CHAPTER 3 PGS 40-69

VISUAL ARTS I & II

MELODY JUNKER

JANUARY 2009

THERE HAS ALWAYS BEEN ARTB4 WRITTEN RECORDS-PAINTINGS,

DRAWINGS, SCULPTURE, JEWELRY, & DECORATE FUNCTIONAL ITEMS

ART TELLS US ABOUT PAST PEOPLES AND HOW THEY LIVED

ART HISTORY IS A RECORD OF ART FROM PAST TO PRESENT.

ART HISTORIANS LOOK AT CHANGES IN ART OVER TIME

ART HISTORIANS ALSO LOOK AT THE WAY ART IS CREATED FROM PLACE TO PLACE

STEP ONE: DESCRIPTIONSTEP TWO: ANALYSISSTEP THREE: INTERPRETATIONSTEP FOUR: JUDGEMENT*SAME STEP NAMES AS THE STEPS TO CRITIQUE AN

ARTWORK

STEP 1 (DESCRIPTION)-WHEN, WHERE, AND BY WHOM WAS THE ART DONE?LOOK FOR THE ARTIST’S SIGNATURE AND DATE

ON THE PIECESTEP 2 (ANALYSIS)- WHAT IS THE STYLE OF

THE WORK, AND DOES THE WORK FIT INTO AN ART MOVEMENT?LOOK AT THE ARTIST’S STYLE. NO 2 PEOPLE

HAVE EXACTLY THE SAME STYLE. STYLE IS THE ARTIST’S PERSONAL WAY OF

USING THE ELEMENTS OF ART AND PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN TO EXPRESS FEELINGS AND IDEAS.

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STEP 3 (INTERPRETATION)- HOW DID TIME AND PLACE AFFECT THE ARTIST’S STYLE AND SUBJECT MATTER?

STEP 4 (JUDGEMENT)- DOES THE WORK OF ART MAKE AN IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTION TO THE HISTORY OF ART?DID THE ARTIST INTRODUCE A NEW STYLE?OR IS THIS AN OUTSTANDING EXAMPLE OF

AN EXISTING STYLE?

PREHISTORIC (BEFORE WRITTEN HISTORY)THIS ART IS IMPORTANT BECAUSE THIS IS

ALL THE INFORMATION WE HAVE ABOUT PAST CULTURES

DEEP IN CAVES-BRIGHTLY COLORED AND REALISTIC PAINTINGS

PURPOSE IS THOUGHT TO HAVE BEEN FOR HUNTING RITUALS, SINCE UNLIKELY TO LIVED HERE OR TO CELEBRATE A SUCCESSFUL HUNT

EGYPTPHARAOHS HAD COMPLETE AUTHORITYARTISTS HAD TO FOLLOW STRICT RULES SET UP

BY PHARAOHSRULES REQUIRED THAT EACH PART OF BODY TO

BE SHOWN FROM THE MOST VISIBLE ANGLEHEADS, ARMS, LEGS, & FEET SHOWN IN PROFILESHOULDERS & EYES ARE SEEN FROM FRONTAL

VIEWSCENES FROM THE LIFE OF PERSON BURIED IN

THE TOMB ARE PAINTED ON THE WALLS.SCENES INTENDED TO REMIND THE SPIRIT OF

ITS LIFE ON EARTH

REGION WAS A CRESCENT OF LAND BETWEEN THE TIGRIS AND EUPHRATES RIVERS-VERY FERTILE LAND

SUMERIANS DEVELOPED FIRST SYSTEM OF WRITING CALLED CUNEIFORM-MADE UP OF WEDGE SHAPED CHARACTERS

ARTWORK MORE REALISTIC THAN EGYPTIAN

ANCIENT CHINESE CIVILIZATION IN YELLOW RIVER VALLEY STILL EXISTS TODAY THE OLDEST CONTINOUS CULTURE IN HISTORY OF WORLD FIRST DYNASTY WAS SHANG DYNASTY

CAST-BRONZE WORK FROM THIS 13TH CENTURY CIVILIZATION EXISTS

ADOPTED BUDDHISM DURING HAN DYNASTY (206BC-220AD) BELIEVED COULD CAPTURE BEAUTY OF A SUBJECT BETTER

DUE TO LONG PERIODS OF MEDITATION PAINTINGS WERE MADE ON SILK OR PARCHMENT SCROLLS MADE RELIGIOUS SCULPTURES & TO HONOR THE DEAD BEGAN CREATING CLAY SCULPTURES DURING SUNG

