/majors/chem470/Chlorine-10.bmp

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Halogen imparts significant biological activity to compounds Halogenated compounds and their metabolites accommodate in unintended places (groundwater, rivers, air) Problems with non-target organisms Metabolites can be more toxic than original compounds

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Health: 3 - Short exposure could cause serious temporary or moderate residual injury (e.g. chlorine)chlorine http://amazingrust.com/Experiments/how_to/Images/Chlorine_gas.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/ 7a/Chloralkali_membrane.svg/1280px- Chloralkali_membrane.svg.png

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Toxaphene http://www.taiga.net/issues/burbot.gif

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http://worldoceanreview.com/en/files/2010/10/k4_pcb-anreicherung-marin- nkette_e_en.jpg Eating PCB contaminated fish causes: -Hypothyroidism -Diabetes -Asthma PCB were once used as heat-transfer liquids in edible oil production

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2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo -p- dioxin ( TCDD ) Health: 4 - Very short exposure could cause death or major residual injury Waste combustion accounts for 95% of dioxin emission in the United States http://blog.greendepot.com/environment/wash-your-hands- of-pvc/ Wash your hands off PVC! http://www.greendepot.com/greendepot/default.asp?s_i d=0

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http://www.essentialchemicalindustry.org/images/stories/580_Polychloroethene/PolyChloroEthene _02.JPG - Produce dioxins when combusted; -Monomer is carcinogenic; -Plasticizers are endocrine disruptors; --Stabilizers contain Pb and Cd Possible substituents: Polyolefins and thermoplastic polyurethanes

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http://sapsmama.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/tumblr_lhjo85HMkY1qao557o1_r1_500.gif

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1.Effects on environment 2.Endocrine disruptor 3.Possible breakout into cancerogen http://www.mineral-makeup-cosmetica.com/images/cosmetic-toxins-top-triclosan- 550x300.jpg

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Rates of: -Attention deficit disorder - Childhood asthma -Juvenile cancer -Autoimmune diseases - Obesity -Osteoporosis -Early testicular cancer -Breast cancer -Prostate cancer -Parkinsons disease -Alzheimers disease are rising!

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- Highly chlorinated compounds in general Polychlorinated biphenyls Dioxins Phthalates Alkylphenols Bisphenols Polybrominated dipenys Perfluorooctanesulfonates

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Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (plasticizer) : vinyl chloride can be copolymerized with vinyl stearate or vinyl 2-ethylhexanoate, other compounds are available too Problem: $$ Perfluorooctanesulfonate (fabric coating): replaced by perfluorosulfonamide Perfluorooctanoate (polymerization of tetrafluoroethylene): polymerization on super critical carbon dioxide Pharmaceuticals (primarily acetaminophen) in drinking water: 1.Subsurface flow constructed wetlands 2.Estrogen-degrading bacteria 3.Ozon 4.Granular activated carbon 5.Ultrasound

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In the dose-response assessment, data from human and animal studies are used to estimate the amount of chemical that is expected to produce a given effect in humans LOEL - lowest observable effect level NOEL - no observed effect level NOAEL - no observed adverse effect level LOAEL - lowest observed adverse effect level

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1000 kg pulp 45-90 kg organic waste ( incl. 4-5 kg of bound Cl ) 45 g in recycled paper! Cl 2 alternatives: Chlorine dioxide Hydrogen peroxide Oxygen Peracids Ozone Dioxiranes Enzymes