chapter 3: networking media. learning objectives define and understand technical terms related to...
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Chapter 3:Networking MediaChapter 3:Networking Media
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Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
Define and understand technical terms related to cabling, including attenuation, crosstalk, shielding, and plenum
Identify three major types of both network cabling and wireless network technologies
Understand baseband and broadband transmission technologies and when to use each
continued
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Learning Objectives
Decide what kinds of cabling and connections are appropriate for particular network environments
Describe wireless transmission techniques used in LANs
Describe signaling technologies for mobile computing
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Network Cabling:Tangible Physical Media Provides a medium across which network
information can travel in the form of a physical signal, whether it is a type of electrical transmission or some sequence of light pulses
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Primary Cable Types
Coaxial cable Twisted-pair (TP) cable
Unshielded (UTP)Shielded (STP)
Fiber-optic
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General Cable Characteristics
Bandwidth rating Maximum segment
length Maximum number of
segments per internetwork
Maximum number of devices per segment
Interference susceptibility
Connection hardware Cable grade Plenum rating Bend radius Material costs Installation costs
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Primary Techniques for Sending Signals across a Cable Baseband transmission Broadband transmission
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Baseband Transmission
Uses digital signals sent over a cable without modulation
Sends binary values (0s and 1s) as pulses of different voltage levels
Entire bandwidth of the cable is used to transmit a single data signal
Limits any single cable strand to half-duplex transmission
continued
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Baseband Transmission
Signal flow can be bi-directional Uses repeaters to restore the signal to its
original strength and quality before retransmitting it to another cable
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Broadband Transmission
An analog transmission technique which may use multiple communication channels simultaneously
Each data channel is represented by modulation on a particular frequency band, for which sending or receiving equipment must be tuned
Signal flow is one-way only; two channels are necessary for computers to send/receive data
continued
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Broadband Transmission
Uses amplifiers to detect weak signals, strengthen those signals, and then rebroadcast them
Primary approaches to supporting two-way broadband communications Mid-split broadband Dual-cable broadband
Offers higher bandwidths, but generally more expensive than baseband systems
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The Importance of Bandwidth
The faster the connection, the better
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Coaxial Cable
Uses a center conductor -- wrapped by an insulating layer, surrounded by a braided wire mesh and an outer jacket or sheath -- to carry high-bandwidth signals such as network traffic or broadcast television frequencies
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Coaxial Cable
Uses shielding to increase the viability of the signals that pass through a cable by absorbing stray electronic signals or fields
Less susceptible to interference and attenuation than twisted-pair cabling, but more so than fiber-optic
A connector must cap each end of the cable, and a terminator must screw into each end
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Types of Coaxial Cable for Ethernet Thin Ethernet (thinnet, thinwire,
cheapernet, 10Base2) Thick Ethernet (thicknet, thickwire,
10Base5)
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Thinwire Ethernet
Thin, flexible cable about 0.2” in diameter Easy to work with Relatively inexpensive to build or buy Well suited for small or constantly changing
networks Uses BNC T-connectors to attach directly to
networking devices and computers’ network adapter cards
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Thinwire Ethernet
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Radio Government (RG) Specifications Coaxial cable designation that reflects
coaxial cable’s original use as a conveyance for radio frequency data and signals
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Radio Government (RG) Specifications
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Thinwire Ethernet Cable
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Thickwire Ethernet
Uses a rigid cable about 0.4” in diameter (“frozen yellow garden hose”)
Rarely used except as a backbone for a new network installation (due to expense, large diameter, and lack of flexibility)
Uses a vampire tap to attach a device to the cable, which in turn attaches to a transceiver; transceiver attaches to a drop or transceiver cable that plugs into an attachment unit interface (AUI)
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Attaching to Thinwire Ethernet Cable
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Attaching to Thickwire Ethernet Cable
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Running Thickwire Cable
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Thickwire Ethernet Cable
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Coaxial Cable Characteristics
Can handle moderate to serious bandwidth
Supports intermediate to moderately long cable runs
Relatively affordable Resistant to interference; relatively safe
from electronic “eavesdropping”
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Twisted-pair Cable
Consists of one or more pairs of insulated strands of copper wire twisted around one another
Importance of twists Improve resistance to interferenceLimit the influence of crosstalk
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Types of TP Cable
Unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) Contains one or more pairs of insulated wires within an
enclosing insulating sheath Follows the ANSI/EIA/TIA 568 standard Prone to crosstalk
Shielded twisted-pair (STP) Encloses each pair of wires within a foil shield, as well as
within an enclosing insulating sheath Supports higher bandwidth over longer distances than UTP Has no set of standards
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Types of TP Cable
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Twisted-pair Network Cabling Schemes Commonly employ RJ-45 telephone
connectors Typical elements (often in a wiring center)
Punchdown blocksPatch panelsWall platesJack couplers
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RJ-45 Connector
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Patch Panels and Punchdown Blocks
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10BaseT’s Networking Characteristics
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Fiber-optic Cable
Uses pulses of light sent along a light-conducting fiber at the heart of the cable to transfer information
Sends data in one direction only; two cables are required to permit data exchange in both directions
Consists of a slender cylinder of glass fiber(s), called the core, surrounded by a concentric layer of cladding material and then by an outer sheath