DYNASTY TOMBS OF CLAY SCULPTURES ARE STILL BEING

DISCOVERED

STRONGLY INFLUENCED BY HINDU AND BUDDHIST RELIGIONS

BUILT TEMPLES OF STONE

JAPANALSO ADOPTED BUDDHISMUNTIL END OF 9TH CENTURY JAPANESE ARTISTS

COPIED CHINESE STYLES & OTHER ASIAN COUNTRIES

PAINTINGS & PRINTMAKING –SCENES OF WAR, EVERYDAY LIFE, COURT LIFE, & NATURE.

LASCAUX CAVE PAINTING

HORSEPREHISTORIC ARTestimated to be

16,000 years old

Detail of “DAVID” by MICHELANGELOITALIAN

RENAISSANCE1504 Carrara Marble

Florence, Galleria dell'Accademia

DONETELLOITALIAN RENAISSA

NCEEquestrian Monume

nt of Gattamelata

(1445–1450) Piazza del Santo,

Padua

Mona Lisa(Italian: La Gioconda, French:La Joconde)

Leonardo da Vinci, c. 1503–1506 Oil on poplar 77 × 53 cm, 30 × 21 in Musée du Louvre,

ParisITALIAN

RENAISSANCE

Artemisia Gentileschi

Judith and her Maidservant

(1613-14) Oil on canvas Palazzo Pitti,

FlorenceITALIAN BAROQUE

The Doric style is rather sturdy and its top (the capital), is plain. This style was used in mainland Greece and the colonies in southern Italy and Sicily.

The Ionic style is thinner and more elegant. Its capital is decorated with a scroll-like design (a volute). This style was found in eastern Greece and the islands.

The Corinthian style is seldom used in the Greek world, but often seen on Roman temples. Its capital is very elaborate and decorated with acanthus leaves.

Parthenon - temple of Athena Parthenos ("Virgin"), Greek goddess of wisdom, on the Acropolis in Athens. The Parthenon was built in the 5th century BC

Erechtheum - temple from the middle classical period of Greek art and architecture, built on the Acropolis of Athens between 421 and 405BC.

- most ornate of the classic orders of architecture. It was also the latest, not arriving at full development until the middle of the 4th cent. B.C. The oldest known example, however, is found in the temple of Apollo at Bassae (c.420 B.C.). The Greeks made little use of the order; the chief example is the circular structure at Athens known as the choragic monument of Lysicrates ( 335 B.C.). The temple of Zeus at Athens (started in the 2d cent. B.C. and completed by Emperor Hadrian in the 2d cent. A.D.) was perhaps the most notable of the Corinthian temples.

http://www.ancientgreece.com/s/Art/

was created during a "golden age", from the time Athens rose to prominence and Greek expansion, right up until the death of Alexander the Great. The Classical age could be seen as a turning point in art and produced some of the most exquisite sculptures known today. It was during this age that sculptors had mastered marble and began creating statues that showed joyous freedom of movement and expression, while celebrating mankind as an independent entity (atomo).

http://www.ancientgreece.com/s/Sculpture/

Classical Art (480 - 323 BC)

began around the death of Alexander the Great and ended with the battle of Actium in 31 BC.

Artists turned to a more experimental movement and a sense of freedom that allowed the artist to explore his subjects from different unique points of view.

Traditional Roman sculpture is divided into five categories: portraiture, historical relief, funerary reliefs, sarcophagi, and copies of ancient Greek works.

It is only thanks to some Roman copies that a knowledge of Greek originals is preserved. One example of this is at the British Museum, where an intact 2nd century A.D. Roman copy of a statue of Venus is displayed, while a similar original 500 B.C. Greek statue at the Louvre is missing her arms.

It was in the area of architecture that Roman art produced its greatest innovations.

Roman engineers developed methods for city building on a grand scale, including the use of concrete.

