Chapter 3Chapter 3

IndiaIndiaand and

ChinaChina

Early Civilization in IndiaEarly Civilization in IndiaThe Land of IndiaThe Land of India

• The geography of India is diverse. The geography of India is diverse.

1.1. To the north is the Himalayan's, the To the north is the Himalayan's, the highest mountains in the world. highest mountains in the world.

2.2. To the south of the mountains is the To the south of the mountains is the rich valley of the Ganges River.rich valley of the Ganges River.

3.3. To the west was the Indus River was To the west was the Indus River was the cradle of Indian civilization. the cradle of Indian civilization.

4.4. To the south of the rivers was the Deccan, To the south of the rivers was the Deccan, a plateau that extends from the Ganges to a plateau that extends from the Ganges to the southern tip of India. Interior was hilly the southern tip of India. Interior was hilly and dry. Western and eastern coasts were and dry. Western and eastern coasts were lush plains.lush plains.

• The monsoon, a seasonal wind pattern in The monsoon, a seasonal wind pattern in southern Asia was very important to India.southern Asia was very important to India.

• Summer monsoon blew warm, moist air Summer monsoon blew warm, moist air from the southwest. Brought heavy rains.from the southwest. Brought heavy rains.

• Winter monsoon blew cold, dry air from the Winter monsoon blew cold, dry air from the northeast.northeast.

• Crop production depended upon the rains.Crop production depended upon the rains.

India’s First CivilizationIndia’s First Civilization• The first civilization began in the river The first civilization began in the river

valleys.valleys.• Indus River valley supported 2 major Indus River valley supported 2 major

cities: Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro.cities: Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro.• Harappa had a population of 35,000 Harappa had a population of 35,000

and Mohenjo-Daro had 35-40,000 and Mohenjo-Daro had 35-40,000 people. Cities were carefully planned, people. Cities were carefully planned, divided into neighborhoods, made of divided into neighborhoods, made of mud bricks, had public wells, and mud bricks, had public wells, and drains connected to a sewer system drains connected to a sewer system under the streets. Both had a well-under the streets. Both had a well-organized government, religion and organized government, religion and politics were closely linked. politics were closely linked.

• The Harappan economy was based on The Harappan economy was based on farming. Chief crops were wheat, farming. Chief crops were wheat, barley, and peas.barley, and peas.

• Traded with city-states in Mesopotamia.Traded with city-states in Mesopotamia.

The Arrival of the AryansThe Arrival of the Aryans• Around 1500 B.C., a group of Indo-Around 1500 B.C., a group of Indo-

European nomads moved in from European nomads moved in from central Asia into northern India.central Asia into northern India.

• They were experts in warfare. Gained They were experts in warfare. Gained control of all of India and became control of all of India and became farmers. Creation of iron plow and farmers. Creation of iron plow and irrigation made it possible to turn irrigation made it possible to turn jungle into farmland along the Ganges.jungle into farmland along the Ganges.

• Grew wheat, barley, millet, rice, grain, Grew wheat, barley, millet, rice, grain, vegetables, cotton, pepper, ginger, and vegetables, cotton, pepper, ginger, and cinnamon.cinnamon.

• Around 1,000 B.C., they developed Around 1,000 B.C., they developed Sanskrit, a system of writing.Sanskrit, a system of writing.

• Passed down legends and religious Passed down legends and religious rituals.rituals.

• Learned that they were often at war.Learned that they were often at war.

• Rajas (princes) often attacked each Rajas (princes) often attacked each other seizing women, cattle, and other other seizing women, cattle, and other treasures.treasures.

Society in Ancient IndiaSociety in Ancient India• The caste system was a set of rigid social The caste system was a set of rigid social

categories that determined a person’s categories that determined a person’s occupation, economic potential, and position occupation, economic potential, and position in society. It was based in part on skin color.in society. It was based in part on skin color.

• Top- Top- BrahmansBrahmans- Priests- Priests• 22ndnd- - KshatriyasKshatriyas- Warriors- Warriors• 33rdrd- - VaisyasVaisyas- Commoners; merchants or - Commoners; merchants or

farmersfarmers• 44thth- - SudrasSudras- Largest group. Dark skinned - Largest group. Dark skinned

native peoples, not Aryans. Did manual labor native peoples, not Aryans. Did manual labor and had limited rights.and had limited rights.

