chapter 3 (latest)
TRANSCRIPT
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1. All living and non- living things on earth,
are made up of matter.2. Matter is anything that has mass and
occupies space.
3. Human, animals and plants are
examples of living matter.
4. Books, water and soil are examples ofnon-living matter.
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1. Matter is made up of very small particles.
2. There are spaces between the particles because they
are discrete.
3. The particles of matter can move.
4. These particles consists of atoms and molecules.
-Atom: smallest particles
-Molecule:2 or more atoms combined together
oxygen atom water molecule
oxygen atomhydrogen atom
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1. Matter can exist in three different states:
a) solid
b) liquid
c) gaseous
2. Example of solid form: table, ice, ruler
3. Example of liquid form: water, oil
4. Example of gaseous form: steam, air
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The arrangement of particles determines theshape of matter, whether it is a solid, liquid or gas.
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1. The particles are arranged close to oneanother in an orderly manner, are compact
and follow a pattern.
2. There are very small spaces between theparticles.
3. The force of attraction between particles is
strong.
Solid
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Activity to show space exist between
particles of solids
+ =
50cm3 small
stones
50cm3 green
peas
80cm3
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1. The particles are arranged loosely and arenot orderly. Because of this, the spaces
between the particles are wide.
2. The particles collide with one another and,
therefore, do not follow a pattern.
3. The force of attraction between particles is
not as strong compared with particles in
solids.
Liquid
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Activity to show space exist between
particles of liquids
+ =
50cm3 water 50cm3 alcohol 98.5cm3
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1. The particles are widely separated from oneanother.
2. There is a lot of space between particles.Therefore, gases can be compressed.
3. A gas can completely fill any vessel it is putinto. Therefore, gases do not have a definitevolume.
4. The force of attraction between particles isvery weak.
Gas
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1. The particles of solid are held together bystrong forces of attraction.
2. They are only free to vibrate about fixed
positions and cannot move about freely.3. The particles of solids contain very low
kinetic energy.
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1. The particles of liquid still have force ofattraction but not enough to hold the
particles in a fixed position.
2. So that, the particles of liquid can movefreely.
3. The particles in liquids move at random and
sometimes collide with one another.
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1. The force of attraction between gas molecule
is very weak and very far apart one another.
2. So that, they have complete freedom
movement.
3. The particles move at random in quick
motion and always collide with one another.
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Similarities
Has massOccupies space
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Differences Solid Liquid Gas
Arrangements of
particles
Packed and close
to each other
Loosely arranged Widely
separated
Movement of
particles
Vibrate about
fixed positions
Move at random
and sometimes
collide
Move quickly at
random and
often collide
Volume Fixed Fixed Changes
Shape Fixed Follows the
container
Fills the whole
container
Ability to flow No Yes Diffuse in all
direction
Ability tocompressed
No Very difficult Easilycompressed
Force of
attraction
Very strong Moderate Very weak
Energy content Low Average High
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A solid has fixed shape and volume.
Solid
Particles in a solid Movement of particles
Packed closely together Cannot move away from their
fixed position
Arranged in fixed positions Can only vibrate
Arranged in a regular pattern Can spin around
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A liquid has a fixed volume but no fixed shape
- Takes the shape of the container which it fills.
Particles in liquid Movement of particles
Not closely packed Can move away from their
fixed positions
Not held in fixed positions Can vibrate
Not arranged in a reg lar
pattern
Can changed positions
Liq id
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A gas has no fixed shape and volume.- Same as the container it fills or of the spaceit occupies
Particles in gas Movement of particles
Widely spaced Move freely with high speed
Not held in fixed positions Knock into one another
Gas