Also called the “Age of Faith”

Christian religion was important force

Monasteries builtChurches grew in

size and political importance

Architecture: Romanesque styleMassive sizeSolid heavy wallsWide use of Roman

archMany Sculptural decorationsDominant style until

12th century (1100’s)

Early Middle ages

Wiltshire, England

Illuminated Bible Close-up

Jaharis Lectionary, ca. 1100Byzantine (Constantinople)Tempera, ink, and gold leaf on parchment, leather binding; 14 1/2 x 11 5/8 x 4 7/8 in. (36.8 x 29.6 x 12.4 cm)Purchase, Mary and Michael Jaharis Gift and Lila Acheson Wallace Gift, 2007 (2007.286)

More people moved from country into citiesSkilled workers created guildsApprentices learned from mastersNew wealthy middle class, city pride &

religious faith led to building huge Cathedrals2 big developments:

The Pointed ArchFlying Buttresses

Brought changes in Architecture: new style: GOTHIC

Largest architecture since Egyptian PyramidsUsed Stained Glass windows to allow light

into churchesLight was a rich glowing color due to the

many colors in the stained glass windowsGothic sculpture & painting less stylized

more realisticReligious scenes painted on church altars

with egg tempera paint and gold leaf

South side view of Notre Dame

Stained Glass Window from Notre Dame

The beginning of the Renaissance is marked by:Invention of printing pressExploration of the AmericasNew interest in the art of ancient Greece and RomeDuring Middle Ages artists worked for the church-

During Renaissance artists work for themselves and greats such as Michelangelo, Da Vinci, & Raphael mingled with Kings and Nobles.

In painting & sculpture the solid realistic appearance of people and objects became important.

Filippo Brunelleschi, an architect, developed technique called linear perspective—a graphic system that creates the illusion of depth and volume on a flat surface.

This system enabled artists to show figures and objects in space.

Rules of perspective made placement of objects & depiction of mass, measurable and exact.

This gave the illusion of reality to art works!

DecorativeInterior of mosques decorated with

ornate calligraphyGeometric patternsStylized plants & flowersPictures of people or animals not allowed Book illustrators were limited by these

restrictionsDepicted everyday scenes Beautiful, decorative patterns

Nushirvan Eating the Food Brought by the Sons of Mahbud(?): From the Great Mongol Shahnama (Book of Kings), 1330sIran, probably TabrizInk, colors, and gold on paper; 8 1/4 x 9 3/8 in. (21 x 25 cm)Purchase, Joseph Pulitzer Bequest, 1952 (52.20.2)

People of North, Central & South Americas had well-organized civilizations by the time explorers arrived

Mimbres/Salado cultureCache of Ritual Figures

North American, New Mexico, Cliff Valley area c. 1150 Wood, stone, turquoise, feathers, fiber, cotton, and earth pigments h. 63 cm

Major Acquisitions Centennial Fund, 1979.17c (Art Institute of Chicago)

 

Nazca culture Vessel Depicting Composite Fish, Feline, and Human Figure Peru 59/200 Ceramic h. 18.56 cm x w. 17.2 cm Kate S. Buckingham Endowment, 1955.2100 View enlargement

The image painted on this vessel is one of the most common in the repertoire of the Nazca people, who inhabited the south of Peru from around 200 B.C. to 600 A.D. The image is a pictogram combining abstracted human and animal features to form a new, fantastic creature. The face of this figure combines human and feline traits, reminiscent of Olmec art from the Mexican Gulf coast. The figure is wearing a catlike mask with large whiskers, a crown, and dangling discs. There are also signs of war and rulership, such as the trophy head and baton in the figure’s hands.

Peru 59/200 Ceramic h. 18.56 cm x w. 17.2 cm Kate S. Buckingham Endowment, 1955.2100 Art institute of Chicago

Found in north central Nigeria off the edge of the Jos plateau. The oldest known example of terracotta sculpture in Africa, south

of the Sahara. Dates from 2500-800 B.P  (500 BC to 200 AD). Wide diversity of subject matter depicted with considerable

variation in style, treatment and scale. Highly skilled in the creation of full-length human figures.

The head is almost life-size and was part of a

full-length figure.  Elaborate hairstyle has buns

with holes. 

