chapter 3. newton’s second law of motion f = m × a force = mass × acceleration the faster you...
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CHAPTER 3
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Newton’s Second Law of Motion
• F = m × a• Force = mass ×
acceleration• The faster you run
into a wall, the more force you exert on that wall
• Units are kg×m/s2 • Units are Newtons (N)
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F = m x a
• You run into the wall at 50 N of force. Your mass is 10 kilograms. Calculate your acceleration.
• Carmine has a mass of 100 g, and he is running toward you at 2 m/s2. Calculate the force he will hit you with. (Tricky)
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Friction
• Friction is the force that opposes motion between two surfaces touching each other
• There are 3 types:
• 1. static = not moving
• 2. sliding = pushing a heavy box across the floor
• 3. rolling = your car spinning its wheels on the ice
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Air Resistance
• Air resistance affects anything moving in earth’s atmosphere
• The amount depends on the speed, size, and shape of the object
• Negating air resistance, which will fall faster: a feather or a bowling ball?
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Terminal Velocity
• The force of air resistance increases with speed
• Remember that the acceleration due to gravity is always 9.8 m/s2
• When the object is falling so fast that it cancels the force due to gravity, it is now at terminal velocity and is no longer accelerating
• This is the greatest falling velocity possible
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Law of Gravitation
• Any two masses exert a gravitational force on each other
• The size of this force depends on the mass and the distance between the objects
• Greater the mass, greater the force
• Closer together, greater the force
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Weight vs. Mass
• Weight = mass × acceleration due to gravity (9.8 m/s2)
• Weight is in Newtons
• Weight is a force
• Mass is in kg
• Mass is the measure of amount of matter an object contains
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Calculating weight
• How much does a person with a mass of 70kg weigh on planet Earth?
• How much does a baby with a mass of 500g weigh on planet Earth? (Tricky)
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Projectile Motion
• When you throw a ball on Earth, there are two forces working on it
• Vertical force pulling down (gravity)
• Horizontal force pushing out (your throw)
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Newton’s Third Law of Motion
• For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
• Ex: rocket propulsion
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Momentum
• momentum = mass × velocity
• p = m × v• Law of Conservation of
Momentum • Momentum can be
transferred from one object to another
• Total momentum of the system remains the same
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Calculating momentum
• Compare the momentums of a 50kg dolphin swimming 16.4m/s and a 6,300kg elephant walking 0.11m/s.