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Fiber-optic Cable
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Primary Types of Fiber-optic Cables Single-mode cables
Include only one glass fiber at the core Cost more Work with laser-based emitters but span the longest
distances Multi-mode cables
Incorporate two or more glass fibers at the core Cost less Work with light emitting diodes (LEDs) but span
shorter distances
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Fiber-optic Cable Advantages
Immune to interference Highly secure; eliminates possibility of
electronic eavesdropping Good medium for high-bandwidth, high-
speed, long-distance data transmissions
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Fiber-optic Cable Drawbacks
High cost Difficult installation
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Fiber-optic Cable Characteristics
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Fiber-optic Media Connectors
ST (straight tip) SC (straight connection) MIC (medium interface connector) SMA (subminiature type A)
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Cable Selection Criteria
Bandwidth Budget Capacity Environmental considerations Placement Scope Span
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Comparison of General Cable Characteristics
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The IBM Cabling System
Numeric cabling designations (Type 1 through Type 9) developed by IBMTypes 2 and 9 are the most commonly used
networking cables IBM cable connector is the unique feature;
any two connectors are able to plug into each other
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IBM Cable Types
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Wireless Networking: Intangible Media Depends on transmission at some kind of
electromagnetic frequency through the atmosphere to carry data transmissions from one networked device to another
Appears most frequently in conjunction with wired networks
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Capabilities of the Wireless World Creates temporary connections to existing wired
networks Establishes back-up or contingency connectivity
for existing wired networks Extends a network’s span beyond the reach of
wire- or fiber-optic-based cabling Permits certain users to roam with their
machines, within certain limits
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Commercial Applications for Wireless Networking Ready access to data for mobile professionals Delivery of network access into isolated facilities Access in environments in which layout and
settings change constantly Improved customer services in busy areas Network connectivity in facilities where in-wall
wiring would be impossible to install or prohibitively expensive
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Types of Wireless Networks
Local area networks (LANs) Extended LANs Mobile computing
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Wireless LAN Applications
Still necessary to attach a network interface to a computer, but the interface attaches to an antenna and an emitter rather than to a cable
Requires an access point device to bridge wireless components and the wired network
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Wireless Access Point Device
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Wireless LAN Transmission
Most common frequencies used Radio: 10 KHz to 1 GHz Microwave: 1 GHz to 500 GHz Infrared: 500 GHz to 1 THz
Primary technologies used Infrared Laser Narrowband, single-frequency radio Spread-spectrum radio
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Broadcast Medium Principles
Inverse relationship between frequency and distance
Direct relationship between frequency and data transfer rate and bandwidth
Higher-frequency technologies often use tight-beam broadcasts and require a clear line of sight between sender and receiver to ensure correct delivery
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Infrared LAN Technologies
Use infrared light beams to send signals between pairs of devices
Have high bandwidth; work well for LAN applications
Require a line of sight between sender and receiver
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Kinds of Infrared LANs
Line-of-sight networks Reflective wireless networks Scatter infrared networks Broadband optical telepoint networks
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Laser-based LAN Technologies
Require a clear line of sight between sender and receiver
Devices are subject to many of the same limitations as infrared but are not as subject to interference from visible light sources
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Narrow-band, Single-frequency Radio LAN Technologies Use low-powered, two-way radio
communications Require no line-of-sight between sender
and receiver
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Narrow-band, Single-frequency Wireless LAN Characteristics
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High-powered, Single-frequency LAN Characteristics
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Spread-spectrum LAN Technologies Address weaknesses of single-frequency
communications Use multiple frequencies simultaneously; improve
reliability and reduce susceptibility to interference Make eavesdropping more difficult
Two main kinds Frequency-hopping Direct-sequence modulation
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Spread-spectrum LAN Characteristics
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Wireless Extended LAN Technologies Wireless bridge
A pair of devices, typically narrow-band and tight beam, that relay network traffic from one location to another
Available using spread-spectrum radio, infrared, and laser technologies
Can span distances from hundreds of meters up to 25 miles
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Wireless Extended LAN Characteristics
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Microwave Networking Technologies Can deliver higher transmission rates than radio-
based systems Transmitters and receivers must share a
common, clear line of sight Usually require FCC approval and licensing More expensive than radio systems Two types
Terrestrial Satellite
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Terrestrial Microwave
Uses line-of-sight communication between pairs of Earth-based transmitters and receivers to relay information
Expensive; usually positioned well above ground level
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Terrestrial Microwave LAN/WAN Characteristics
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Satellite Microwave
Uses geosynchronous satellites to send and relay signals between sender and receiver
Usually leased for an exorbitant fee
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Satellite Microwave WAN Characteristics
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High-speed Wireless Networking Technologies IEEE 802.11 Wireless Networking
Standard Cellular packet radio networking Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD) Narrow-band sockets
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Chapter Summary
Network cabling Primary cable types
Twisted-pair (unshielded and shielded) and coaxial conductive cables
Fiber-optic cables Cabled network transmission schemes
BroadbandBaseband
continued
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Chapter Summary
Wireless networking Provides cable-free LAN access Extends span of LANs Provides WAN links Supports mobile computing needs Uses a variety of electromagnetic frequency ranges