• 55thth- - UntouchablesUntouchables- Given the degrading - Given the degrading jobs like handling trash or the dead. Not jobs like handling trash or the dead. Not considered human.considered human.

• Life centered the family.Life centered the family.• Extended family living under 1 roof.Extended family living under 1 roof.• PatriarchalPatriarchal• Only men could inherit property and Only men could inherit property and

educated.educated.• Men had to complete 12 yrs of study Men had to complete 12 yrs of study

before marriage. Divorce not allowed. before marriage. Divorce not allowed. Could take a 2Could take a 2ndnd wife, if 1 wife, if 1stst could not could not bear children (expected to take care of bear children (expected to take care of parents).parents).

• If husband died, wife was expected to If husband died, wife was expected to follow suttee (throw herself on the fire follow suttee (throw herself on the fire with her dead husbands body).with her dead husbands body).

HinduismHinduism

• The religion of the majority of Indian The religion of the majority of Indian people.people.

• Came from the Aryans.Came from the Aryans.

• We learn about it through the Vedas, a We learn about it through the Vedas, a collection of hymns and other religious collection of hymns and other religious rituals.rituals.

• Believed in the existence of a single force Believed in the existence of a single force in the universe called the in the universe called the BrahmanBrahman..

• It was the duty of the individual self, orIt was the duty of the individual self, or AtmanAtman, to seek to know the Brahman., to seek to know the Brahman.

• Believed in reincarnation.Believed in reincarnation.

• After being reincarnated a number of After being reincarnated a number of times, the soul reaches its final goal, times, the soul reaches its final goal, which is union with Brahman.which is union with Brahman.

• Important to being reborn, was the idea Important to being reborn, was the idea of of karmakarma- the force generated by a - the force generated by a person’s actions that determines how a person’s actions that determines how a person will be reborn in the next life.person will be reborn in the next life.

• DharmaDharma- divine law ruled karma. Did - divine law ruled karma. Did they do their duties.they do their duties.

• Reincarnation justified the privileges of Reincarnation justified the privileges of the people being reborn into the higher the people being reborn into the higher castes, because what they had done in castes, because what they had done in past lives.past lives.

• Created Yoga “union”, a method of Created Yoga “union”, a method of training designed to lead to a union with training designed to lead to a union with Brahma.Brahma.

• The Hindu religion had more than 33,000 The Hindu religion had more than 33,000 gods and goddesses.gods and goddesses.

• 3 chief gods: Brahma the Creator; Vishnu, 3 chief gods: Brahma the Creator; Vishnu, the Preserver; Siva, the destroyer.the Preserver; Siva, the destroyer.

BuddhismBuddhism

• In the 6In the 6thth century in northern India, Buddhism century in northern India, Buddhism appeared.appeared.

• Founded by Siddhartha Guatama, also known Founded by Siddhartha Guatama, also known as the Buddha, or “Enlightened One”.as the Buddha, or “Enlightened One”.

• Son of a ruling family, decided in his 20’s to Son of a ruling family, decided in his 20’s to spend his life seeking the cure for human spend his life seeking the cure for human suffering.suffering.

• Practiced ascetics, self-denial to achieve an Practiced ascetics, self-denial to achieve an understanding of ultimate reality.understanding of ultimate reality.

• While meditating, he believed he had finally While meditating, he believed he had finally reached enlightenment as to the meaning of reached enlightenment as to the meaning of life.life.

• Siddhartha believed that the physical Siddhartha believed that the physical world was an illusion.world was an illusion.

• Had to let go of the things in this world, Had to let go of the things in this world, pain and sorrow could be forgotten.pain and sorrow could be forgotten.

• Then Then bodhibodhi, or wisdom would come., or wisdom would come.

• Achieving wisdom is a key step to Achieving wisdom is a key step to achieving achieving narvana, narvana, the end of the self the end of the self and the reunion with the Great World and the reunion with the Great World Soul.Soul.

• His beliefs were contained in the Four His beliefs were contained in the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path.Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path.

• He accepted the idea of reincarnation He accepted the idea of reincarnation but rejected the Hindu caste system.but rejected the Hindu caste system.

• Taught everyone could reach nirvana, Taught everyone could reach nirvana, appealed to lower classes.appealed to lower classes.

