chapter 3 movement of substances 2011
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Chapter 3- Movement of substances
Chapter 3- Movement of substances
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Kinetic Particle Theory
The kinetic particle theory states that
all matter is made up of in particles and that
these particles are in constant, random motion.
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Diagram
Move about at great speeds
Slide over each other
Vibrate and rotate about a fixed position
Movement of particles
Far apartRandom
Close together Random
Close togetherRegular pattern
Arrangement of particles
GasLiquidSolidState
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very weakstrongvery strongAttractive forces between particles
highlowvery lowKinetic energy of particles
GasLiquidSolidState
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http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/labbench/lab1/intro.html
Explaining of key concepts with quiz and experiments to try.
http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/nursing/sonet/rlos/science/osmosis/index.html
Animations with narration
Some websites to explore… …
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Diffusion-Examples Getting a whiff of KFC before
you step into the restaurant
Watching purple ribena slowly ‘colouring’ the glass of water
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What will happen to the Lemon fragrance molecules after a few seconds? What region has a higher concentration of
lemon molecules?Lemon fragrance molecules
Starting point
Spraying lemon air freshner in a room
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Describing what you have seen…
The 20 lemon fragrance molecules spreads out from the starting point of spraying until they are evenly spread in the room.
There is a higher concentration of lemon fragrance molecules from the point of spraying compared to the surroundings of a room.
This creates a concentration gradient between the two regions
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Describing the process of DIFFUSIONDescribing the process of DIFFUSION
Difference in concentration between two regions is called
Region A Region B
Molecules (possess kinetic/movement energy) moving down a concentration gradient
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Describing the process of DIFFUSION…
The 20 lemon fragrance molecules (possess kinetic energy as they are in random motion)
diffuse from a region of higher concentration
to a region of lower concentration, that is, down a concentration gradient until an equilibrium is reached.
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When the lemon fragrance molecules are evenly spread, there is no net change in the system.
This is known as dynamic equilibrium
But does this mean that the lemon fragrance
molecules have stopped moving….?
Describing the process of DIFFUSION…
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NOThe gas particles are still moving about as
they are always in constant and random
motion. [Kinetic Particle Theory]
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Diffusion of red dye particlesDiffusion of red dye particles
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Define the process of DIFFUSION
Diffusion is the net movement ofparticles (atoms, ions or molecules)from a region of higher concentration toa region of lower concentration, i.e.down a concentration gradient.
The steeper the concentration gradient for a substance, the faster the rate of diffusion is for that substance.
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20 potassium iodide ions
20 copper sulphate ions
permeable membrane
water
Note that:
• The left side of the beaker contains potassium iodide solution.
• The right side of the beaker contains copper sulphate solution.
Key
Potassium iodide ion
Copper sulphate ion
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Demonstrating Diffusion Across a Demonstrating Diffusion Across a Permeable Membrane Permeable Membrane
A permeable membrane allows solvent & solutes to pass through it.
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A permeable membrane allows both the solvent (water) and the solutes (the dissolved substances i.e. potassium iodide and copper sulphate ions) to pass through.
Key
Movement of substances
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Demonstrating Diffusion Across a Demonstrating Diffusion Across a Permeable MembranePermeable Membrane
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Demonstrating Diffusion Across a Demonstrating Diffusion Across a Permeable MembranePermeable Membrane
10 potassium iodide ions
10 copper sulphate ions
10 potassium iodide ions
10 copper sulphate ions
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Demonstrating Diffusion Across a Demonstrating Diffusion Across a Permeable MembranePermeable Membrane
10 potassium iodide ions
10 copper sulphate ions
10 potassium iodide ions
10 copper sulphate ions
• Even distribution of potassium iodide and copper sulphate ions throughout (Equal concentrations of all ions on both sides of the membrane).
• The net movement of particles (atoms, ions or molecules) from a region where they are of higher concentration to a region where they are of lower concentration, that is, down a concentration gradient, is called diffusion.
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Recall concept on “Cell surface membrane” which is
found in all living cells Partially-permeable
membrane that forms a boundary between the cytoplasm of the cell and the outside.
