chapter 3 solid, liquid and gas classification of matter separation techniques
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 3
Solid, Liquid and Gas
Classification of Matter
Separation Techniques
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Solid, Liquid, Gas
(a) Particles in solid (b) Particles in liquid (c) Particles in gas
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Solid
H2O(s) Ice
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 31
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Liquid
H2O(l) Water
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 31
In a liquid• molecules are in constant motion
• there are appreciable intermolecular forces
• molecules are close together
• Liquids are almost incompressible
• Liquids do not fill the container
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Gas
H2O(g) Steam
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 31
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Gas, Liquid, and Solid
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 441
Gas Liquid Solid
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Some Properties of Solids, Liquids, and Gases
Property Solid Liquid Gas
Shape Has definite shape Takes the shape of Takes the shape the container of its container
Volume Has a definite volume Has a definite volume Fills the volume of the container
Arrangement of Fixed, very close Random, close Random, far apartParticles (compressible)
Interactions between Very strong Strong Essentially noneparticles
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MATTER
Can it be physically separated?
Homogeneous Mixture
(solution)
Heterogeneous Mixture Compound Element
MIXTURE PURE SUBSTANCE
yes no
Can it be chemically decomposed?
noyesIs the composition uniform?
noyes
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Pure SubstancesElement– composed of identical atoms– EX: copper wire, aluminum foil
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Pure Substances
Compound
– composed of 2 or more elements in a fixed ratio
– properties differ from those of individual elements
– EX: table salt (NaCl)
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Mixtures
Variable combination of 2 or more pure substances.
Heterogeneous Homogeneous
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Pure Substances
Law of Definite CompositionLaw of Definite Composition
– A given compound always contains the same, fixed ratio of elements.
Law of Multiple ProportionsLaw of Multiple Proportions
– Elements can combine in different ratios to form different compounds.
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Pure Substances
For example…
Two different compounds, each has a definite composition.
Carbon, C Oxygen, O Carbon monoxide, CO
Carbon, C Oxygen, O Oxygen, O Carbon dioxide, CO2
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Mixtures
Solution– homogeneous– very small particles
Tyndall Effect
– particles don’t settle– EX: rubbing alcohol
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Air is a Solution
AirAir
NitrogenNitrogen
OxygenOxygenHeliumHelium
Watervapor
Watervapor
NeonNeon
Carbondioxide
Carbondioxide ArgonArgon
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 34
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Solid Brass
An alloy is a mixture of metals.
• Brass = Copper + Zinc• Solid brass
• homogeneous mixture
Copper
Zinc
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Classification of Matter
MATTER(gas. Liquid,
solid, plasma)
PURESUBSTANCES MIXTURES
HETEROGENEOUSMIXTURE
HOMOGENEOUSMIXTURESELEMENTSCOMPOUNDS
Separated by
physical means into
Separated by
chemical means into
Kotz & Treichel, Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity, 3rd Edition , 1996, page 31
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Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures
(a)an element(hydrogen)
(b)a compound(water)
(c)a mixture(hydrogen and oxygen)
(d)a mixture(hydrogenand oxygen)
Dorin, Demmin, Gabel, Chemistry The Study of Matter , 3rd Edition, 1990, page 68
hydrogenatoms hydrogen
atoms
oxygen atoms
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Classify the following as element, compound, solution, or heterogeneous
mixture
• Copper
• H2O
• Salt in water
• Air
• Sand in water
• Sulfur
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Separation of MixturesFiltration
Distillation
Crystallization
Chromatography
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Filtration
• Filter paper placed in a funnel is used to separate a solid from a liquid. The solid will stay on the filter paper and the liquid flows through the paper to a collection beaker below.
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The solution is boiled and steam is driven off.
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 39
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Separation of a sand-saltwater mixture.
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 40
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Crystallization
• Formation of a pure solid from a solution. An example of this is rock candy.
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Paper Chromatography
• Separates the parts of a mixture as it travels across the surface of another material.
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Conservation of Mass
• Mass cannot be created or destroyed.
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Mass of Reactants=Mass of Products
(reactants) (products)
Magnesium + Oxygen Magnesium Oxide
10.0 g + ?? 16.6 g
How much oxygen reacts with the magnesium to form the magnesium oxide?
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Pure Substances
Law of Definite CompositionLaw of Definite Composition
– A given compound always contains the same, fixed ratio of elements.
Law of Multiple ProportionsLaw of Multiple Proportions
– Elements can combine in different ratios to form different compounds.
Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem
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Pure Substances
For example…
Two different compounds, each has a definite composition.
Carbon, C Oxygen, O Carbon monoxide, CO
Carbon, C Oxygen, O Oxygen, O Carbon dioxide, CO2
Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem
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Sucrose
• The formula is C6H12O6
• Every sample of sucrose contains 42.1% carbon, 6.48% hydrogen and 51.4% oxygen.