Narrow-band and spread-spectrum radio Microwave Infrared Laser transmission
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Chapter 4:Network Interface Cards
Chapter 4:Network Interface Cards
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Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
Describe what role a network adapter card plays in networked communications
Explain how network adapters prepare data for transmission, accept incoming network traffic, and control how networked communications flow
Understand the variety of configurable options for network adapters and describe common settings
continued
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Learning Objectives
Describe important characteristics for selecting adapter cards
Recount network adapter enhancements that can improve performance
Explain the role of driver software in network adapters
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Network Interface Card Basics
Crucial tasks performed by a NICEstablishes and manages the computer’s
network connectionTranslates digital computer data into signals
(appropriate for the network medium) for outgoing messages; translates signals into digital computer data for incoming messages
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From Parallel to Serial, and Vice Versa A network adapter grabs outgoing transmissions
from the CPU in parallel form and recasts them into their serial equivalents Parallel transmission
Spreads individual bits of data across multiple, parallel data lines to transmit them simultaneously, rather than according to an ordinal and temporal sequence
Serial transmission Sends each bit’s worth of data (or its analog equivalent) one
at a time, one after another, in sequence
Reverses the process for incoming messages
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From Parallel to Serial, and Vice Versa
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From Parallel to Serial, and Vice Versa Memory is an important component on a
network adapter that acts as a holding tank, or buffer
Bus width Number of parallel lines that make up a bus
Transceiver A device that transmits and receives network
information
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An Ethernet NIC
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From Parallel to Serial, and Vice Versa NIC packages all the bits into orderly
collections called packets and then transmits individual packets serially onto the network medium
Using a network address, the NIC determines whether the computer is the appropriate recipient of data sent
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Summary of NIC Basics
Manages and controls network access Creates a physical link between a computer and
a network medium Handles data transfers to and from the network
and CPU and translates which forms such data can take between parallel and serial representation
Interacts with the medium to determine when data transmission is permissible
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PC Buses
Specialized collections of parallel lines in a PC used to ship data between the CPU and peripheral devices
Primary bus architectures ISA (Industry Standard Architecture) EISA (Extended ISA) MCA (Micro Channel Architecture) PCI (Peripheral Component Interface) AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port)
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Primary Bus Architectures
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Other PC Interfaces Used for Networking USB (Universal Serial Bus) FireWire (also known as IEEE 1394)
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Principles of NIC Configuration
Plug and Play architecture Manual configuration involves working with three
types of PC settings: Interrupt request line (IRQ) Base I/O port Base memory address
Two ways of setting hardware configurations Jumper blocks DIP (dual inline package) switches
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Setting Hardware Configurations
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Interrupt Request Lines (IRQs)
Any of 16 unique signal lines between the CPU and the bus slots on a PC
Define the mechanism whereby a peripheral device can stake a claim on the PC’s attention
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Most Common PC IRQs
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Base I/O Port
The memory address where the CPU and an adapter check for messages that they leave for each other
Must be unique
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Common NIC Base I/O Port Assignments
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Base Memory Address (membase) Starting address for NIC’s buffer space Bounded by size of the buffer’s extent
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Making the Network Attachment
Importance of matching the adapter you choose with the medium to which it must attach
When a network adapter supports more than one media type, selecting the one to use becomes another configuration optionNormally involves changing DIP switches or
shifting a jumper block
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Choosing Network Adapters for Best Performance Identify the physical characteristics the
card must match Consider other hardware-enhancement
options to help improve overall network performance
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Hardware-enhancement Options Direct Memory Access (DMA) Shared adapter memory Shared system memory Bus mastering RAM buffering On-board co-processors Security features Traffic management or grooming Improved fault tolerance
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Considerations when Purchasing a Network Adapter Bus width Bus type Memory transfer Special features required Bus mastering Vendor factors
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Special-purpose NICs
Interfaces for wireless networks Interfaces for diskless workstations (a.k.a.
thin clients), which must access the network to load an operating system as they boot up Support remote boot or remote initial program
load
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Wireless Adapter Components
Indoor antenna and antenna cable Software to enable the adapter to work
with a particular network environment Diagnostic software to check initial
installation or to troubleshoot thereafter Installation software
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Remote Boot Adapters
Some include a chip socket for Boot PROM (programmable read-only memory)
Once a diskless workstation finishes booting, it can use the network to read and write additional needed data
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Driver Software
Permits a network adapter to communicate with a computer’s operating system
Recommendations Ensure that a valid driver is available for your
operating system before purchasing an adapter Obtain the latest driver version before installing a
network adapter Make regular driver upgrades part of your network
maintenance routine
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Major Driver Vendor Standards
NDIS (Network Device Interface Specification)
WDM (Win32 Driver Model) ODI (Open Data-link Interface)
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Installing a New Network Connection
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Chapter Summary
What a network interface does and how it works
How to install and configure network adapters
How to select an appropriate adapter for your situation