chapter 3: sensation and perception - lora connorsensation and perception (3 of 5) – module 3.1...

Chapter 3:

Sensation and

Perception

Sensation and

Perception (1 of 5)

– Module 3.1 Sensing Our World: Basic Concepts of Sensation

– Explain the difference between sensation and perception.

– Define the following basic terms in sensation: absolute and difference thresholds, signal detection theory, and stimulus adaptation.

– Module 3.2 Vision: Seeing the Light

– Module 3.3 Hearing: The Music of Sound

– Module 3.4 Our Other Senses: Chemical, Skin, and Body Senses

– Module 3.5 Perceiving Our World: Principles of Perception

Module 3.1 Sensing Our World: Basic

Concepts of Sensation

Jeffrey S. Nevid, Essentials of Psychology: Concepts and Applications, 5th Edition. © 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May

not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Absolute and Difference Thresholds: Is Something There? Is Something Else There? (1 of 3)

Sense Stimulus Receptors Threshold

Vision Light energyRods and cones

in the eyes

The flame from a single candle flickering about

30 miles away on a dark, clear night

Hearing Sound wavesHair cells in the

inner ears

The ticking of a watch placed about 20 feet away

from a listener in a quiet room

TasteChemical substances

that contact the tongue

Taste buds on

the tongue

About 1 teaspoon of sugar dissolved in 2 gallons

of water

SmellChemical substances

that enter the nose

Receptor cells in

the upper nostrils

About one drop of perfume dispersed in a

small house

TouchMovement of, or

pressure on, the skin

Nerve endings

in the skin

The wing of a bee falling on the cheek from about

1 centimeter away

TABLE 3.1 Absolute Thresholds for Various Senses



Absolute and Difference Thresholds: Is Something There? Is Something Else There? (2 of 3)



Absolute and Difference Thresholds: Is Something

There? Is Something Else There? (3 of 3)

SensationWeber’s Constant

(Approximate)

Saltiness of food 1/5

Pressure on skin 1/7

Loudness of sounds 1/10

Odor 1/20

Heaviness of weights 1/50

Brightness of lights 1/60

Pitch of sounds 1/333

Signal

Detection:

More Than a

Matter of

Energy

Sensory

Adaptation:

Turning the

Volume

Down

Sensation and

Perception (2 of 5)



– Identify the parts of the eye, describe what happens when lights enters the eye, and explain the roles of rods and cones.

– Describe the two major theories of color vision.




Module 3.2 Vision:

Seeing the Light



Light: The Energy of Vision

FIGURE 3.1 The Electromagnetic Spectrum



The Eye: The

Visionary

Sensory

Organ (1 of 2)



The Eye: The Visionary Sensory Organ (2 of 2)



Color Vision:

Sensing a

Colorful

World (1 of 4)

FIGURE 3.7 PRIMARY

COLORS



Color Vision:

Sensing a

Colorful

World (2 of 4)

FIGURE 3.8 AFTERIMAGES



Color Vision:

Sensing a

Colorful

World (3 of 4)



Color Vision:

Sensing a

Colorful

World (4 of 4)

Sensation and

Perception (3 of 5)




– Explain how the ear enables us to hear sounds.

– Explain the perception of pitch and identify the main types and causes of deafness.



Module 3.3 Hearing:

The Music of Sound



Sound:

Sensing

Waves of

Vibration

FIGURE 3.10 SOUND WAVES



The Ear: A Sound Machine



Perception of

Pitch:

Perceiving

the Highs

and Lows



Hearing Loss:

Are You

Protecting

Your Hearing?

FIGURE 3.12 Sounds and Decibels

Sensation and

Perception (4 of 5)





– Explain how we sense odors and tastes.

– Identify the various skin senses and explain the gate-control theory of pain.

– Describe the functions of the kinesthetic and vestibular sense, and explain how they work.


Module 3.4 Our Other Senses: Chemical, Skin,

and Body Senses



Olfaction:

What Your

Nose Knows

FIGURE 3.13 Olfaction



Taste: The

Flavorful

Sense



The Skin

Sense: Your

Largest

Sensory Organ

FIGURE 3.14 Your Largest Sensory

Organ—Your Skin



The Kinesthetic and Vestibular Senses: Of Grace and Balance (1 of 2)



The Kinesthetic

and Vestibular

Senses: Of

Grace and

Balance (2 of 2)

FIGURE 3.15 THE VESTIBULAR

SENSE

Sensation and

Perception (5 of 5)


– Describe the roles of attention, perceptual set, and modes of visual processing in perception.

– Identify and describe the Gestalt principles of grouping objects into meaningful patterns or forms.

– Define the concept of perceptual constancy and apply the concept to examples.

– Identify and describe cues we use to judge distance and perceive movement and apply these cues to examples.

– Identify some common types of visual illusions, and explain why it is the brain, not the eyes, that deceives us.

– Evaluate evidence concerning the existence of subliminal perception and extrasensory perception.

Module 3.5 Perceiving Our World: Principles of Perception



Perception Versus Reality

Which of the circles in the middle of these two groupings appears larger?

FIGURE 3.16



Attention: Did

You Notice

That?



Perceptual

Set: Seeing

What You

Expect to See

(1 of 2)

The letter B or the number 13?

FIGURE 3.17



Perceptual

Set: Seeing

What You

Expect to See

(2 of 2)

Duck or rabbit?

FIGURE 3.18



Modes of Visual Perception: Bottom-Up Versus Top-Down



Figure-Ground Relationships: What does this figure look like? (1 of 2)

– Profiles facing each other or a vase?

– FIGURE 3.19



Figure-Ground

Relationships:

What does this

figure look like?

(2 of 2)

Old woman or young woman?

FIGURE 3.20



Gestalt Principles of Perceptual Organization

FIGURE 3.21



Perceptual

Constancies

FIGURE 3.23



Monocular Cues to Depth Perception

FIGURE 3.25



Binocular

Cues to

Depth

Perception



Visual

Illusions: Do

Your Eyes

Deceive You?

(1 of 2)

Impossible figure

FIGURE 3.27



Visual

Illusions: Do

Your Eyes

Deceive You?

(2 of 2)

Moon illusion

FIGURE 3.28



Controversies in Perception: Subliminal Perception and Extrasensory Perception

chapter 3: sensation and perception - lora connorsensation and perception (3 of 5) – module 3.1...

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