Chapter 3 Vocabulary

• Define the boldface words in the chapter pages 49 – 66. There are 26 words.

• Due Wednesday• Quiz Wednesday 10/26• Don’t forget to use the

definition in the chapter!

CHAPTER 3

WHY ARE MICROSCOPES IMPORTANT TO BIOLOGISTS?

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TYPES OF MICROSCOPES

•USES TWO LENSES TO MAGNIFY OBJECTS

•LIGHT PASSES THROUGH THE SPECIMENS

•MAGNIFIES UP TO 2000X

COMPOUND LIGHT MICROSCOPES

•CAN MAGNIFY UP TO 200,000X

•ELECTRON BEAMS AND THE SPECIMEN ARE PLACED IN A VACUUM

•LIVING CELLS CANNOT BE VIEWED

ELECTRON MICROSCOPES

TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPE (TEM)

•AN ELECTRON BEAM IS DIRECTED AT A THIN -SLICED SPECIMEN STAINED WITH METAL IONS

• INTERNAL STRUCTURES OF CELLS ARE SEEN

• IMAGES ARE BLACK & WHITE BUT SOMETIMES ARE ARTIFICIALLY COLORED

SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE

•ELECTRON BEAM IS FOCUSED ON A SPECIMEN COATED WITH A THIN LAYER OF METAL

•3-D IMAGES ARE PRODUCED• IMAGES ARE BLACK & WHITE

AND CAN BE COLOR ENHANCED

SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPE

•USED NEEDLE-LIKE PROBES TO MEASURE VOLTAGE DIFFERENCES

•A COMPUTER GENERATES A THREE DIMENSIONAL IMAGE

•LIVING ORGANISMS CAN BE STUDIED

DISCOVERY OF CELLS

•1665 - ROBERT HOOKE EXAMINED CORK CELLS UNDER THE MICROSCOPE

•HE IDENTIFIED AND GAVE CELLS THEIR NAME

• ANTON VON LEEUENHOEK OBSERVED LIVING CELLS UNDER THE MICROSCOPE

• HE CALLED THEM CAVORTING WEE BEASTIES

What are the components of the

cell theory?

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CELL THEORY HISTORY

•1665 - ROBERT HOOKE EXAMINED CORK CELLS UNDER THE MICROSCOPE

•1838 - MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN PROVED THAT PLANTS WERE MADE OF CELLS

•1839 - THEODOR SCHWANN PROVED THAT ANIMALS ARE MADE OF CELLS

•1858 - RUDOLF VIRCHOW PROVED THAT ALL CELLS COME FROM OTHER CELLS

•THIS FORMED THE BASIS FOR THE MODERN CELL THEORY

MODERN CELL THEORY

•ALL LIVING THINGS ARE COMPOSED OF ONE OR MORE CELLS

•THE CELL IS THE BASIC UNIT OF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN AN ORGANISM

•ALL CELLS ARISE FROM EXISTING CELLS

What are the common features of cells?

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CELL SIZE

•SMALL CELLS CAN EXCHANGE SUBSTANCES MORE EFFICIENTLY THAN LARGE CELLS

•SUBSTANCES DO NOT NEED TO TRAVEL AS FAR TO REACH THE CENTER

COMMON FEATURES

•ALL CELLS HAVE A CELL MEMBRANE, CYTOPLASM, RIBOSOMES AND DNA

PROKARYOTIC CELLS

•LACK A NUCLEUS AND OTHER INTERNAL COMPARTMENTS

BACTERIA ARE EXAMPLES

•THE DNA IS CIRCULAR•A CELL WALL MADE OF MUREIN PROVIDES SUPPORT

•A CAPSULE ALLOWS THE CELL TO CLING TO OBJECTS

•FLAGELLA ROTATE TO PROPEL THE CELL

EUKARYOTES

CONTAIN A NUCLEUS AND MEMBRANE BOUND ORGANELLES

Video

CYTOPLASM•COMPOSED OF 70% WATER•30% PROTEINS, FATS,

NUCLEIC ACIDS AND IONS•THE COMPOSITION IS

CONSTANTLY CHANGING•CALLED NUCLEOPLASM IN

THE NUCLEUS

METABOLISM•THE SUM OF CHEMICAL CHANGES IN THE CELL

•EXAMPLES ARE HYDROLYSIS, CELLULAR RESPIRATION AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS

CYTOSKELETON•MICROSCOPIC PROTEIN FIBERS THAT PROVIDE A STRUCTURAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE CELL AND ITS ORGANELLES

