chapter 31, section chapter 31 world war ii and its aftermath (1931–1949) copyright © 2003 by...
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Chapter 31 , Section
Chapter 31
World War II and Its Aftermath(1931–1949)
Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
World History: Connection to Today World History: Connection to Today
Chapter 31 , Section
Aggression, Appeasement, and WarAggression, Appeasement, and War
• How did dictators and the Spanish Civil War challenge world peace?
• How did continuing German aggression lead Europe toward war?
• What factors encouraged the coming of war?
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Chapter 31 , Section
How Did Dictators Challenge World Peace?How Did Dictators Challenge World Peace?
Throughout the 1930s, dictators took aggressive action but met only verbal protests and pleas for peace from the democracies.
Mussolini and Hitler viewed that desire for peace as weakness and responded with new acts of aggression.
In 1935, Mussolini invaded Ethiopia. The League of Nations voted sanctions, or penalties, but had no power to enforce the sanctions.
Hitler built up the German military in defiance of the Versailles treaty. Then, in 1936, he sent troops into the demilitarized Rhineland bordering France — another treaty violation.
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Which of the following best describes the actions taken by the League of Nations in response to Japanese and Italian aggression?
Which of the following best describes the actions taken by the League of Nations in response to Japanese and Italian aggression?
A. powerful
B. harmful
C. ineffective
D. harsh
What position did the United States take as conflict engulfed Europe?What position did the United States take as conflict engulfed Europe?
A. Sided with Germany
B. Sided with Britain
C. Declared war on Germany
D. Remained neutral
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The Spanish Civil War The Spanish Civil War
Although the Spanish Civil War was a local struggle, it drew other European powers into the fighting.
• Hitler and Mussolini sent arms and forces to help Franco.• Volunteers from Germany, Italy, the Soviet Union, and the
western democracies joined the International Brigade and fought alongside the Loyalists against fascism.
By 1939, Franco had triumphed. Once in power, he created a fascist dictatorship like those of Hitler and Mussolini.
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Why did Hitler and Mussolini support Franco in the Spanish Civil War?Why did Hitler and Mussolini support Franco in the Spanish Civil War?
A. He was against democracy
B. He supported communism
C. He promised to invade Britain
D. They owed him a favor
Chapter 31 , Section
German AggressionGerman Aggression
In 1938, Hitler used force to unite Austria and Germany in the Anschluss. The western democracies took no action.
Hitler annexed the Sudetenland, a region in western Czechoslovakia.
At the Munich Conference, British and French leaders again chose appeasement.
In 1939, Hitler claimed the rest of Czechoslovakia.
The democracies realized that appeasement had failed. They promised to protect Poland, most likely Hitler’s next target.
Hitler formed a Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact with Stalin.
German forces invaded Poland.
Britain and France immediately declared war on Germany.
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What happened at the Munich Conference?What happened at the Munich Conference?
A. Hitler was given the Sudentenland
B. Germany declared war on Britain
C. Hitler annexed Czechoslovakia
D. Britain ceded territory to Germany
What was one reason Hitler signed a non-aggression pact with Stalin?What was one reason Hitler signed a non-aggression pact with Stalin?
A. He planned to invade Russia
B. He wished to appease Stalin
C. He sought peace with all nations
D. He wanted a free hand in Poland
What German action finally caused Britain and France to declare war?What German action finally caused Britain and France to declare war?
A. The annexation of Austria
B. The invasion of Poland
C. The seizing of Czechoslovakia
D. The invasion of Ethiopia
Chapter 31 , Section
Aggression in Europe to 1939Aggression in Europe to 19391
Chapter 31 , Section
Why War CameWhy War Came
• Historians see the war as an effort to revise the 1919 peace settlement. The Versailles treaty had divided the world into two camps.
• The western democracies might have been able to stop Hitler. Unwilling to risk war, however, they adopted a policy of appeasement, giving in to the demands of an aggressor in hope of keeping the peace.
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Who made up the International Brigade?Who made up the International Brigade?
