chapter 3 impact of air pollution
TRANSCRIPT
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UNIT KEJURUTERAAN ALAM SEKITAR UNIT KEJURUTERAAN ALAM SEKITAR JABATAN KEJURUTERAAN AWAM JABATAN KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
POLITEKNIK SULTAN IDRIS SHAH
CHAPTER 3CHAPTER 3
IMPACT OF AIR IMPACT OF AIR POLLUTIONPOLLUTION
2
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Upon completion of this course, student should be able to :
Explain the effects of air pollution. Determine the effects of air pollution on human health Determine the effects of air pollution on vegetation. Determine the effects of air pollution on environment
and materials. Explain the long-term effects of air pollution. Discuss the causes of long-term air pollution effect. Determine the phenomenon of acid rain Discuss the phenomenon of global warming and
greenhouse effect Discuss the phenomena of ozone depletion
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Premature Deaths Due To Air Pollution
According to the WHO: each year 3 million premature deaths due to air pollution.
8,200 per day 93% from indoor air
pollution
In U.S. EPA estimates 150,000 to 350,000
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Premature Deaths Due To Air Pollution
EPA:Each year 125,000
Americans get lung cancer from PM from diesel exhaust .
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What are common symptoms effect of air pollution?
nau.edu/iaqtc
Eye, nose, and throat irritation Coughing, sneezing, and wheezing Asthma attacks Headaches Fatigue Aggravated allergies and asthma Respiratory infections
Toronto Sun 12.07.11
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Human Health
Depends on intensity & duration of exposure, age & prior health status
At-risk groups: young, old, or already suffering from respiratory/cardiovascular disease. Also, more active & outside vs. sedentary inside lifestyle
Most susceptible- LDC use smoky fires for cooking & heating
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Exposure Time spent in various environments in US and
less-developed countries
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How air pollution get in to the body? Inhalation(SMOKE) Absorption thru skin(CHEMICAL
DROPLET) Contamination of food & water
(BACTERIA)
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Examples of Health Effects on Respiratory System Bronchitis (acute and chronic) Pulmonary emphysema Lung cancer pneumoconiosis cough chest pain
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Respiratory System Protections
Your respiratory system has several ways to help protect you from air pollution.
hairs in nose Mucus lining throat Cilia lining
respiratory tract Sneezing, coughing
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Respiratory System ProtectionsRespiratory system can
be overwhelmed by pollutants.
Asthma: typically an allergic reaction causing muscles in the lung walls to spasm and shortness on breath.
From 1980 to 1994 asthma rates 160% increase in school age children.
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Diseases Caused By Air Pollution
Prolonged exposure to air pollutants can lead to:
Lung cancer Chronic bronchitis Emphysema Decreased lung function Acute shortness of
breathChildren, elderly, people
with heart disease are especially at risk
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Normal human lung
Lung exposed to prolonged smoking and air pollution
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Effects of Air Pollution on PlantsEffects of Air Pollution on PlantsAir pollution commonly leads to oxidation damage of both crop Air pollution commonly leads to oxidation damage of both crop plants and wild species.plants and wild species.
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Effects of Air Pollution on PlantsEffects of Air Pollution on Plants
Air pollution weakens plants by damaging their leaves, limiting the nutrients available to them, or exposing them to toxic substances slowly released from the soil. Quite often, injury or death of plants is a result of these effects of acid rain in combination with one or more additional threats.
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Effects of Pollution on BuildingsEffects of Pollution on Buildings
For limestone, the acidic water reacts with the calcium to form calcium sulfate:
CaCO3 + H2SO4 CaSO4 + 2H+ + CO32-
The calcium sulfate is soluble so it is easily washed away during the next rain storm.
Statue carved in 1702 photographed in 1908 (left) and 1969 (right).
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Costs of PollutionCosts of Pollution
Health: $36 billion in sickness annually - health care and lost work.
Agriculture: up to 10% of nation's crops lost to all forms of pollution.
Materials: corrosion - $5.5 billion annually.
