chapter 3 matter, energy, and life
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Chapter 3 Matter, Energy, And Life . Matter Is Made Of Atoms, Molecules, And Compounds . Atom: simplest building block of chemicals Element: a material composed of identical atoms Compound: a combination of atoms in a fixed arrangement and proportion - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 3 Matter, Energy, And Life
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Matter Is Made Of Atoms, Molecules, And Compounds
• Atom: simplest building block of chemicals• Element: a material composed of identical
atoms• Compound: a combination of atoms in a fixed
arrangement and proportion• Molecule: The simplest chemical unit of a
compound (O2, H2O, CH4, C6H12O6 etc.)– Many materials (NaCl) don’t have molecules
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Chemical Formulas• Most Elements have symbols that are
common sense: H (Hydrogen), Si (Silicon), etc.• Some, known in ancient times, have symbols
from Latin: Fe (Ferrum = Iron), Au (Aurum = Gold), Na (Natrium = lye, for Sodium)
• C6H12O6 = Glucose = 6 Carbon, 12 Hydrogen, 6 Oxygen
• SiO2 = Quartz = 2 Oxygen for each Silicon
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Electrical Charge Is An Important Chemical Characteristic
• Atoms contain three kinds of particles:– Protons (+) in the nucleus. Number of protons
determines what an element is– Neutrons (0) in the nucleus. Bind the nucleus
together– Electrons (-) orbiting the nucleus
• Group together into shells• This is what interacts with other atoms• Atoms can gain or lose electrons and become
electrically charged (Ions)
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Chemical Bonds Hold Molecules Together
• Ionic: Ions of opposite charge attract each other. Example: NaCl, most minerals
• Covalent: Atoms share electrons with neighbors. Example: Most carbon chemicals
• Metallic: Electrons wander freely between atoms. Positive atoms held together by negative electron “glue”
• Hydrogen: H and O in water molecules attracted to neighbors
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Chemical Bonds Hold Molecules Together
• Ionic bonding holds most rocks and minerals together
• Covalent bonding holds living things together• Metallic bonding holds industrial civilization
together• Hydrogen bonding gives water its solvent and
heat-storing capacity
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Elements Of Life • C, H, O, N, P, S are principal elements of life• Some elements like C can share more than one
electron with a neighbor (multiple bonding)• Some elements like Fe and S can gain or lose
electrons in more than one way• These versatile atoms can be used for
– Energy storage– Information storage– Triggering chemical reactions
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Elements and Life
• Some very abundant elements have no biological uses (Al, Si, Ti)
• Some elements are essential in low amounts but toxic at greater levels (Cu, Se)– Everything is toxic at excessive levels
• Some elements are toxic and have no biological functions (Lead, Mercury)
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The Elements
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The Elements and Life
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Organic Compounds Have A Carbon Backbone
• Organic compounds contain carbon as their basic structural core– Chains (Petroleum)– Rings (Benzene, Toluene)
• Simple carbon-bearing chemicals aren’t considered Organic– CH4: Methane
– CO2: Carbon Dioxide
– CaCO3: Calcite, the Main Constituent of Limestone
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Cells Are The Fundamental Units Of Life
• Cell Membrane: Contains contents and processes, excludes foreign objects (mostly)
• Nucleus: Where DNA resides– Simplest organisms lack nucleus
• Mitochondria– Not to be confused with Midichlorians (MTFBWY)– Produce Energy for Cell– Have their own DNA– Probably originated as independent organisms
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Energy
• Energy Occurs In Different Types And Qualities • Thermodynamics Regulates Energy Transfers • Energy For Life
– Extremophiles Live In Severe Conditions – Green Plants Get Energy From The Sun – Photosynthesis Captures Energy While Respiration
Releases That Energy
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Thermodynamics Regulates Energy Transfers
• First Law: Energy is Not Created or Destroyed– Can Change Form– Matter and Energy can be converted
• Second Law: Entropy increases– Entropy is often likened to disorder but is not
entirely the same– Entropy can decrease at expense of surroundings
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From Species To Ecosystems
• Organisms Occur In Populations, Communities, And Ecosystems
• Food Chains, Food Webs, And Trophic Levels Link Species
• Ecological Pyramids Describe Trophic Levels
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Waterworld
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Sometimes It Looks More Like This
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Reasons to be a ”Water chauvinist".
• Stays liquid over a wide range of temperatures.
