Chapter 3Suffixes and Prefixes

Suffixes

When a suffix begins with a vowel the combining “o” is not used

Pronunciation

“g” and “c” are soft when followed by an “i” or “e” as in ginger or cent

“g” and “c” are hard like in good or can when followed by an “o” or “a”

Plural Forms

When a term ends in “us” the “us” is dropped and “i” is added to show the plural Staphylococcus……staphylococci- round bacterium that

grows in small clusters Infections of the bones or kidneys are frequently caused by this

bacterium Also causes boils, and skin abscesses

Streptococcus……streptococci- round bacterium that grows in twisted chains

Causes strep throat, rheumatic fever, sinus infections, kidney problems

More hints

When two consonants begin a word (or suffix)…the first one is silentPneumoniablepharoptosis

Hernia o/cele

Bulging forth or protrusion of an structure Muscle, organs, tissuesRectocele- rectum protruding into the vaginaCystocele- bladder protruding into the vaginaOmphalocele- protruding navel occurs at birth

-lapse

To fall, sag or slideProlapse- sliding forward or down

Blood Cells

Erythrocytes- red blood cells carry oxygen to the cellsHemoglobin- iron containing protein that carries

oxygenProduced in the bone marrow

Blood Cells

Leukocytes- white blood cellsGranulocytes- form in the bone marrowThree types

Eosinophil- aid in allergic reactionsBasophil- aid in inflammationNeutrophil- polymorhonuclear, phagocytes cells that

engulf bacteria and break them down

Blood Cells

Leukocytes- white blood cellsAgranulocytes- produced in the lymph nodes

and spleenLymphocytes- T and B cells produce antibodies to

destroy foreign cells and proteins (antigens)Monocytes- engulf and destroy debris leftover after

the neutrophils have attacked cells

Thrombocytes- platelets- blood clotting cells fragments

Other Blood Facts

Antibodies- Produced by white blood cells …responsible for attaching to foreign cells and antigens Developed after exposure to bacteria and viruses and

other antigens Vaccination for a disease Autoimmune developed in response to self

Rh factor- this is a protein found on red blood cells some people have it and some don’t Important in pregnancy and blood transfusions and

transplantation of organs

Blood Disorders

Leukocytosis- increased number of (normal) circulating white blood cells

Leukemia- increased number of abnormal white blood cells circulating- cancerous blood cells

Anemia- means no blood, reduction in red blood cells or hemoglobin circulating Aplastic anemia- no formation of blood cells by the bone

marrow

Circulation Basics

Arteries carry blood away from the heart to arterioles

Arterioles branch into capillaries Capillaries have thin walls that allow oxygen and

other nutrients to leave and move into surrounding cells

Venules connect to capillaries and pick up waste and dump into veins

Veins carrry blood to the heart

Amniocentesis

Amnion- sac that surrounds the developing fetus

-centesis- puncture to remove fluidThis procedure is done to determine genetic

abnormalities in the developing fetusCells removed during the procedure are

cultured and then studied to determine the karyotype

Genetic Inheritance

Congenital anomalies- defects one is born with some are genetic BUT not all.Environmental exposures can account for many

problemsHealth habits of the parents also contribute

(fetal alcohol syndrome)Genetic contributions to congenital defects are

not always apparent in the parents

Karotype of Down’s Syndrome

Ultrasonography

Use of ultrasound waves to produce an image of body structuresUsed to view developing fetus, heart, and other

structuresUsed to determine if an ectopic pregancy has

occurred (pregnancy outside the uterus)Useful in viewing the fetus to determine if

congenital anomalies exist

Laparoscopy

PeritoneoscopyVisual examination of the abdominal cavityInstrument is called a laparoscopeUsed to do exploratory surgery or remove

appendix, gallbladder, repair hernias, perform tubial ligations and for performing biopsies

Other stuff….

Acromegaly- caused by high levels of growth hormones leads to large hands, feet and face

Splenomegaly- enlarged spleenAchondroplasia- (failure to grow) bones are

abnormally short

Endocrine glands

Parathyroid- located on the dorsal surface of the thyroid glands- regulate blood calcium levels

Ovaries and Testes- produce sex hormones and sex cells

Adrenal Glands- endocrine glands located on the top of the kidneys (suprarenal glands) Produce epinephrine (adrenaline) creates changes in

the circulatory system including heart rate and increased blood pressure

Dilates the bronchial tubes

Male and Female Reproductive Systems

Know the basic structures and surrounding structures (pubis symphysis, bladder, urethra, etc.)