• Rejected the multitude of gods in Rejected the multitude of gods in Hinduism.Hinduism.

Section 2Section 2

New EmpiresNew Empiresin Indiain India

The Mauryan DynastyThe Mauryan Dynasty• Chandragupta Maurya ruled from 324-Chandragupta Maurya ruled from 324-

301 B.C. Governors ruled the provinces. 301 B.C. Governors ruled the provinces. Large army and secret police followed Large army and secret police followed his orders.his orders.

• Asoka (grandson) became greatest ruler. Asoka (grandson) became greatest ruler. Converted to Buddhism and used them Converted to Buddhism and used them to rule. Set up hospitals, trees planted to rule. Set up hospitals, trees planted and shelters along the road. Became a and shelters along the road. Became a crossroads in a trade network.crossroads in a trade network.

• Mauryan Dynasty ended after his death Mauryan Dynasty ended after his death

The Kushan Kingdom and the Silk RoadThe Kushan Kingdom and the Silk Road• Nomadic warriors seized power and set Nomadic warriors seized power and set

up the Kushan Kingdom. Spread over next up the Kushan Kingdom. Spread over next 2 centuries.2 centuries.

• Prospered because of trade routes, Prospered because of trade routes, especially The Silk Road. From China to especially The Silk Road. From China to Mesopotamia (the Roman Empire to Mesopotamia (the Roman Empire to China).China).

• Only luxury goods, due to the camel Only luxury goods, due to the camel caravans being difficult, dangerous, and caravans being difficult, dangerous, and expensive. Chinese- silk, spices, teas, expensive. Chinese- silk, spices, teas, porcelain. Indians- ivory, textiles, porcelain. Indians- ivory, textiles, precious stones, pepper. Romans- woolen precious stones, pepper. Romans- woolen and linen clothes, glass, precious stones.and linen clothes, glass, precious stones.

The Kingdom of the GuptasThe Kingdom of the Guptas• 320, a prince, Chandragupta created a 320, a prince, Chandragupta created a

new kingdom in the central Ganges Valley.new kingdom in the central Ganges Valley.• Became a dominant power in northern Became a dominant power in northern

India.India.• Created a new age of Indian civilization. Created a new age of Indian civilization.

Visitors admired the civilization.Visitors admired the civilization.• Guptas traded with China, Southeast Asia, Guptas traded with China, Southeast Asia,

and the Mediterranean. Cities built along and the Mediterranean. Cities built along the trade route became prosperous.the trade route became prosperous.

• Made money from the pilgrims traveling to Made money from the pilgrims traveling to religious centers.religious centers.

• Invasion by the Huns reduced the power Invasion by the Huns reduced the power of the empire.of the empire.

The World of Indian CultureThe World of Indian Culture

• The Indian culture produced great works The Indian culture produced great works in literature, architecture and science.in literature, architecture and science.

• The Vedas in literature.The Vedas in literature.

• Pillars (to mark sites related to events in Pillars (to mark sites related to events in Buddha’s life), stupas (intended to hold Buddha’s life), stupas (intended to hold relics of Buddha), and rock chambers relics of Buddha), and rock chambers (developed to house monks and serve (developed to house monks and serve as halls for religious ceremonies).- as halls for religious ceremonies).- ArchitectureArchitecture

• Made advancements in astronomy and Made advancements in astronomy and mathematics.mathematics.

• Charted the heavenly bodies; knew the Charted the heavenly bodies; knew the Earth was round and that it rotated on Earth was round and that it rotated on its axis and revolved around the sun; its axis and revolved around the sun; introduced the concept of zero and introduced the concept of zero and used a symbol (0) for it; devised a used a symbol (0) for it; devised a decimal system of counting in tens.decimal system of counting in tens.

• When Arabs conquered parts on India, When Arabs conquered parts on India, their scholars adopted the Indian their scholars adopted the Indian numbering system.numbering system.

Section 3Section 3

Early Early ChineseChineseCivilizationCivilization

The Geography of ChinaThe Geography of China

• The Huang He (Yellow) River and the The Huang He (Yellow) River and the Chang Jiang (Yangtze) River valley’s Chang Jiang (Yangtze) River valley’s were the great food-producing areas of were the great food-producing areas of the ancient world.the ancient world.

• Only 12% of land was farmable.Only 12% of land was farmable.