• Polar or asymmetrical molecule. Attracts ions easily - Good transporter of nutrients
• Does not dissolve organic molecules (so we do not dissolve in our own cell fluids)
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Material Cycles And Life Processes• Sources: supply elements for life and physical
processes– Example: Burning vegetation releases CO2
• Sinks: remove materials from environment– Example: Plants remove CO2 from the air– Limestone removes CO2 from the air
• Residence Time: How long an average atom or molecule remains in a system– Example: Water molecule in air, 10 days
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Material Cycles on the Earth• The Hydrologic Cycle Moves Water Around
The Earth – Oceans – Atmosphere – Land - Ocean
• Nutrient Cycles– Ultimate Source: Rocks– Released by Weathering– Taken up by Biosphere– Transported by Water or Atmosphere– Sinks: Atmosphere, Deep Oceans, Rocks
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Reasons to be a "Carbon chauvinist".
• Can bond to four neighboring atoms• Can bond to other carbon atoms, sharing one,
two, or three electrons• These properties make it possible to form a
vast array of organic molecules• No other element has these properties
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Carbon in the Earth
• Volcanoes emit carbon dioxide• Carbonate rocks lock up carbon dioxide• Ancient biomass locked up carbon as coal,
petroleum, natural gas
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Carbon in the BiospherePlants use sunlight, H2O, CO2 to create organic
molecules:• 6 H2O + 6 CO2 + energy
C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2 (toxic waste)Animals run the reactions in reverse:• C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2 6 H2O + 6 CO2 + energy• Also use organic molecules directly (vitamins)
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Carbon Cycles• Plant – Animal Cycle• Decay returns CO2 to atmosphere• Marine organisms fix CO2 in carbonate rocks• Weathering returns CO2 to atmosphere• Some C fixed in rocks long-term as carbonates
or fossil fuel• Humans burn fossil fuel and add (not return)
CO2 to atmosphere
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The Carbonate-Silicate Cycle• Earth has almost as much carbon dioxide as
Venus• Volcanoes add carbon dioxide to the
atmosphere• Mountain-building favors cooling• Carbon dioxide is removed from the air to
make carbonate rocks• “Icehouse” and “Greenhouse” episodes
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The Paradox of Nitrogen• It makes up 79% of the atmosphere• Most plants cannot use N2
• Nitrogen converted to usable forms by specialized microorganisms
• Human use of nitrogen– Nitrogen-fixing plants (Legumes)– Natural fertilizers (Guano, Nitrate Minerals)– Synthetic nitrates (Haber Process)
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Sulfur in the Earth
• Sulfide minerals: ores, pyrite• Volcanic emissions: H2S, SO2
• Coal: pyrite, organic sulfur• Petroleum: organic sulfur
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From Earth to Environment
• Volcanic emissions: H2S, SO2
• Microbial action• Weathering
– Natural exposures– Mine waste
• Smelting• Fossil Fuels
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Acid Rain
• S + O2 = SO2 (sulfur dioxide)
• 2SO2 + O2 = 2SO3 (sulfur trioxide)
• SO3 + H2O = H2SO4 (sulfuric acid)• Forms by smelting or burning fossil fuels
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Acid Rain• pH: Measure of acidity
– 0 = extremely acid (Muriatic Acid)– 7 = neutral– 14 = extremely alkaline (Lye)
• Normal water in air is 5.5 (Carbonic Acid)• Acid rain can be pH 3 or less• Ca and Mg neutralize acid (Limestone,
Dolomite, some volcanic rocks)• Rocks poor in Ca and Mg cannot neutralize
acid (Granite)
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Phosphorus in the Earth• Most common limiting factor for life• Mostly in apatite Ca5(Cl,F)(PO4)3
– Granites– Phosphate Rock (recycled biological P)
• Released by:– Weathering– Mining (for fertilizer)
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Phosphorus on Land
• Phosphorus in Soil• Uptake by plants• Consumption by animals• Return to soil via plant and animal waste,
decay• Some lost by runoff
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Phosphorus in Water• Essential to aquatic life• Excess causes eutrophication
– Runaway productivity, excess oxygen demand• Return to water via plant and animal waste,
decay• Some ends up in sediments (Chitin, Bone)• Sedimentary P returns to land via uplift, plate
tectonics• Human-Applied P goes to Oceans (Sink)
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Distinctive Aspects of the P Cycle• No Atmospheric Component• Geologic Portion of Cycle Very Slow• Mostly involves biological transfers• P in oceans not recycled quickly• Human use: Rocks – Fertilizer – Oceans
– Not Recycled• Peak Phosphorus?• Phosphorus (Fertilizer)
– Morocco, China, South Africa, Jordan, U.S. = 90% of World Reserves