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Contribution of Climate - Contribution of Climate - Inversion LayersInversion Layers
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Contribution of Climate - Contribution of Climate - Inversion LayersInversion Layers
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Criteria Air Pollutants: Ozone
Cause: ______________________ Source: ______________________ “Good O3” vs. “Bad O3” Primary component of photochemical smog Sunlight and hot weather
Los Angeles, Wikipeida, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_(CA)
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Criteria Air Pollutants: Ozone
Unpleasant appearance in urban cities photochemical smog
Deterioration of synthetic rubber, textiles, paints
Gates Corporationhttp://www.gates.com/brochure.cfm?brochure=2833&location_id=3369
US EPA in How Stuff Works Website, http://science.howstuffworks.com/ozone-pollution.htm
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Criteria Air Pollutants: Ozone Leaf damage
Chlorophyll damage: “flecks” Discoloration
Reducing crop yields and forest growth US damage to crops est. as 1 billion
dollars annually (1985) 25% reduction: +$1.7 billion 40% reduction: +$2.5 billion Loss of forest in US and Europe
Tobacco leaf which has sustained ozone damage http://www.lambtonwildlife.com/nature_notes_98/tobac.fld/tobacp.htm
Ozone damage on white pine (Photograph courtesy of A. Heagle) NC State, http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/pp/notes/Ornamental/odin19/od19.htm
Ponderosa Pine (left: undamaged; right: damaged)Image from Miller et al (1996) USFS PSW-GTR-155http://www.cbesurvey.org/aplv/panek/research.htm
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Criteria Air Pollutants: NOx
Cause: Source: Regional impacts
Acid precursor (covered later) Ozone precursor
Absorbs blue-green Plant damage
Necrosis at 2-10 ppm Growth retardation at 0.5 ppm
Ecosystem Eutrophication Nitrophilous
Brown haze over Fort Collins, Photo by M. Oseckyhttp://ccc.atmos.colostate.edu/~hail/cool/polution/pages/ftc_12-19-2003.htm
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Criteria Air Pollutants: SOx
Cause: Source: Regional impacts Acid precursor (covered later) Damage to plants
Chlorosis: Necrosis: Plasmolysis:
Damage to animals Similar to health effects in humans
Paper: converted to H2SO4, brittling paper
Leather: initiates cracking
Lettuce with discoloration due to chlorosisUC IPM, photo by Jack Kelly Clark
http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/L/D-CC-LIYV-FS.006.html
http://www.dias.kvl.dk/Plantvirology/esymptoms/symp-color.html
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Criteria Air Pollutants: NOx and SOx
Acid precipitation Non-localized pollution Normal precip: pH ~ 5 to 5.6
Acid precip: pH ~ 3 to 4.5 HNO3 and H2SO4 Form acids in atmosphere
Wet deposition Dry deposition
60%- sulfur based; 35%- nitrogen based
Corrosion and deterioration of structures
Original limestone sculpture in Krakow, Poland, severely damaged after years of exposure to acid rain
Replicate made to replace original
Photo: Sebastian Wypych; http://www.atmosphere.mpg.de/enid/Nr_6_Feb__2__6_acid_rain/C__Formation_of_acids_5i8.h
tml
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Criteria Air Pollutants: NOx and SOx
Decrease water/soil pH Episodic acidification
Water Body acidification Release of aluminum Reduce fish populations
Lakes becoming fishless Affect biodiversity
Little Echo Pond, Franklin, NY pH = 4.2
Harmful to Trees Dissolves nutrients and minerals
from soil Necrosis Growth abnormalities
US EPA, http://www.epa.gov/acidrain/effects/surface_water.html
Effects of acid rain on forest in Jizera Mountains of Czech Republic; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_rain
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Criteria Air Pollutants: NOx and SOx
200+ now-fishless lakes in Adirondacks
Little Echo Pond, Franklin, NY pH = 4.2
Thousands of lakes in Canada (Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick) now-fishless
http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/194acidraineffects.html
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Criteria Air Pollutants: Particulate Matter
Review from 1/24 lecture Very small solids/liquids that remain suspended Anthropogenic causes: materials handling, combustion
processes, gas conversion reactions Main sources: industrial processes, coal and oil burning,
vehicles
Pollutant Primary Stds. Averaging Times
Secondary Stds.
