chapter 3. what is a rock? a mixture of minerals, mineraloids, glass, or organic matter ex. granite...
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 3
ROCKSNJCCCS: 5.4 C – Properties of
Earth Materials
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What is a Rock?
• A mixture of minerals, mineraloids, glass, or organic matter
• ex. Granite = mica + quartz + feldspar + hornblende + other minerals
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3 Rock Types
• Igneous Rocks – form from cooling magma or lava
• Metamorphic Rocks – form from extreme heat and pressure
• Sedimentary Rocks – form from the compaction and cementation of sediment (rock fragments)
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Other Key Terms• Magma: molten rock inside the Earth
• Lava: molten rock on the surface of the Earth
• Sediment: smaller pieces of rock (rock fragments)
• Weathering: breaking rocks into sediment
• Erosion: moving sediment from one location to another
• Compaction and Cementation: process of squeezing and gluing sediment into a sedimentary rock
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The Rock Cycle
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Igneous Rocks
• Igneous Rocks - cooled molten material form the inside the Earth(magma) or out of a volcano (lava)
• - the most common rock on Earth
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Igneous Rocks
• B. The Earth’s crust generates great temps (1400), pressures, and radioactive thermal energy
• C. Rocks and Minerals melt to form magma, minerals have different densities and melting pts
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Igneous Rocks• D. Magma is less dense than the crust above and forces an escape through volcanoes as lava
• E. Sometimes magma forces upwards but cools before reaching the surface
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Classification of Igneous Rocks (1)
• Intrusive Igneous Rocks - those rocks that were formed from cooling magma below the Earth’s surface
• Cool very slowly
• Have large crystals called mineral grains
• Extrusive Igneous Rocks - Rocks that formed from cooling lava on the surface of the Earth
-Cool very quickly
- Have very fine grained texture
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IGNEOUS ROCKS – cooled magma or lava
Intrusive igneous rocks have large mineral grains!!!!!
Extrusive igneous rocks have virtually no mineral grains.
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Classification of Igneous Rocks (2)
• 1. Basaltic – dense, heavy, dark colored rock, rich in magnesium and iron, most common
• 2. Granitic – light color, less dense, rich in silicon and oxygen
• 3. Andesitic – mineral compositions in between the two, common among Pacific Volcanoes
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BASALT
ANDESITE
GRANITE
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Igneous Features
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(Plutonic) Intrusive Igneous Features
• Magma Chamber is a large underground pool of molten rock found beneath the surface of the Earth.
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Intrusive Igneous Features
• Sill is an intrusion of magma that solidifies into a horizontal layer of igneous rock
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Intrusive Igneous Features
• Dike is a magma that cuts across rock layers (vertical)
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Intrusive Igneous Features
• Batholith is a magma chamber that cools before reaching the surface to form a volcano
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Intrusive Igneous Features
• Laccolith is a small magma chamber at shallow depth (roughly lens shaped)
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Extrusive Igneous Features
• Volcano is an opening, or rupture, in a planet's surface or crust, which allows hot magma, volcanic ash and gases to escape from below the surface
• 3 types:• Shield• Composite• Cinder
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Extrusive Igneous Features
• Lava Flow – different types of lava depending on the composition and temperature
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Extrusive Igneous Features
• Ash and Dust Particles
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Extrusive Igneous Features
• Pyroclastic Flow is a fast-moving current of extremely hot gas ( 1,830 °F) and rock which travel away from a volcano at speeds generally as great as 450 mph.
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Sedimentary Rocks
• 3 Types of Sedimentary Rocks • 1) Clastic – made from rock fragments
• 2) Chemical – evaporation or precipitation from solution
• 3) Organic – contains fossils
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Classification of Sedimentary Rocks
• 1) Clastic
Made from sediments
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Chemical – evaporation/precipitation
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Organic – contain fossils
Coquina
Fossil-rich limestone
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Sedimentary Rocks
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Formation of Sedimentary Rocks
• Weathering and erosion makes sediment!!!!
• Glaciers Wind
• Gravity Water
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Sediment Sorting
• Clastic Sedimentary Rocks are made of rock fragments.