A. volunteers fighting against the republic in Spain
B. volunteers aiding injured soldiers in Spain
C. volunteers fighting against fascism in Spain
D. volunteer peacekeepers during the Spanish Civil War
Which of the following immediately led to Britain and France declaring war on Germany?
Which of the following immediately led to Britain and France declaring war on Germany?
A. Germany taking over the Sudetenland
B. Germany annexing all of Czechoslovakia
C. Germany annexing Austria
D. Germany invading Poland
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The Global Conflict: Axis AdvancesThe Global Conflict: Axis Advances
• What early gains allowed the Axis powers to control much of Europe?
• What were the Battle of Britain and Operation Barbarossa?
• How did Japan respond to growing American involvement?
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Chapter 31 , Section
Early Axis GainsEarly Axis Gains
By 1941, the Axis powers or their allies controlled most of Western Europe.
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Germany and Russia conquered and divided Poland.
Stalin’s armies pushed into Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.
Soviet forces seized Finland.
Hitler conquered Norway and Denmark.
Hitler took the Netherlands and Belgium.
France surrendered to Hitler.
Axis armies pushed into North Africa and the Balkans.
Axis armies defeated Greece and Yugoslavia.
Bulgaria and Hungary joined the Axis alliance.
• The Soviet Union seized eastern Poland, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.
Europe 1935-1939 Europe 1939 Europe 1940 Europe 1941
• 1940 – Germany conquers Denmark, Belgium, Holland, Norway and France.
Main Allied powers: Great Britain, France, China, Soviet Union, United States
A Global Battleground
• The main combatants were known as the Axis powers and the Allies.
Main Axis powers: Germany, Italy, Japan
Early in the war, Hitler overran ___, ___, the Netherlands, and Belgium Early in the war, Hitler overran ___, ___, the Netherlands, and Belgium
A. Britain, Africa
B. Egypt, the Suez Canal
C. Leningrad, Britain
D. Norway, Denmark
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The Battle of Britain and Operation BarbarossaThe Battle of Britain and Operation Barbarossa
In 1940, Hitler ordered Operation Sea Lion, the invasion of Britain. The Germans first bombed military targets, then changed tactics to the blitz, or bombing, of London and other cities.
London did not break under the blitz. The bombing only strengthened British resolve to turn back the enemy.
Operation Sea Lion was a failure.
In 1941, Hitler embarked on Operation Barbarossa, the conquest of the Soviet Union.
The Nazis smashed deep into Russia, but were stalled before they could take Moscow and Leningrad.
Thousands of German soldiers froze to death in Russia’s winter. Russians also suffered appalling hardships.
Stalin urged Britain to open a second front in Western Europe.
THE BATTLE OF BRITAIN OPERATION BARBAROSSA
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German bomber over
London
1940 - The Germans severely bombed Great Britain during the Battle of Britain but were unable the defeat the island nation. (video link)
Battle of Britain - Summer, 1940
'We shall fight on the beaches... June 4, 1940..‘,
'... We shall go on to the end, we shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender ...'
Winston Churchill, British Prime Minister
A new invention called ___ detected aircraft.A new invention called ___ detected aircraft.
A. sonar
B. radar
C. radioactivity
D. The blitzkrieg
To try to demoralize the British, Hitler launchedTo try to demoralize the British, Hitler launched
A. The siege of Leningrad
B. Operation Barbarossa
C. The London blitz
D. The miracle of Dunkirk
Chapter 31 , Section
Growing American InvolvementGrowing American Involvement
When the war began in 1939, the United States declared its neutrality.
Congress passed the Lend-Lease Act, which allowed the President to supply arms to those who were fighting for democracy.
Roosevelt and Churchill issued the Atlantic Charter, which called for the “final destruction of the Nazi tyranny.”
Japan advanced into French Indochina and the Dutch East Indies.
To stop Japanese aggression, the United States banned the sale of war materials to Japan.
Japan attacked Pearl Harbor.
The United States declared war on Japan.
Germany and Italy, as Japan’s allies, declared war on the United States.