Particulate Matter (PM10)
Revoked(2) Annual(2) (Arith. Mean)
150 µg/m3 24-hour(3) Particulate Matter (PM2.5)
15.0 µg/m3 Annual(4) (Arith. Mean)
Same as Primary
35 µg/m3 24-hour(5)
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Criteria Air Pollutants: Particulate Matter
Visibility Reduction PM2.5 haze (review from 1/28
lecture) Eastern parks’ avg. visual range
reduced from 90 to 15-25 mi. Western parks’ avg. visual range
reduced from 140 to 35-90 mi. http://www2.nature.nps.gov/air/
Permits/ARIS/index.cfm for more national parks air quality info
Wildfires Weather Patterns
Serve as condensation nuclei Effect on fog and precipitation Great Smokey Mountains National
Park,US EPA, http://www.epa.gov/visibility/
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Criteria Air Pollutants: Particulate Matter
PM derivatives of SO2 and NOx (sulfates and nitrates) Intensifier Refer to SOx and NOx section
Environmental Damage Lake/stream acidification Nutrient depletion in soils Plant damage Ecosystem diversity upset
Aesthetics Damage Stain and damage stone structures New York City building façade after century of dirt (PM) accumulation
http://www.nycjpg.com/2003/pages/0802.html
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Criteria Air Pollutants: Carbon Monoxide
Review… Cause: incomplete combustion Source: transportation sector, energy production, residential heating units, some industrial processes
Ambient concerns addressed by NAAQS OSHA (50 ppm avg over 8-hour period) CO contributes to the formation of ground-level ozone (refer to ozone section) photochemical smog Otherwise, largely inert to plants and materials
Pollutant Primary Stds.
Averaging Times
Secondary Stds.
Carbon Monoxide
9 ppm 8-hour(1) None(10 mg/m3)35 ppm 1-hour(1) None(40 mg/m3)
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Criteria Air Pollutants: Lead (Pb)
Health effects in animals Domestic and wild Similar to humans
What would these include?
Slow vegetation growth Crop damage
http://www.eaglevalleyraptorcenter.org/rehabilitation.asp
http://www.unbc.ca/nlui/wildlife_diseases_bc/lead_poisoning.htm
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Other Heavy Metals
Source: metal smelters Copper, zinc,
nickel Severe
vegetation destruction Including crops
Rock left barren by Nickel smelter emissions in the Sudbury area; Natural Resrouces Canadahttp://ess.nrcan.gc.ca/2002_2006/sdki/mine/geospatial_e.php
Area of forest where vegetation cover has colonized as a result of reduced emissions; Natural Resrouces Canadahttp://ess.nrcan.gc.ca/2002_2006/sdki/mine/geospatial_e.php
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HAPs: Mercury
Elemental Hg inhaled as a vapor, absorbed by lungs
Cause: vaporized mercury Sources: coal combustion,
accidental spill, mining Deposition in lakes, streams,
estuaries Biologically turned into
methylmercury Accumulation in fatty tissue Effects:
Progresses up food chain
http://www.friendsforourriverfront.org/2005/02/information-for-press-and-media.html
Some Florida Fish Advisories:Lake Alto (Alachua Co.): Children & Women of Childbearing Age should NOT eat Large Mouth Bass, Bowfin, or GarLake Disston (Flagler Co.): No one should eat Large Mouth Bass, Bowfin, or GarFrom coastal waters: No one should eat: Shark larger than 43 in.; King mackerel larger than 31 in.http://www.doh.state.fl.us/floridafishadvice/Fish_consumption_guide.pdf
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HAPs: Dioxins