Controls the passage of substances (small molecules) entering and exiting the cell
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Diffusion in lungs
The cells of your lungs exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide through diffusion.
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Diffusion in root hair cells
Plant cells such as root hair cells also take in oxygen and remove carbon dioxide through diffusion.
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How can the rate of diffusion be affected?
1. Temperature Increase in temp. increases rate
2. Size of particles Small sizes diffuse faster than large ones
3. Thickness of the barrier Thicker walls, slower rate
4. Concentration gradient Greater concentration gradient, faster rate
5. Surface area Increase S.A., increase rate
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Define osmosis
Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from a solution of higher water potential to a solution of lower water potential across a partially permeable membrane.
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8 sucrose molecules
4 sucrose molecules
9 water molecules
18 water molecules
Key
Sucrose molecule
Water molecule
10% sucrose solution 5% sucrose
solution
Note that:
• Arm A contains more sucrose molecules per unit volume than arm B
• Arm A contains fewer water molecules per unit volume than arm B (Arm A has a lower water potential, arm B has a higher water potential).
A B
partially permeable membrane
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Demonstrating Osmosis Across a Demonstrating Osmosis Across a Partially Permeable MembranePartially Permeable Membrane
A partially permeable membrane allows small molecules to pass through it.
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Water Potential
Water potential is a measure of the tendency of water to move from one place to another.
The more diluted a solution, the higher the water potential.
Water always move from a solution with higher water potential to a solution with a lower one, i.e. down a water potential gradient.
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A partially permeable membrane allows selected substances to pass through.
Key
Net movement of water molecules
A B A B
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Demonstrating Osmosis Across a Demonstrating Osmosis Across a Partially Permeable MembranePartially Permeable Membrane
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8 sucrose molecules
4 sucrose molecules
18 water molecules
9 water molecules
A B A B A Bdrop in level
rise in level
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Demonstrating Osmosis Across a Demonstrating Osmosis Across a Partially Permeable MembranePartially Permeable Membrane
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8 sucrose molecules
4 sucrose molecules
18 water molecules
9 water molecules
• Sucrose molecules cannot diffuse from A to B, water molecules diffuse from B to A.
• Level of solution A rises while B falls.
• The movement of water molecules from a solution of higher water potential to a solution of lower water potential through a partially permeable membrane is called osmosis.
A B A B A Bdrop in level
rise in level
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Demonstrating Osmosis Across a Demonstrating Osmosis Across a Partially Permeable MembranePartially Permeable Membrane
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Note: Only applicable to animal systems.Note: Only applicable to animal systems.
What is Hypotonic, Isotonic & Hypertonic?
A (low ) is hypertonic compared to B (high ).
C (high ) is hypotonic compared to B (low ).
low
high
(symbol to represent water potential)
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Plant cell
Equal water potential inside and outside cell.
No net movement ofwater molecules
Higher water potential inside cell. Water
molecules move out of cell. Cytoplasm shrinks.
Cell becomes plasmolysed
Higher water potential outside cell. Water
molecules enter cell and exerts pressure on
the cell wall. Cell becomes turgid.
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Animal cell
Isotonic soln:Equal water potential
inside and outside cell. No net movement of
water molecules
Hypertonic soln:Higher water potential
inside cell. Water molecules move out of cell.
Cell becomes crenated.
Hypotonic soln:Higher water potential
outside cell. Water molecules enter cell.
Cell bursts!
*Hypertonic, isotonic, hypotonic soln apply to animal systems only
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Buzz Activity What happens when living cells require certain
substances that are of higher concentration inside the cell than they are in the external environment?
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Active Transport
Active transport is the process in which energy is used to move the particles of a substance against a concentration gradient, that is, from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration.
Energy is released during respiration in living cells.
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Active transport in small intestine
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Active transport in root hair cells
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Calculating Surface Area: Volume Ratio
Cube A:
Sides - 1 cm
C:
Sides - 3 cm
SA 6 cm2 54 cm2
Volume 1 cm3 27 cm3
SA:VR 6:1 2:1
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What does SA:VR mean to a What does SA:VR mean to a cell?cell?