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• Meanwhile, the U.S. prepared for war by setting up the first ever peacetime draft in U.S. history.
American Neutrality
• FDR changed the Neutrality Acts through a “cash and carry” plan, in which the U.S. sold arms to the Allies, but they had to carry them away on their own ships.
A Third Term for FDRA Third Term for FDR Breaking tradition, FDR ran for, and won, a third term as
President in 1940.
Arsenal of Democracy
• FDR called on all Americans to defend the “Four Freedoms” (freedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom from want, and freedom from fear)
• Lend-Lease Act (1941) – allowed sales or loans to “any country whose defense the President deems vital to the defense of the U.S.”
Warsaw 1945: Willys jeep used by Polish Army as part of US Lend-Lease program.
Atlantic Charter – set up by FDR and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill in 1941, establishing the goals for the end of the war:
• to seek no territorial gain from the war
• to support all peoples to choose their own form of government
• called for a “permanent system of general security”, such as the League of Nations
Pearl Harbor (video link)Pearl Harbor (video link)• On December 7, 1941, Japan attacked the U.S. fleet at
Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.
• Approximately 2,400 Americans were killed and most the Pacific fleet was destroyed.
* The U.S. declared war on Japan the following day, officially entering World War II.
Address to Congress Requesting a Declaration of War with Japan - December 8, 1941 (7:56)
Mr. Vice President, and Mr. Speaker, and Members of the Senate and House of Representatives:
Yesterday, December 7, 1941 -- a date which will live in infamy -- the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan.
The United States was at peace with that Nation and, at the solicitation of Japan, was still in conversation with its Government and its Emperor looking toward the maintenance of peace in the Pacific. Indeed, one hour after Japanese air squadrons had commenced bombing in the American Island of Oahu, the Japanese Ambassador to the United States and his colleague delivered to our Secretary of State a formal reply to a
recent American message. And while this reply stated that it seemed useless to continue the existing diplomatic negotiations, it contained no threat or hint of war or of armed attack.
It will be recorded that the distance of Hawaii from Japan makes it obvious that the attack was deliberately planned many days or even weeks ago. During the intervening time the Japanese Government has deliberately sought to deceive the United States by false statements and expressions of hope for continued peace.
The attack yesterday on the Hawaiian Islands has caused severe damage to American naval and military forces. I regret to tell you that very many American lives have been lost. In addition American ships have been reported torpedoed on the high seas between San Francisco and Honolulu.
Yesterday the Japanese Government also launched an attack against Malaya.
Last night Japanese forces attacked Hong Kong. Last night Japanese forces attacked Guam. Last night Japanese forces attacked the Philippine
Islands. Last night the Japanese attacked Wake Island. And this
morning the Japanese attacked Midway Island. Japan has, therefore, undertaken a surprise offensive
extending throughout the Pacific area. The facts of yesterday and today speak for themselves. The people of the United States have already formed their opinions and well understand the implications to the very life and safety of our Nation.
As Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy I have directed that all measures be taken for our defense.
But always will our whole Nation remember the character of the onslaught against us.
No matter how long it may take us to overcome this premeditated invasion, the American people in their righteous might will win through to absolute victory. I believe that I interpret the will of the Congress and of the people when I assert that we will not only defend ourselves to the uttermost but will make it very certain that this form of treachery shall never again endanger us.
Hostilities exist. There is no blinking at the fact that our people, our territory, and our interests are in grave danger.
With confidence in our armed forces- with the unbounding determination of our people- we will gain the inevitable triumph- so help us God.
I ask that the Congress declare that since the unprovoked and dastardly attack by Japan on Sunday, December 7, 1941, a state of war has existed between the United States and the Japanese Empire.
By early 1942, the Japanese had conquered lands from ___ to the western Pacific.By early 1942, the Japanese had conquered lands from ___ to the western Pacific.