Generic term for several chemicals that are highly persistent in the environment chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins
(CDDs) chlorinated dibenzofurans (CDFs) certain polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCBs) Cause: burning chlorine-based
compounds with hydrocarbons Sources: waste incinerator
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzofuran
3,3',4,4',5,5'-Hexachlorobiphenyl
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HAPs: Dioxins
Fish Consumption Advisory for Dioxins in Florida:
Do NOT Eat Checker Puffer Fish or Striped Mojarra from Wagner Creek in Miami-Dade County
http://www.doh.state.fl.us/floridafishadvice/Fish_consumption_guide.pdf
Airborne dioxins deposit in environment
Slowly decompose Taken up by animals
(domestic or wild) Accumulate in fat 95% of human dioxin
exposure through dietary intake of animal fats
http://www.southfloridasportfishing.com/species2.cfm?c=v&n=91&ct=5&l=S
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Fluoride
Source: metal and stone processing, fertilizer manufacturing Livestock damage
Used to cause most domestic animal damage of all air pollutants Still a concern in developing countries Intake from contaminated forage Fluorosis Chronic: dental and skeletal changes
Plant damage Uptake of gaseous HF through leaves Uptake of soluble particulates through leaves/roots Accumulate in leaf margins and tips
Tip necrosis
Fluorine damage in Dracina leaf; http://www.plantpath.wisc.edu/PDDCEducation/MasterGardener/General/Slide57.htm
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Other Aerosols: Bioaerosols
Aerosols with organic origin Non-viable: pollen, dander,
insect excreta, sea salt Viable: microorganisms
Cause: aerosolization of organic material
Sources: Human: sneezing, coughing,
agriculture Non-human: wind, waves,
WWTP Welfare Effects: crop,
livestock damage, GEM, tourism
Mechanical aeration in oxidation ditch at UF WWTP
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Other Aerosols: Bioaerosols Crop Damage
Fungi Irish Potato Famine
Fungi phytophthora infestans 500,000-1,000,000 people killed
between 1849-1846 2,000,000 refugees to England, US, etc
Livestock Damage Close quarters Bovine Respiratory Disease
1999 Deaths: ~60% 1991 BRD deaths: $624 million
Genetically Engineered Crops Cross-pollination w/ non-GE crops Reduction of genetic diversity
allows for susceptibility
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Potato_Famine_%281845%E2%80%931849%29
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Other Aerosols: Bioaerosols Red tide
Dinoflagellate produces toxin Broken in waves Toxin released Irritating
Woods Hole Oceanological Institutionhttp://www.whoi.edu/redtide/page.do?pid=9257
Tourism
Image courtesy of P. Schmidt, Charlotte (FL) Sun
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Odors
Largely nuisance Common sources:
WWTP, pulp and paper mills, feedlots/livestock, rendering plants
Amines, sulfur gasses (H2S, mercaptans), phenol, NH3, aldehydes, fatty acidsPhoto by Kurt Hegre, the Fresno Bee, 2000
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Ecosystem Destruction
Effects rarely isolated Everything connected Forest destruction
Habitat Animal death or
bioaccumulation Food chain
USGS South Florida Information Accesshttp://sofia.usgs.gov/publications/fs/166-96/fig1.html
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Economic Losses
In light of the many welfare effects, in what ways could these have an economic impact?