• The other land was mountains and The other land was mountains and deserts, which protected the Chinese deserts, which protected the Chinese from other Asian people.from other Asian people.

The Shang DynastyThe Shang Dynasty

• The 1The 1stst dynasty was the Xia Dynasty. dynasty was the Xia Dynasty.

• Shang Dynasty replaced it. 1750-1122 Shang Dynasty replaced it. 1750-1122 B.C.B.C.

• Primarily a farming society ruled by the Primarily a farming society ruled by the aristocracyaristocracy- an upper class whose - an upper class whose wealth is based on land and power is wealth is based on land and power is passed from 1 generation to another.passed from 1 generation to another.

• Territories ruled by aristocratic Territories ruled by aristocratic warlords (military leaders) chosen by warlords (military leaders) chosen by the king. They could be replaced.the king. They could be replaced.

• Rulers believed that they could Rulers believed that they could communicate with the gods to get help communicate with the gods to get help with their affairs.with their affairs.

• Used oracle bones to scratch questions Used oracle bones to scratch questions into by Priests. Bones were then into by Priests. Bones were then heated and broke. Priests interpreted heated and broke. Priests interpreted the cracks as answers from the gods.the cracks as answers from the gods.

• Strong belief in the afterlife. Believed Strong belief in the afterlife. Believed that ancestors could bring good/evil to that ancestors could bring good/evil to the living members of a family.the living members of a family.

• Well known for the mastery of the art Well known for the mastery of the art of bronze casting.of bronze casting.

The Zhou DynastyThe Zhou Dynasty

• Lasted almost 900 yrs. Longest in history.Lasted almost 900 yrs. Longest in history.

• Claimed it ruled because it had the Claimed it ruled because it had the Mandate from Heaven, Mandate from Heaven, that Heaven that Heaven kept order in the world through the Zhou kept order in the world through the Zhou king. King had authority to command, king. King had authority to command, from Heaven. Chosen because of his from Heaven. Chosen because of his talent and virtue. Expected to rule talent and virtue. Expected to rule according to the proper “Way”, called the according to the proper “Way”, called the DaoDao. His job to keep the gods pleased to . His job to keep the gods pleased to protect the people from bad harvests or protect the people from bad harvests or disasters. Could be replaced.disasters. Could be replaced.

• Led to Dynastic Cycles: ruled Led to Dynastic Cycles: ruled successfully and then a decline.successfully and then a decline.

• Civil war breaks out called the “Period Civil war breaks out called the “Period of Warring States”. Iron weapons, of Warring States”. Iron weapons, infantry foot soldiers, cavalry or infantry foot soldiers, cavalry or soldiers on horseback armed with soldiers on horseback armed with crossbows.crossbows.

• Peasants worked on land, but also Peasants worked on land, but also owned their own land as well.owned their own land as well.

• Family was basic economic and social Family was basic economic and social unit. unit. Filial piety Filial piety – duty of members of – duty of members of the family to subordinate their needs the family to subordinate their needs and desires to those of the male head and desires to those of the male head of the family. Each had place in family.of the family. Each had place in family.

• Developed a written language, Developed a written language, pictographic and ideographic. Pictographs pictographic and ideographic. Pictographs ware picture symbols, usually called ware picture symbols, usually called characters that form a picture of an object characters that form a picture of an object they represent. Ideographs are characters they represent. Ideographs are characters that combine 2 or more pictographs to that combine 2 or more pictographs to represent an idea.represent an idea.

The Chinese PhilosophiesThe Chinese Philosophies

• Confucianism is a system of ideas Confucianism is a system of ideas developed by Confucius, know to the developed by Confucius, know to the Chinese as the First Teacher.Chinese as the First Teacher.

• He provided a set of ideas to restore He provided a set of ideas to restore order to society. Concern was human order to society. Concern was human behavior.behavior.

• The key was to behave in accordance The key was to behave in accordance with the Dao. Duty and humanity was with the Dao. Duty and humanity was important. The concept of duty meant important. The concept of duty meant that all people had to subordinate their that all people had to subordinate their own interests to the broader needs of the own interests to the broader needs of the family and the community.family and the community.

• If each person worked hard to fulfill If each person worked hard to fulfill his/her duties, society would prosper.his/her duties, society would prosper.