A. London
B. Pearl Harbor
C. Southeast Asia
D. The Suez Canal
Operation Sea Lion referred to Hitler’s planned invasion ofOperation Sea Lion referred to Hitler’s planned invasion of
A. Russia
B. Britain
C. France
D. Poland
When the war began in 1939, the United StatesWhen the war began in 1939, the United States
A. immediately sided with Allies.
B. joined the Axis powers.
C. declared war on Germany.
D. declared neutrality.
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The Global Conflict: Allied SuccessesThe Global Conflict: Allied Successes
• How did Germany and Japan treat people in occupied lands?
• How did the Allies turn the tide of war?
• How did the Red Army and the Allied invasion of France undo German plans?
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Chapter 31 , Section
Occupied Lands Occupied Lands
• Hitler set up puppet governments in countries that were peopled by “Aryans.”
• Eastern Europeans were considered an inferior “race,” and were thus shoved aside to provide “living space” for Germans.
• To the Nazis, occupied lands were an economic resource to be looted and plundered.
• German leaders worked to accomplish the “final solution of the Jewish problem” — the genocide, or deliberate murder, of all European Jews.
• Japan’s self-proclaimed mission was to help Asians escape imperial rule. In fact, its real goal was a Japanese empire in Asia.
• The Japanese treated conquered people with great brutality.
While the Germans rampaged across Europe, the Japanese conquered an empire in Asia and the Pacific. Each set out to build a “new order” in the occupied lands.
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How did the Nazis view occupied lands?How did the Nazis view occupied lands?
A. As death camps
B. As bargaining chips
C. As training grounds
D. As economic resources
Chapter 31 , Section
Turning PointsTurning Points
The Allies opened a second front in Europe with the invasion of Paris. They freed France and were then able to focus on defeating Germany and Japan.
(mid-1944)
The Red Army took the offensive and drove the Germans out of the Soviet Union entirely. Hitler’s forces suffered irreplaceable losses of troops and
equipment.
(late 1942)
From North Africa, the Allies invaded Italy. The invasion weakened Hitler by forcing him to fight on another front.
(mid-1943)
The British stopped Rommel’s advance and drove the Axis forces back across Libya into Tunisia.
(late 1942)
During 1942 and 1943, the Allies won several victories that would turn the tide of battle and push back the Axis powers.
EL ALAMEIN INVASION OF ITALY
STALINGRAD INVASION OF FRANCE
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Nearly 250,000 Axis soldiers taken prisoner; with surrender, all of North Africa in Allied hands
Italian and British forces battled for control of North Africa. The Suez Canal and the oil fields of the Middle East were essential to the British war effort. After Italian forces failed against the British, Hitler was forced to send German troops to support the Italians.
• Afrika Korps led by Erwin Rommel
• Pushed British back into Egypt• Traded blows for two years • 1942—Battle of El Alamein• British victory under Gen.
Bernard Montgomery• Axis power lessened in North
Africa
Back-and-forth fighting
War in North Africa and Italy
• Soviets wanted European front• Invasion of western North Africa• Dwight D. Eisenhower led troops• Rommel caught between forces
in east and west• Supply problems worsened• May 1943—surrendered to Allies
Americans join the battle
Fighting in Italy
Next Allied goal: Italy itself
• July 1943, Allied soldiers landed on the island of Sicily– Weak Italian resistance– Benito Mussolini forced from power
• Allies capture Sicily – Made plans to invade the Italian mainland – Hitler tried to protect against the Allied march through Italy
• September 1943– Allies move into southern Italy– Strong German resistance as troops moved north– Bloody fighting continued for months
Leningrad• Citizens under siege in Hitler’s attempt to force a
surrender • Winter of 1941—1942, thousands starved to death
daily • Siege of Leningrad cost 1 million civilian lives
A Turning Point in the Soviet Union• 1941 German invasion halted with winter• German equipment failed in bitter cold• Poorly equipped troops suffered greatly
In the spring of 1942, Hitler ordered renewed assaults on the Soviet Union. He assembled troops from Italy, Romania, and Hungary. Even with fuel shortages, Axis forces fought well initially.