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Case Study: San Joaquin Valley
San Joaquin Valley… Nation’s “Salad Bowl” Major transportation sector Western border: Coastal Range Eastern border: southern Sierra Nevadas
Yosemite, Kings Canyon, Seqouia National Parks Winds enter through Bay Area Hot summers A few large cities: Bakersfield, Fresno, Stockton, Modesto, Visalia
All cities <500,000 population Population growth: +20% from ’90 to ’00 Daily VMT: +25% from ’90 to ‘00
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Case Study: San Joaquin Valley25 Most Ozone-Polluted Cities
2006 Rank1 Metropolitan Areas
11 Bakersfield,CA Bakersfield,CA 2 Los Angeles-Long Beach-
Riverside,CA 33 Visalia-Porterville,CA Visalia-Porterville,CA 44 Fresno-Madera,CA Fresno-Madera,CA 55 Merced,CA Merced,CA 6 Houston-Baytown-Huntsville,TX
7 Sacramento-Arden-Arcade-Truckee,CA-NV
8 Dallas-Fort Worth, TX
9 New York-Newark-Bridgeport, NY-NJ-CT-PA
10 Philadelphia-Camden-Vineland, PA-NJ-DE-MD
Metropolitan Areas Most Polluted by Year-Round Particle Pollution (Annual PM2.5)
2006 Rank1 Metropolitan Areas
1 Los Angeles-Long Beach-Rivereside, CA
22 Bakersfield, CA Bakersfield, CA 3 Pittsburgh-New Castle, PA
44 Visalia-Porterville, CA Visalia-Porterville, CA
55 Fresno-Madera, CA Fresno-Madera, CA
6 Detroit-Warren-Flint, MI
77 Hanford-Corcoran, CA Hanford-Corcoran, CA
8 Cleveland-Akron-Elyria, OH 9 Birmingham-Hoover-Cullman,
AL 9 Atlanta-Sandy Springs-
Gainesville, GA-AL
American Lung Association 2006 State of the Air Best and Worst Cities http://lungaction.org/reports/sota06_cities.html
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Case Study: San Joaquin Valley Some of the nation’s most polluted air Non-attainment for state or federal ozone and PM2.5
35-40 days exceeding federal ozone >100 days over CA ozone ~5 days exceeding federal PM2.5
90-100 days exceeding CA PM2.5
Largely rural ~3.5 million in entire valley (250 miles long by ~75 miles wide) Compared to Miami-Dade/Broward/Palm Beach Counties: 5.4
million in area 110 miles long by 5-20 miles wide Why the San Joaquin Valley?
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Case Study: San Joaquin Valley Group Activity… What are the likely sources
of pollutants in this valley? Why is it so bad in this
area? What are the likely health
effects of these pollutants? What are the likely welfare
effects of these pollutants?
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What is acid deposition?Often called acid rain
SO2 and NOx in the atmosphere interacts to produce acidic chemicals that can travel long distances before falling to earth.
Coal power plants are huge source.
Secondary Pollutant
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Acidic Review “Normal” precipitation is slightly acidic.
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Acidity Review
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Measuring Acid Rain Normal rain is
slightly acidic and has a pH of about 5.0-5.6
Any rainfall with a pH value less than 5.0 is defined as acid rain
As of the year 2000, the most acidic rain falling in the US has a pH of about 4.3.
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Two Forms… Wet
Refers to acid rain, fog, sleet, cloud vapor and snow.
DryRefers to acidic gases and particles.
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Regional Outdoor Air Pollution from Acid Deposition
Acid deposition Wet deposition Dry deposition
Fig. 20-8 p. 444
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CompoundsTwo main contributers to acid deposition: Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)
NO- nitric oxide (or nitrogen monoxide) NO2- nitrogen dioxide N2O- nitrous oxide
66% of all sulfur dioxides and 25% of all nitrogen oxides comes from coal or oil electric power plants. Most nitrogen oxides come from cars
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When gas pollutants e.g. sulfur dioxide, nitrogen
dioxide dissolve in rain water, various acids are formed.
CO2 + H2O H2CO3 (carbonic acid)SO2 + H2O H2SO3 (sulfuric acid)NO2 + H2O HNO2 (nitrous acid) +
HNO3 (nitric acid)
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ACIDIC PRECIPITATION
Primary PollutantsSO2
NO2
Secondary Pollutants
H2SO4 HNO2
sulfuric acid nitric acid
Fossil fuelsPower plants
Industrial emissionsAuto emissions
vegetationdirect toxicity
indirect health effects
soilsleaching of minerals
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Wind
Transformation tosulfuric acid (H2SO4)and nitric acid (HNO3)
Nitric oxide (NO)
Acid fog
Ocean
Sulfur dioxide (SO2)and NO
Windborne ammonia gasand particles of cultivated soilpartially neutralize acids and
form dry sulfate and nitrate salts
Dry aciddeposition
(sulfur dioxidegas and particles
of sulfate andnitrate salts)
Farm
Lakes indeep soil
high in limestoneare buffered
Lakes in shallowsoil low inlimestonebecomeacidic
Wet acid deposition(droplets of H2SO4 andHNO3 dissolved in rain
and snow)
AcidicAcidicPrecipitationPrecipitation
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Where is acid rain a problemCoal power plants in
the midwest lead to very acidic precipitation in the northeastern U.S.
