chapter 3 (the molecular diversity of life) carbon, dehydration and hydrolysis
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 3(The Molecular Diversity of Life)
Carbon, Dehydration and Hydrolysis
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You Must Know
• The properties of carbon that make it so important.
• The role of dehydration reactions in the
formation of organic compounds and hydrolysis in the digestion of organic compounds.
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Importance of Carbon
You don’t need to memorize these carbon skeletons.
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Valences of the major elements of organic molecules
Hydrogen(valence 1)
Carbon(valence 4)
Nitrogen(valence 3)
Oxygen(valence 2)
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• Critically important molecules of all living things fall into four main classes– Carbohydrates– Nucleic acids– Proteins– Lipids
• The first three of these can form huge molecules called macromolecules
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Hydrocarbons can undergo reactions that release a large amount of energy.
Hydrocarbons
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Concept 3.2: Macromolecules are polymers, built from monomers
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• A dehydration reaction occurs when two monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule
The Synthesis and Breakdown of Polymers
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Figure 3.6a
Unlinked monomerShort polymer
Longer polymer
(a) Dehydration reaction: synthesizing a polymer
Dehydration removesa water molecule,forming a new bond.
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• Polymers are disassembled to monomers by hydrolysis, a reaction that is essentially the reverse of the dehydration reaction
The Synthesis and Breakdown of Polymers
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Figure 3.6b
(b) Hydrolysis: breaking down a polymer
Hydrolysis addsa water molecule,breaking a bond.
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The Diversity of Polymers
• Each cell has thousands of different macromolecules.
• Macromolecules vary among cells of an organism, vary more within a species, and vary even more between species.
• An immense variety of polymers can be built from a small set of monomers.
HO
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The Chemical Groups Most Important to Life
• Functional groups are the components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions.
• The number and arrangement of functional groups give each molecule its unique properties.
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Figure 3.5Chemical Group
Hydroxyl group ( OH)
Compound Name Examples
Alcohol
Ketone
Aldehyde
Methylatedcompound
Organicphosphate
Thiol
Amine
Carboxylic acid,or organic acid
Ethanol
Acetone Propanal
Acetic acid
Glycine
Cysteine
Glycerolphosphate
5-Methyl cytosine
Amino group ( NH2)
Carboxyl group ( COOH)
Sulfhydryl group ( SH)
Phosphate group ( OPO32–)
Methyl group ( CH3)
Carbonyl group ( C O)
The seven functional groups that are most important in the chemistry of life:
You need to memorize the chemical groups, but not the compound name or examples.
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Figure 3.5aa
Hydroxyl group ( OH)
Alcohol(The specific nameusually ends in -ol.)
(may be written HO )
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Figure 3.5ab
Carbonyl group ( C O)
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Figure 3.5ac
Carboxyl group ( COOH)
Carboxylic acid, or organic acid
Acetic acid, which givesvinegar its sour taste
Ionized form of COOH(carboxylate ion),found in cells
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Figure 3.5ad
Amino group ( NH2)
Amine
Glycine, an amino acid(note its carboxyl group)
Ionized form of NH2
found in cells
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Figure 3.5ba
Sulfhydryl group ( SH)
(may be written HS )
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Figure 3.5bb
Phosphate group ( OPO32–)
Organic phosphate
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Figure 3.5bc
Methyl group ( CH3)
Methylated compound