• Germans poised to take Stalingrad• Key industrial city for Soviets• Factories supplied Soviet armies• Ports shipped grain, oil, and other products
throughout country
On the Volga River
Battle of Stalingrad
• City bombed into rubble; German troops moved in
• Hold city at all costs
• Georgy Zhukov led Soviet counterattack
• Axis soldiers with no food or ammunition
• Hitler—“Surrender is forbidden”
Brutal battle• German officers
surrendered early February 1943
• 1 million Soviet dead
• Crushing defeat for Hitler; once invincible German army in retreat
• Battle of Stalingrad turning point in war
Final victory
What happened at El Alamein?What happened at El Alamein?
A. Rommel overran Egypt
B. The Allies invaded Italy
C. The British stopped Rommel’s advance
D. Germany won the Suez Canal
What was the result of the Battle of Stalingrad?What was the result of the Battle of Stalingrad?
A. German defeat of the Soviets
B. Soviet defeat of the Germans
C. Soviet defeat of the Japanese
D. German counterattack at Leningrad
Chapter 31 , Section
World War II in Europe and North AfricaWorld War II in Europe and North Africa
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Chapter 31 , Section
Toward Victory Toward Victory
• How was the Pacific war fought?
• How did the Allies defeat Nazi Germany?
• What debates surrounded the defeat of Japan?
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Chapter 31 , Section
• At first, the Japanese won an uninterrupted series of victories.
• Soon, however, the tide of the Pacific war began to turn.
• The United States began an “island-hopping” campaign. The goal of the campaign was to recapture some Japanese-held islands while bypassing others. The captured islands served as steppingstones to the next objective.
• In this way, American forces gradually moved north to Japan itself.
Strategies in the PacificStrategies in the Pacific4
Chapter 31 , Section
World War II in the Pacific World War II in the Pacific 4
What was the campaign to recapture Japanese held islands in the Pacific called?What was the campaign to recapture Japanese held islands in the Pacific called?
A. Total war
B. Island-hopping
C. Genocide
D. Kamikaze
Final Battles• By mid-1944, regular bombing raids on Japanese cities, including
Tokyo• Great distance made raids difficult, dangerous• Americans needed bases closer to Japan
Battle of Okinawa• Only 350 miles from Japan; U.S. troops invaded island April 1945• By June, 12,000 American soldiers dead• Japanese lost 100,000 defenders and another 100,000 civilians
Battle of Iwo Jima• February 1945 island invasion; 750 miles south of Tokyo• 7,000 Americans died in month of fighting; 20,000 Japanese died—only
1,000 thousand surrendered
War Ends in the Pacific
Chapter 31 , Section
Defeating Nazi GermanyDefeating Nazi Germany
To win the assault on Germany, the Allies had to use devastating force.
As Allied armies advanced into Belgium in 1944, Germany launched a massive counterattack.
Both sides suffered terrible losses at the Battle of the Bulge.
Hitler’s support in Germany was declining.
Germany faced round-the-clock bombing.
The Allies crossed the Rhine into western Germany.
Soviet troops closed in on Berlin.
Hitler committed suicide, and Germany surrendered.
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• Soviet advance—pushing Hitler’s troops backward • Axis forces with 2 million casualties—outnumbered
and outgunned • Early 1944, Siege of Leningrad ends; more victories
for Soviets followed• Axis forces driven back into central Europe• Soviets within 40 miles of Berlin by February 1945
• Second front in Western Europe • Sea assault led by Marshall and
Eisenhower • June 6, 1944, invasion at
Normandy• Victory came with high
casualties• Paris free by end of August
D-Day• December 1944, one last stand• Counterattack at Belgium• German advance led to bulge in
the line • Defeat ended German resistance• Allies racing to Berlin from the
east and west
Battle of the Bulge
War Ends in Europe
Chapter 31 , Section
Dropping the atomic bomb brought a quick end to the war. It also unleashed terrifying destruction.
Why did President Truman use the bomb?
• Truman was convinced that Japan would not surrender without an invasion that would result in enormous losses of both American and Japanese lives.
• Truman also may have hoped that the bomb would impress the Soviet Union with American power.