Land with limestone buffers acid where granite soils are very vulnerable
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Acid Deposition in the US
Fig. 20-9 p. 445
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Worst Acid Deposition Problem
China gets 59% of its energy from coal burning.
Parts of European forest have long been in decline from acid deposition.
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Acid Deposition and Humans Respiratory diseases Toxic metal leaching
Decreased visibility
Damage to structures, especially containing calcium carbonate
Decreased productivity and profitability of fisheries, forests, and farms
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Acid Deposition ImpactsDamage to lakes, forests, statues and buildings and rivers.
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Acid Deposition and Aquatic Systems
Fish declines
Aluminum toxicity
Acid shock
In Canada 1,200 lakes contain little or no fish due to acid levels.
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Acid Deposition, Plants, and Soil
Nutrient leaching
Heavy metal release
Weakens trees
Fig. 20-11 p. 447
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Buffering Capacity Acid rain primarily affects sensitive
bodies of water, which are located in watersheds whose soils have a limited “buffering capacity” (places that have granite bedrock or soil for example)
Lakes and streams become acidic when the water itself and its surrounding soil cannot buffer the acid rain enough to neutralize it.
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In areas where buffering capacity is low, acid rain also releases aluminum from soils into lakes and streams
aluminum is highly toxic to many species of aquatic organisms. Can attach to fish gills causing suffocation Can release from soil particles & enter
solutions taken up by plants causing death
http://home.earthlink.net/~photofish/fish_photos/sw10_thumb.jpg
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Effects on Wildlife
Some birds have left areas- no fish, forests destroyed- less nesting space
Young of most species are more sensitive to environmental conditions than adults.
At pH 5, most fish eggs cannot hatch.
At lower pH levels, some adult fish die.
Both low pH and increased aluminum levels are directly toxic to fish. Can also stress fish resulting in
low body weight, small size, less able to compete for food, habitats, reduced reproduction, increased susceptibility to disease
Salmon populations have decreased in Norway since 1950 due to acid rain. Red areas show where populations have declined.
Loons no longer nesting in Adirondack Mtn lakes- too acidic for fish which they eat
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Acid Rain and Forests Acid rain does not usually kill trees
directly.
Instead, it is more likely to weaken trees by damaging their leaves limit the nutrients available to them expose them to toxic substances slowly
released from the soil.
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Acid Rain & Forests Trees at higher
elevations can be more effected because of increased exposure to acid fog or acid cloud vapor
As water evaporates from leaf, acid becomes more concentrated, burning the leaf tissue.
Adirondack Mtns
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Effects on Plant Nutrients Acidic water dissolves
the nutrients and helpful minerals in the soil and then washes them away before trees and other plants can use them to grow.
Acid rain also causes the release of substances that are toxic to trees and plants, such as aluminum, into the soil.
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Global Warming And Greenhouse
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What Is Global Warming?
Global warming is the warming of the earth through carbon dioxide (CO2) being pumped into the atmosphere from tailpipes and smokestacks. Then the gases trap heat like the glass in a greenhouse. This is where the term the “greenhouse effect” came from.
http://www.worldviewofglobalwarming.org/
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What’s Happening
Scientists say that the barrier insulating the continental ice caps is melting. “The impacts of warming temperatures in Antarctica are likely to occur first in the northern sections of the continent, where summer temperatures approach the melting point of water, 32 degrees F (0 degrees C).” http://www.climatehotmap.org/antarctica.html
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What’s HappeningAs the ice melts, big chunks of glaciers will break off and become like ice cubes in a big glass of water. The ice chunks, known as icebergs, create mass in the ocean. The icebergs displace the water causing the ocean level to rise. Some of the shoreline in many places like Florida (where the land is at a low altitude) will go under water.