Transuretheral resection- removal of part of the prostate gland needed if hypertrophies occurs

More other Stuff

Contralateral- on the opposite side of the body

Ipsilaterial- on the same side of the body

Activities

Vocabulary FlashcardsPractical applicationAll ExercisesPronunciation of Terms

Assessment 03.01 Preview

Path/o Peritone/o Lysis Gram Isch/o Laryng/o My Nephr Neutr Oste Ot Mamm/o Malacia Algia Ophthalm/o Megaly Iod Ac,iac Eal

AryIa Mast/o Pneumon Angi/o Chem Chron/o Col Cyst/o Phleb Plas Myel Necr Ren/o Thromb Axill/o Bronch Lapar Muc

Indicate the meaning of each word and whether it is a suffix, root, combining form, or prefix

Assessment 03.02 Preview

Abnormal condition of increase in white blood cells

Weakened eyelid muscles Enlargement of the spleen Excessive growth of the hands, feet, and

face after puberty Reduction in the number of erythrocytes

or amount of hemoglobin Loss of normal blood flow to a region Swelling of the lymphatic tissue in the

throat caused by streptococcal infection Infection caused by streptococcus

bacteria Genetic disorder causing defective

cartilage in the limbs Disease caused by a diplocccus

infection

A needle inserted through the abdomen, uterine and amnion to remove fluid for study

A bulging or protrusion of an organ through a muscle wall

Protrusion of rectum through the muscular wall of the vagina

Hernia of the navel at birth Protrusion of bladder through the

muscular wall of the vagina Mass of blood in the tissue Low number of red blood cells Surgical incision in the tube leading to

the lungs Puncture of the cavity that contains the

lungs Painful breathing

Indicate the name of each condition/procedure and the medical professional that would treat the condition or perform the procedure.

Assessment 03.03 Preview

Erythrocyte Hemoglobin Leukocytes

Granulocytes: Eosinophil Basophil Neutrophil

Agranulocytes: Lymphocytes Monocytes

Other Parts: Thrombocytes Plasma

Indicate the function, description, and formation location for the following blood cells and parts.

Assessment 03.04 Preview

1. –algia2. –cele3. –centesis4. –coccus5. –cyte6. –dynia7. –ectomy8. –emia9. –genesis10. –genic11. –gram12. –graph13. –graphy14. –opsy15. –megaly16. – lysis17. –it is18. –oma19. –malacia20. –ology

a. P.T. producing, produced by, or in b. Hernia c. berry shaped, bacterium d. Pain e. surgical puncture f. condition of producing, forming g. blood condition h. Pain i. Cell j. excision, removal, resection k. breakdown, destruction, separation l. tumor, mass, collection of fluid m. to view n. instrument for recording o. Inflammation p. Record q. study of u. Enlargement v. Softening w. Hardening x. drooping, sagging, prolapsed y. process of recording

Match each suffix to its definition.

Assessment 03.05 – Case Study

In a word processing document or Powerpoint, translate the following to layman’s terms, using illustrations where necessary.

21 year old black female with a history of systemic lupus and chronic renal failure presented with decreased hemoglobin and heme positive stools. On nuclear scintigraphy, increased tracer uptake was noted in the region of the stomach throughout 3 hours of the study without distal progression likely secondary to gastritis (NUCIMAGE). The patient was given sulfur colloid 500 uCi orally at 3 hours which confirmed that the abnormal uptake was indeed in the stomach (NUCIMAGE). Gastritis and duodenal ulcers were documented on upper endoscopy.

Assessment 03.06 – Case Study

In a word processing document or Powerpoint, translate the following to layman’s terms, using illustrations where necessary.

Fragile X Syndrome A 27-year-old woman presents to clinic with her 7 year-old-son. He

was born at term weighing 7 pounds and appeared normal. However, as he grew older he was noted to have developmental delay, and was noted to have several "dysmorphic features." He was placed in "special education" classes in school. On physical examination you noted that he had a long face, large ears, lax joints and large testes. His face was somewhat narrow with a prominent jaw. The family history revealed normal parents and a normal developing sister. Routine chromosomal analysis (450 bands) was noted to be normal. Upon review of this data you conclude that this child may have a form of X-linked mental retardation known as the Fragile X syndrome. The fragile X marker was recognized to depend on culture of cells in low folic acid medium prior to karyotype. Subsequently, the fragile site on the long arm of the X chromosome (Xq27) was shown to be expanding triplet repeat mutation (the FMR-1 gene).