Some Stylistic Characteristics of Nok Art: Elaborate coiffure. Cylindrical heads. Pierced eyes, nose, mouth, and ears. Semi-circular/Triangular eyes and lids. Ears set back, often low and small. Flared nostrils.

Art comes from archaeological sites found in western Nigeria. Consists of objects made from terracotta, bronze, and stone. Objects date 1000-500 B.P (1000 and 1500 A.D). Believed to be created for the ruling elite. Idealized naturalism. Full length figures and busts are common. Figures are sometimes heavily beaded.

Bronze (Leaded  brass) bust of Ife ruler

from 900-500 B.P. (1100-1500 A.D).  Mustache and

beard or beaded veil may have been attached to the

holes around the mouth, chin and jaw.

Idena (gatekeeper).  Has iron nails in its coiffure and elaborately tied sash. 

Art and decoration is an integral part of tradition life to the Aboriginal culture. Art is the lifeblood of their communities, connecting them to the past, the present and to each other. Inspiration for much of the art comes from religious and ceremonial aspects of life.

early Aborigines used only earth colours, naturally occurring pigments in the soil that produced reds, browns, and yellow ochres.

In some areas people and animals were depicted ‘X-ray’ style, showing their inner skeleton and organs.

The surface around the main designs and figures were densely hatched, dotted, and patterned - areas were rarely left blank.

Stencils, frequently of hands, are found in all rock-painting areas and were produced by placing an object against the rock wall and then blowing a mouthful of paint over it.

Artemisia GentileschiRembrandtCaravaggio

Baroque painters, sculptors, and architects sought to portray emotion, variety, and movement in their works by appealing to the senses.

is a style of 18th century French art and interior design. Rococo rooms were designed as total works of art with elegant and ornate furniture, small sculptures, ornamental mirrors, and tapestry complementing architecture, reliefs, and wall paintings.

some critics used the term to derogatively imply that the style was frivolous or merely modish

The Basilica at Ottobeuren (Bavaria)

(sometimes rendered as Neo-Classicism or Neo-classicism) is the name given to quite distinct movements in the decorative and visual arts, literature, theatre, music, and architecture that draw upon Western classical art and culture (usually that of Ancient Greece or Ancient Rome).

At the Royal Scottish Academy, Edinburgh, William Henry Playfair employs a Greek Doric octastyle portico.

Oath of the Horatii Jacques-Louis David, 1784 Oil on canvas 326 × 420 cm Louvre, Paris

is a complex artistic, literary, and intellectual movement .

placed new emphasis on such emotions as trepidation, horror and awe

Thomas Cole Eugene Delacroix Casper David Friedrich Francisco Goya J.M.W. Turner

Realism

Caspar David Friedrich, Wanderer above the Sea of Fog, 38.58 × 29.13 inches, 1818, Oil on canvas, Kunsthalle Hamburg

in the visual arts and literature is the depiction of subjects as they appear in everyday life, without embellishment or interpretation.

•Gustave Courbet•John Singer Sargent

Madame XJohn Singer Sargent, 1884

The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood (also known as the Pre-Raphaelites) was a group of English painters, poets, and critics, founded in 1848 by Dante Gabriel Rossetti, William Michael Rossetti, James Collinson, John Everett Millais, Frederic George Stephens, Thomas Woolner and William Holman Hunt.

They believed that the Classical poses and elegant compositions of Raphael in particular had been a corrupting influence on the academic teaching of art.

The Hireling Shepherd 1851WILLIAM HOLMAN HUNT

CLAUDE MONETMARY CASSATTPAUL CEZANNEEDGAR DEGASPIERRE AUGUSTE

RENOIR

VINCENT VAN GOGH

PAUL GAUGUINPAUL CEZANNEHENRI ROUSSEAU

POST-IMPRESSIONISM

is a style of painting in which small distinct points of primary colors create the impression of a wide selection of secondary and intermediate colors.

ABSTRACTIONFAUVISMCUBISMFUTURISMDADASURREALISM

MONDRIAN & MIROMATISSEPICASSO &

BRAQUESJOSEPH STELLADUCHAMPDALI

Abstract Expressionism

POP ARTOP ART

JACKSON POLLACKANDY WARHOLMC ESCHERJOSEPH ALBERSWILLIEM DE

KOONINGMARC ROTHKOFRANK STELLA