Chapter 3

Stuck on an island

• Look at the island drawn on the board

• You a stranded on the very small island with 100 other people

• Where would you live?

• Why would you live there?

Human Geography

• The study of populations – birth, marriage, migration, death, beliefs, actions, etc.

How have humans changed their environment?

How has the environment

changed humans?

Check page 81 for clues

Population Density

• Average number of people living in a given area– Can be misleading. ie:

Egypt has more than 90% desert, nearly all Egyptians live along the Nile River

– Arable population density• Land that can be farmed

Important Vocabulary

• Birthrate: number of live births each year per 1000 people

• Death rate: the number of deaths each year per 1000 people

• Immigrants: people who move into the country• Emigrants: people who leave the country to live

elsewhere• Urbanization: growth of city populations• Rural: countryside• Culture: The way of life that distinguishes people. ie:

government, language, religion, customs and beliefs.

Important Vocabulary cont…

• Diffusion: the spread of cultural traits from one culture to another

• Acculturation: the process of adapting trait from other cultures

• Culture hearth: a place where important ideas begin and from which they spread to surrounding cultures (historical)

Effects on Culture

• Social organization: organizing members into smaller units. Also includes social classes – ranking people into status

• Language: people who speak the same language generally share the same customs – some cultures speak many different languages

• Religion: supports the values that a group of people consider important

• Cultural landscapes: use of natural resources and technology

• Cultural change: internal and external influences

Countries

• Defined by four different characteristics– Clearly defined territory– Population– Sovereignty – freedom from outside control– Government

Types of Government

• Unitary – one central government runs the nation– Central government makes laws for the entire

nation– Examples: Great Britain and Japan

Types of Government

• Federal – Some powers are given to the national

government– Other powers are given to the states– Example: United States

Types of Government

• Confederation– Smaller political units keep their sovereignty

and give the central government only very limited powers

– Examples: some independent countries after the fall of the Soviet Union

Government Authorities

• Dictatorship – Power is concentrated in a small group or

single person– Most use military force – Most people are not allowed to express

opinions

Government Authorities

• Totalitarianism– Extreme form of dictatorship– Government controls every part of society

• Politics, economy, personal lives• Example: Nazi Germany under Hitler or Soviet

Union under Stalin

Government Authorities

• Monarchy– Kings, queens, pharaohs, shahs, sultans –

inherit their positions by being born into the ruling family

– Past, monarchs often rules with dictatorial power

– Now, nearly all monarchies are constitutional monarchies

• Example: Great Britain

Government Authorities

• Democracy – People choose their leaders and have the

power to set government policy – All adults have the right to choose their

representation – Example: United States

Types of Economic Systems

• Capitalist – People as consumers help determine what

will be produced – Called a market economy– Under pure capitalism – government would

take no part in the economy – Example: United States – not a pure

capitalism government

Types of Economic Systems

• Communism – The state makes all economic decisions– States owns and operates all major farms and

factories– Government decides what products will be

made

Types of Economic Systems

• Socialism– Philosophy is : “for the good of the society as

a whole, the state should own and run basic industries such as transportation, communications, banking, etc.”

– Mixed economies – public and private enterprises

– Belief that wealth should be distributed more equally

Chapter 4

Important Vocabulary

• Natural resources: materials that people take from the natural environment to survive and to satisfy their needs

• Renewable resources: environment can continue to supply or replace the resources. ie: soil

• Nonrenewable resources: cannot be replaced once they have been used. ie: fossil fuels

• Fossil fuels: coal, oil, and natural gas – formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals

• Nuclear energy: the splitting of uranium atoms in a nuclear reactor to release their stored energy

• Geothermal energy: energy that comes from the earth’s internal heat

• Solar energy: energy produced by the sun

Important Vocabulary cont…

• Developed countries: a modern industrial country with a well-developed economy

• Developing countries: a country with relatively low industrial product, often lacking modern technology

• Gross national product (GNP): total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year

• Per capita (GNP): gross national product of a country divided by the country’s total population

Energy Sources

• Fossil Fuels – most modern industrialized countries depend heavily on fossil fuels

• Nuclear energy

• Geothermal energy

• Solar energy

Economic Activities

• Ways in which people make their living – see map on page 104

• Manufacturing – turning raw materials into finished products

• Gatherers and herders • Subsistence farming – people only grow

enough for their own needs • Commercial farming – farmers raise crops

and livestock to sell in the market

Test on Tuesday

• You can use notes

• The notes must be on an index card provided by me (Mrs. Larsen)

• Cannot share notes during test

• Can use front and back of index card

• No other notes, papers, or books can be used