The Atomic BombThe Atomic Bomb4
Chapter 31 , Section
Emperor Hirohito surrendered on August 15, 1945. This day is known as V-J Day for Victory in Japan. World War II was finally over.
• After Okinawa, mainland Japan was next• The U.S. military estimated cost of invading mainland Japan-up
to 1 million Allied killed or wounded
• Atomic bomb successfully tested in 1945
• Harry S Truman U.S. president with Roosevelt’s death in May 1945
• Forced to make decision—bomb Japanese city to force surrender
Option to invasion July 26, 1945• Allies issued demand for
surrender• No response; Hiroshima bombed
on August 6• Still no surrender; second bomb
dropped on Nagasaki on August 9
• 145,000 total deaths• Japanese acknowledged defeat
The Atomic Bomb
How did the Allies end the war with Japan?How did the Allies end the war with Japan?
A. By dropping an atomic bomb
B. By invading Japan
C. Through negotiations
D. Through economic sanctions
Which of the following was one reason that Truman decided to drop the atomic bomb on Japan?
Which of the following was one reason that Truman decided to drop the atomic bomb on Japan?
A. He had no other alternatives
B. He harbored ill feelings toward the Japanese
C. Experts had underestimated the bomb’s capabilities
D. An invasion of Japan would result in an enormous loss of lives
Chapter 31 , Section
From World War to Cold WarFrom World War to Cold War
• What issues arose in the aftermath of war?
• Why did the Allies organize the United Nations?
• How did the breakup of the wartime alliance lead to new conflicts?
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Chapter 31 , Section
Aftermath of WarAftermath of War
• The appalling costs of the war began to emerge.
• The world learned the full extent of the horrors of the Holocaust. • War crimes trials were held in Germany, Italy, and Japan.
• People faced disturbing questions: What made the Nazi horrors possible? Why had ordinary people collaborated with Hitler’s “final solution”?
• The Allies worked to strengthen democracy in occupied Germany and Japan.
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One way that the Allies discredited the Nazi, fascist, and militarist ideologies that led to the war was through the ___
One way that the Allies discredited the Nazi, fascist, and militarist ideologies that led to the war was through the ___
A. War crimes trials
B. Final solution
C. United Nations
D. Berlin Airlift
Chapter 31 , Section
The Cold WarThe Cold War
As the United States and the Soviet Union became superpowers, they also became tense rivals in an increasingly divided world.
The Cold War was a state of tension and hostility among nations, without armed conflict between the major rivals.
At first, the focus of the Cold War was Eastern Europe, where Stalin and the western powers had very different goals.
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The state of tension between nations without armed conflict was known as the ___.The state of tension between nations without armed conflict was known as the ___.
A. Iron Curtain
B. Marshall Plan
C. Cold War
D. World War
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Casualties of World War IICasualties of World War II5
Military Military CivilianDead Wounded Dead
Allies
Britain 389,000 475,000 65,000France 211,000 400,000 108,000Soviet Union 7,500,000 14,102,000 15,000,000United States 292,000 671,000 **
Axis Powers
Germany 2,850,000 7,250,000 5,000,000Italy 77,500 120,000 100,000Japan 1,576,000 500,000 300,000** Very small number of civilian dead.
Source: Henri Michel, The Second World War
Chapter 31 , Section
The United NationsThe United Nations
World War II Allies set up an international organization to ensure peace.
Under the UN Charter, each of the member nations had one vote in the General Assembly. A smaller body, the Security Council, was given greater power. Its five permanent members were the United States, the Soviet Union (today Russia), Britain, France, and China.
The UN’s work would go far beyond peacekeeping. The organization would take on many world problems.
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The United States, the Soviet Union, Britain, France, and ___ are permanent members of the United Nations.
The United States, the Soviet Union, Britain, France, and ___ are permanent members of the United Nations.
A. Germany
B. China
C. Japan
D. Canada
How many Russian civilians died in World War II?How many Russian civilians died in World War II?
A. One million
B. 15 million
C. 100,000
D. 4 million