•IT HOLDS THE CELL TOGETHER AND KEEPS IT FROM COLLAPSING

MICROFILAMENTS

•MADE OF THE PROTEIN ACTIN

•ANCHORED TO MEMBRANE PROTEINS

•CONTRACT AND EXPAND TO DETERMINE THE SHAPE OF THE CELL

MICROTUBULES•LONGER AND THICKER THAN MICROFILAMENTS

•HELPS TRANSPORT RNA THAT ATTACH TO MOTOR PROTEINS THAT MOVE ALONG THE FILAMENTS

INTERMEDIATE FIBERS

•CONFINE RIBOSOMES AND ENZYMES TO A PARTICULAR REGION OF THE CELL

•THIS HELPS THE CELL ORGANIZE COMPLEX METABOLIC ACTIVITY

CILIA & FLAGELLA•COMPOSED OF MICROTUBULES•USED FOR LOCOMOTION OR TO

MOVE SUBSTANCES•LOCATED IN MULTICELLULAR

ORGANISMS IN THE WINDPIPE AND SPERM CELLS

CENTRIOLES•COMPOSED OF MICROTUBULES

•PLAYS A ROLE IN CELL REPRODUCTION

•NOT FOUND IN PLANT CELLS

THE CELL MEMBRANE

• IS FLUID LIKE A SOAP BUBBLE

•LIPIDS (FATS) FORM THE FOUNDATION OF THE MEMBRANE

•THEY ALLOW ONLY CERTAIN MATERIALS TO ENTER AND LEAVE

PHOSPHOLIPID STRUCTURE

•THE POLAR HEAD IS A PHOSPHATE GROUP

• IT IS SOLUABLE IN WATER

•THE TAIL IS A FATTY ACID

• IT DOES NOT DISSOLVE IN WATER

THE MEMBRANE AS A BARRIER

•THE MEMBRANE’S PERMEABILITY IS CAUSED BY THE WAY THE PHOSPHOLIPIDS INTERACT WITH WATER

•WATER ON BOTH THE INSIDE AND OUTSIDE OF THE CELL REPELS THE NON POLAR TAILS WHICH FORCE THEM INSIDE THE BILAYER

• IONS AND MOST POLAR MOLECULES (SUGARS AND SOME PROTEINS) ARE REPELLED

•LIPIDS AND SUBSTANCES DISSOLVED IN LIPIDS ARE ALLOWED TO PASS THROUGH

MEMBRANE PROTEINS

•PROTEINS ARE LOCATED IN THE LIPID BILAYER

•THE ATTRACTION OF PROTEIN PARTS TO THE POLAR BODIES HOLD THE PROTEINS IN THE LIPID BILAYER

•MARKER PROTEINS ADVERTISE CELL TYPE (HEART, LIVER)

•RECEPTOR PROTEINS BIND TO SUBSTANCES OUTSIDE THE CELL

•ENZYMES HELP IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS

•TRANSPORT PROTEINS MOVE SUBSTANCES ACROSS THE CELL

DIFFERENT TYPES OF PROTEINS

Video

EUKARYOTIC CELL ORGANELLES

•ORGANELLE FUNCTION IS INTERDEPENDENT AND CONTRIBUTES TO THE GENERAL FUNCTIONING OF THE CELL

ORGANIZATION WITHIN CELLS

•DIVISION OF LABOR IS EVIDENT AT ALL LEVELS OF BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION

•VARIOUS FUNCTIONS OF DIFFERENT ORGANELLES CONTRIBUTE TO THE SURVIVAL OF THE CELL

CELL WALL•FOUND IN PLANT CELLS

•COMPOSED OF CELLULOSE

•PROVIDES STRUCTURE

CENTRAL VACUOLES

•FLUID-FILLED MEMBRANE BOUND STRUCTURES FOUND IN PLANT CELLS

•STORE CELLULAR SUBSTANCES AND MAKES THE PLANT STAND UPRIGHT

PLASTIDS•FOUND IN CERTAIN CELLS OF SOME PLANTS AND ALGAE

•SOME STORE LIPIDS AND STARCHES

•SOME CONTAIN PIGMENTS

CHLOROPLASTS• MOST COMMON

PLASTIDS• FOUND IN PLANT CELLS

AND SOME SINGLE-CELLED ORGANISMS

• CONTAIN CHLOROPHYLL AND OTHER PIGMENTS FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS

NUCLEUS•THE CONTROL

CENTER OF THE CELL

•CELL ACTIVITIES ARE COORDINATED HERE

•THE NUCLEAR ENVELOPE / MEMBRANE SURROUNDS THE NUCLEUS

•IT CONTAINS NUCLEAR PORES TO ALLOW RIBOSOMAL PROTEINS AND RNA TO PASS THROUGH

CHROMOSOMES• COMPOSED OF PROTEIN AND

DNA• RESPONSIBLE FOR HEREDITY• CALLED CHROMATIN WHEN

NOT CLEARLY VISIBLE

RIBOSOMES•MANUFACTURE PROTEIN•FREE RIBOSOMES ARE FOUND IN BOTH PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELLS

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

•ABBREVIATED E.R.

•TRANSPORTS MATERIALS

•ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM WITH RIBOSOMES IS CALLED ROUGH E.R.

•WITHOUT RIBOSOMES IT IS CALLED SMOOTH E.R.

NUCLEOLUS•PROMINENT BODIES OF RNA MOLECULES ARE PRODUCED IN THE NUCLEOLUS

GOLGI BODIES•SACLIKE STRUCTURES THAT ACT LIKE A DELIVERY SYSTEM

•THEY SORT, PACKAGE AND SHIP MATERIALS

MEMBRANE BOUND SACS THAT TRANSPORT SUBSTANCES IN CELLS.

VESICLES

LYSOSOMES•VESICLES THAT

FORM FROM GOLGI BODIES

•CONTAIN DIGESTIVE ENZYMES

•FOUND MOSTLY IN ANIMAL CELLS

MITOCHONDRIA

•THE “POWERHOUSE” OF THE CELL

•CELLULAR RESPIRATION TAKES PLACE HERE

•THEY HARVEST ENERGY FROM ORGANIC COMPOUNDS TO ATP

•THEY HAVE THEIR OWN DNA AND RIBOSOMES