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What Will Happen
“Rising global temperatures are expected to raise sea level, and change precipitation and other local climate conditions. Changing regional climate could alter forests, crop yields, and water supplies. It could also affect human health, animals, and many types of ecosystems. Deserts may expand into existing rangelands, and features of some of our national parks may be permanently altered.” http://yosemite.epa.gov/oar/globalwarming.nsf/content/impacts.html
http://www.nrdc.org/globalWarming/default.asp
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How Global Warming Works
Fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas)
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
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The Sun’s energy passes through the car’s windshield.
This energy (heat) is trapped inside the car and cannot pass back through the windshield, causing the inside of the car to warm up.
Example of the Greenhouse Effect
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What’s the difference between “global warming” and
“climate change”?
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DifferenceGLOBAL WARMING
is the increase of the Earth’s average surface temperature due to a build-up of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
CLIMATE CHANGE is a broader term
that refers to long-term changes in climate, including average temperature and precipitation.
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Effects of Global WarmingIncreased Temperature
Habitat Damage and
Species Affected
Changes in Water Supply
Rising Sea Level
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What’s the proof that global warming is taking place?
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Portage Glacier Alaska
1914 2004
Photos: NOAA Photo Collection and Gary Braasch – WorldViewOfGlobalWarming.org
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Colorado River Arizona
June 2002 Dec 2003
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Why is global warming happening
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Burning of Fossil Fuels
Pollution from coal, natural gas, and oilPollution from coal, natural gas, and oilPollution from coal, natural gas, and oil
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WHEN DID GLOBAL WARMING START?
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When did global warming start?
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Global Atmospheric Concentration of CO2
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How is global warming measured?
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Ice Core DataIce Core Data
COCO22 Measurements Before 1958 - Antarctica Measurements Before 1958 - Antarctica
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CO2 Atmospheric Measurements
CO2 Measurements Since 1958 – Mauna Loa, Hawaii
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Temperature (Northern Hemisphere) CO2 Concentrations
1000 Years of CO2 and Global Warming
Deg
ree
Cel
sius
Incr
ease
Part
s Pe
r Mill
ion
Year Year
10
00
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
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Global Warming:Global Warming: Shifting GearsShifting Gears
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2007
Goal: Reductions in CO2 Per Year
Bill
ions
of M
etric
Ton
s C
arbo
n
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2007Reductions
in CO2
Per Year
Gig
aton
Car
bon
Produce electricity efficientlyUse electricity efficientlyVehicle efficiencySolar and Wind PowerBiofuelsCarbon capture and storage
Bill
ions
of M
etric
Ton
s C
arbo
nOur Goal
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What’s being done now to reduce our emissions?
Solar Power Wind Power Fuel-Efficiency
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WHAT CAN YOU DO TO HELP WHAT CAN YOU DO TO HELP SOLVE THE PROBLEM?SOLVE THE PROBLEM?
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Simple Things To Do
Turn off your computer or the TV when you’re not using it.
Take shorter showers. Heating water uses energy. Keep rooms cool by closing the blinds, shades, or curtains.
Turn off the lights when you leave a room.
Use compact fluorescent bulbs.
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Be Bulb Smart—Use CFLs
IncandescentCompact
Fluorescent
500 lbs. of coal
What’s the difference?
•1,430 lbs. CO2 pollution avoided •$30 saved
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Simple Things To Do Dress lightly when it’s hot instead of turning
up the air conditioning. Or use a fan. Dress warmly when it’s cold instead of turning up the heat. Offer to help your parents keep the air filters on your AC and furnace clean. Walk short distances instead of asking for a ride in the car.
Plant a tree. Recycle.
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Mars Atmosphere: mass <1% earth’sGH Gases: >80% CO2
Sfc. Temp.: -47C GH Effect: 10C
FAR TOO COLD!
Other planets also have Greenhouse Effects, but these are unsuitable for life
EarthGH Gases: ~0.04% CO2
~ 1% H2OSfc. Temp.: 15C GH Effect: 33C
NOT BAD!