• Parent Rock – source of rock fragments
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Sediment Sorting - As erosional forces lose energy, sediment is deposited largest first-smallest last
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Sediment Sorting
• Largest to Smallest• Boulder• Cobble• Gravel• Pebble• Sand• Silt• Clay
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Conglomerate
• Pebbles ------------------- Conglomerate
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Sandstone
• Sand -------------------- Sandstone
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Siltstone
• Silt --------------------- Siltstone
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Shale
• Clay ---------------------- Shale
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Sediment Sorting
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Organic Sedimentary Rock
• Coal – formed from the Remains of plants at the Bottom of a body of water
Limestone – formed from the mixed skeletal remains of marine organisms
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Chemical Sedimentary Rock
• Gypsum – easily dissolves in water… gypsum rock forms when the water evaporates and crystallizes
• Halite – (salt) – easily dissolves in water…halite forms when salt water evaporates and crystallizes
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Metamorphic Rocks
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Metamorphic Rocks
• Metamorphic Rocks - rocks that have changed due to increases in temperature and pressure (the minerals inside them change shape and alignment)
• - igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic rocks can metamorph
• B. Ex. Basalt Schist Gneiss • Shale Slate Phyllite Gneiss• Granite Gneiss
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Metamorphic Rocks
Occurs in 2 general ways: •1) Contact Metamorphism•2) Regional Metamorphism
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Contact Metamorphism
• As magma pushes through rock layers beneath the Earth…nearby rock change slightly in composition and structure
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Regional Metamorphism
• As the Earth’s plates move, the same extreme pressures that build mountains also cause rocks to deform and change in composition
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WHAT HAPPENS?
• Heat - (2 sources- magma and depth)
• Minerals within the rock melt and re-crystalize thus changing the composition of the rock
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WHAT HAPPENS?
• Pressure – causes space between minerals to close – compacted often causing minerals to recrystalize
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2 classifications
• Foliated – banded (layers) of minerals at 90 degree angles to the pressure that caused the metamorphism
• Non-Foliated – no bands or layers (usually composed of only one type of mineral)
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Metamorphic Rocks – HEAT AND PRESSURE
FOLIATED = bands of mineral grains NON-FOLIATED = no bands of mineral grains
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Rock Classification
• Igneous MetamorphicSedimentary
• Intrusive FoliatedClastic
• Extrusive Non-Foliated ChemicalOrganic
• Basaltic (Mafic)• Andesitic• Granitic (Felsic)
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FOSSILS
NJCCCS: 5.4B History of the Earth5.4.12.B.1, 2, 3
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Fossils
• Fossil - any naturally preserved evidence of past life
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Understanding Decomposition• When an organism dies specialist organisms called decomposers and
detritivores begin consuming its remains.
• Decomposers are usually bacteria and fungi (think sour milk and moldy bread)
• Detritivores are animals like vultures, hyenas, insect larvae, and a host of others (think maggots in a garbage can)
• Most often only the hard tissue of the organism is left behind… bones and teeth, shells, exoskeletons, etc.
• See Video clip – Blue Planet• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vQbGk4sHROg&noredirect=1
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Fossils Are Rare
• Fossils only form under very special environmental conditions!!!!!!!
• Usually found in sedimentary rocks…why?
• Exceptions: Volcanic ash
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3 ways in which fossils form
• 1) Mineral Replacement
• 2) Mostly Unchanged
• 3) Trace
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Mineral Replacement
• Underground water removes original material 1 atom at a time and replaces it with minerals.
• An exact copy is created out of the minerals calcite CaCO3 or silica SiO2.
• *Most Common way in which fossils form
• 3 basic types Petrification, Molds, Casts
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1) Petrification
• the organism gets totally replaced with minerals
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2) Molds
• dead creature is covered with sediments and decays away. The remaining cavity in the shape of the original creature is the fossil = impression
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3) Cast
• Minerals from ground water seep into the mold, precipitate out of solution, and a stone shape is the fossil
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Mostly Unchanged• Actual original parts of an organism are left behind by several
methods.
• 1) Simple Burial• 2) Frozen• 3) Amber • 4) Mummification• 5) Acidic Peat Bogs• 6) Tar
SPECIAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS EXIST THAT PREVENT DECOMPOSITION!!!!
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1) Simple Burial
• bones and teeth most often remain…share similar properties to minerals (calcium carbonate)
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2) Frozen
• soft parts of mammoths have been found in frozen arctic tundra
Why do we put food in a freezer?
Slows down decomposition!!
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3) Amber
• resin or ancient tree sap captured creatures (insects, frogs, etc.)
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4) Mummification
• creatures desiccate (dry out) and soft parts remain – salt and or lye prevent decomposition
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5) Acidic Peat Bogs
• creatures have been preserved in some wetlands that have environmental conditions that prevent decomposition (lack of oxygen, extreme pH)
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6) Tar
• ancient oil seeping from underground trapped creatures. La Brea Tar Pits in California hold bones of mammoths, sabretooth tigers, camels, and more. Tar prevented decomposition.
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Trace Fossil Evidence
• Evidence of past life NOT including plant or animal remains
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• 1) Footprints
• 2) Burrows
• 3) Borings (holes)
• 4) Coprolites (fossil dung)
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Fossil Lab - BE CAREFUL
• Some things look like fossils but really aren’t…called rock features.
• Ripple Marks Geodes Cross Bedding
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Common fossils in your lab
• Coprolites Belemite (dung) (Squid)
• Trilobite Stromatolite (colony of bacteria)
(arthropod)
• Ammonite (cuddlefish)