• Confucius believed that government Confucius believed that government should not be limited to people of noble should not be limited to people of noble birth, but should be open to all men.birth, but should be open to all men.

• Daoism- system of ideas based on the Daoism- system of ideas based on the teaching of Laozi, or the Old Master.teaching of Laozi, or the Old Master.

• The main ideas of Daoism are contained The main ideas of Daoism are contained in the Tzo Te Ching (The Way of the Dao).in the Tzo Te Ching (The Way of the Dao).

• Like Confucianism, Daoism didn’t Like Confucianism, Daoism didn’t concern itself with the meaning of the concern itself with the meaning of the universe, rather it was concerned about universe, rather it was concerned about proper forms of behavior.proper forms of behavior.

• Believed that the true way to follow the Believed that the true way to follow the will of Heaven is not action, but inaction. will of Heaven is not action, but inaction. The best way to act in harmony with the The best way to act in harmony with the universe is to act spontaneously and let universe is to act spontaneously and let nature take its course by not interfering nature take its course by not interfering with it.with it.

• Legalism believed that human beings Legalism believed that human beings were evil by nature.were evil by nature.

• They could only be brought to follow the They could only be brought to follow the correct path by harsh laws and correct path by harsh laws and punishments.punishments.

• Strong ruler to create an orderly society.Strong ruler to create an orderly society.

• Didn’t need to have compassion for the Didn’t need to have compassion for the people.people.

• Fear of harsh punishment would cause Fear of harsh punishment would cause the people to serve the interests of the the people to serve the interests of the ruler and maintain order and stability in ruler and maintain order and stability in society.society.

Section 4Section 4

Rise andRise andFall ofFall ofChineseChineseEmpiresEmpires

The Qin DynastyThe Qin Dynasty• Made many changes in Chinese politics.Made many changes in Chinese politics.• Adopted Legalism. Anyone who opposed Adopted Legalism. Anyone who opposed

the new regime was punished or executed.the new regime was punished or executed.• Bureaucracy was divided into: the civil Bureaucracy was divided into: the civil

division, military division, and censorate. division, military division, and censorate. Censorate checked to make sure Censorate checked to make sure government officials were doing their jobs. government officials were doing their jobs. If found guilty of wrongdoing, they were If found guilty of wrongdoing, they were executed.executed.

• Created single monetary system, built a Created single monetary system, built a system of roads throughout the empire, system of roads throughout the empire, and built walls to keep out invaders. “The and built walls to keep out invaders. “The Great Wall of China”.Great Wall of China”.

The Han DynastyThe Han Dynasty

• One of the greatest and longest in One of the greatest and longest in China.China.

• Confucian principles.Confucian principles.

• Chose officials based on merit, not birth.Chose officials based on merit, not birth.

• Introduced the civil service exam and Introduced the civil service exam and started school to train officials.started school to train officials.

• 60 million. Expanded empire to include 60 million. Expanded empire to include regions below Chan Jiang.regions below Chan Jiang.

• Period of prosperity.Period of prosperity.

• Peasants forced into military service or Peasants forced into military service or labor up to a month per year.labor up to a month per year.

• Growing population reduced the size of Growing population reduced the size of plots per person. Couldn’t survive, so plots per person. Couldn’t survive, so many forced to sell their plots and many forced to sell their plots and become tenant farmers.become tenant farmers.

• Progress in textile manufacturing, water Progress in textile manufacturing, water mills for grinding grain, and iron casting, mills for grinding grain, and iron casting, which led to invention of steel. Paper which led to invention of steel. Paper developed.developed.

• Rudder and fore-and aft rigging on ships Rudder and fore-and aft rigging on ships which allowed ships to sail into the wind which allowed ships to sail into the wind that allowed for the expansion of trade.that allowed for the expansion of trade.

• Peasant uprisings and wars caused the Peasant uprisings and wars caused the collapse.collapse.

Culture in Qin and Han ChinaCulture in Qin and Han China

• Confucian writings were made into a Confucian writings were made into a set of classics.set of classics.

• 1974, discovered a pit containing 1974, discovered a pit containing terra-cotta (hardened clay) soldiers terra-cotta (hardened clay) soldiers that were believed to be with the that were believed to be with the emperor on his journey to the next emperor on his journey to the next world. Also contained horses, world. Also contained horses, chariots, and bronze weapons.chariots, and bronze weapons.