VenusAtmosphere: mass 90x earth’sGH Gases: >90% CO2
Sfc. Temp.: 477C GH Effect: 523C FAR TOO HOT!
Sun
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The “Greenhouse Effect”
• The Earth’s surface thus receives energy from two sources: the sun & the atmosphere
– As a result the Earth’s surface is ~33C warmer than it would be without an atmosphere
Greenhouse gases are transparent to shortwave but absorb longwave radiation
– Thus the atmosphere stores energy
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Electromagnetic Spectrumincoming outgoing
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Ozone Two Types: Stratospheric
The “Ozone Layer” “Good Ozone”
(~15-50 km)Tropospheric
“Bad Ozone”• (0~15 km)
All ozone is within the first 50km of the earth’satmosphere.
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O3
O3
Two Layers of Ozone
Good
Bad
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Ozone Layer vs. Tropospheric Ozone
Most ozone (about 90%) resides in a layer that begins between 6 and 10 miles (10 and 17 kilometers) above the Earth's surface and extends up to about 30 miles (50 kilometers).
This region of the atmosphere is called the stratosphere.
The ozone in this region is commonly known as the ozone layer.
The remaining ozone is in the lower region of the atmosphere, which is commonly called the troposphere.
The figure (left) shows an example of how ozone is distributed in the atmosphere.
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124
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Ozone Depleting Substances
125
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s) contains: Cl, F, C long-lived, non-toxic, non-corrosive, and
non-flammable in 1960’s used in refrigerators, air
conditioners, spray cans, solvents, foams phase out by 1996 in developed countries
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126
Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs)contains: H, Cl, F, Cfirst major replacement for CFC
ODP’s range from 0.01 - 0.1much less destructive by also ozone depletingreduce HCFC’s by 35% by 2004 in developed
countries Hydrofuluorocarbons (HFC)
contain: H, F, Cdo not deplete O3some HFC’s have a high GWP
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127
Halons contain: Br, Cl (in some but not all), F, H (in some
but not all), C Br many times more effective in destroying O3
ODPs range up to 10 used in fire extinguishers phase out by 1994
Methyl Bromide (CH3Br) an effective pesticide, used to fumigate ag soil and
products ODP = 0.4 production in US will end 12/31/2000
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Ozone Depletion Potential128
Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP): a number that refers to the amount of ozone depletion caused by a substance
The ODP is the ratio of the impact on ozone of a chemical compared to the impact of a similar mass of CFC-11.
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Ozone Depletion Potential129
ODP of CFC-11 is defined to be 1.0. Other CFCs and HCFCs have ODPs that
range from 0.01 to 1.0. Halons have ODPs ranging up to 10. Carbon tetrachloride has an ODP of 1.2 Methyl chloroform's ODP is 0.11. HFCs have zero ODP because they do
not contain chlorine.
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Impacts130
Ozone layer absorbs most of the harmful UV-B radiation; more UV-B means: more melanoma and non-melanoma skin
cancers more eye cataracts weakened immune systems reduced plant yields damage to ocean eco-ecosystems more damage to plastics
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Montreal Protocol131
Vienna Convention in 1985 framework agreement
Montreal Protocol in 1987 Phase-out schedules for CFCs and halons
London Amendment in 1990 accelerated phase outs; additional CFC’s,
CCl4, CH3CCl3 Copenhagen Amendment in 1992
added methyl bromide, HBFCs, HCFCs Montreal Amendment in 1997
finalized phase-out schedules for methyl bromide
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QUIZ How does our body protect us from air
pollutants?
What types of diseases are caused by air pollution?
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QUIZ How does your respiratory system help protect us from air pollution?
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QUIZWhat is acid deposition? Where does it occur?
What are harmful impacts of acid deposition?
How serious of a problem is it in the United States?
What can be done to reduce acid deposition?
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QUIZ What is acid deposition? Where
does it occur? What are harmful impacts of
acid deposition? How serious of a problem is it in
the United States? What can be done to reduce acid
deposition?
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