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Chapter 33 Sections 1-4

Africa & Middle East Since 1945

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Sec. 1 Pan-Africanism

• movement for cultural unity and freedom in Africa.

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Jomo Kenyatta

• independence leader in Kenya.

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Mau Mau• Kikuyu organization

that waged a guerrilla campaign against British presence in Kenya. (Some viewed them as terrorists). It was an insurgency by Kenyan rebels against the British Empire administration that lasted from 1952 to 1960. The uprising failed militarily, though it may have hastened Kenyan independence.

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African Union

• postwar group of colonies, with some political rights for natives.

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Mobutu Sese Seko (born Joseph Mobutu)

• dictator of the Congo- was the President of Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo) for 32 years (1965–1997). His mismanagement of his country's economy, and enriching himself off its financial and natural resources, makes his name synonymous with kleptocracy in Africa.

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kleptocracy

• a term applied to a government that extends the personal wealth and political power of government officials and the ruling class (collectively, kleptocrats) at the expense of the population.

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apartheid • Government policy of segregation and economic exploitation in South Africa. Although he originally wanted to be a doctor, Desmond Tutu could not afford the tuition. Instead, he became a teacher and, later, a priest. He also became the first black Anglican bishop of South Africa and the first black archbishop.

• Tutu knew firsthand what it was like to live under apartheid. His opposition to apartheid earned him the Nobel Peace Prize in 1984.

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Nelson Mandela• a former President of

South Africa, the first to be elected in fully representative democratic elections. Before his presidency, Mandela was an anti-apartheid activist and leader of the African National Congress and its armed wing Umkhonto we Sizwe. He spent 27 years in prison, much of it in a cell on Robben Island

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• one of the most influential Pan-Africanists of the 20th century, was the leader of Ghana and its predecessor state, the Gold Coast, from 1952 to 1966. He was born in 1909 – died in 1972

Kwame Nkrumah

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33-2 Hutu

• Ethnic fighting between the Tutsi and ______erupted into widespread slaughter in Rwanda during the 1990’s.

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Tutsi

       • Zaire (now the

Congo) allowed the Hutu to expel the _________

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Tutsi

• The _______ gained power when rebels against Zaire’s leadership joined their fight. In 1994, nearly 1 million Tutsis and Hutu moderates were slaughtered in what is known as the Rwandan genocide.

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One Crop (Plantation)

• Dependence on one product led many African economies to __decline__. This is known as having a ____ ____ economy.

image: tobacco plants

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desertification

• To provide food farmers overused their land and planted crops on dry areas where fierce winds stripped away the topsoil. Acres of trees were cut down for firewood. The combined effect of these practices was ____________—the spread of the desert. In addition, severe droughts have brought starvation to millions.

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Cuba (in Angola)

• When civil war broke out in Angola after independence in 1975, the United States, the Soviet Union, and ____ rushed military support to the rival factions. For the next 12 years, Angola became a battleground, or "hot war," for the Cold War.

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Cold War

• The end of the ____ ____ between the U.S. and the Soviet Union caused tensions in Angola to lessen.

Image: Angolan police officer today

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Somalia

• In 1991 after the Cold War had ended, the military dictatorships in both Somalia and Ethiopia collapsed. _______ descended into civil war as different clans and rival warlords fought for power.

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United Nations (UN)

• The fighting in Somalia prevented aid from reaching victims of the drought. In 1992 a ______ ______force intervened. Unable to stop the bloodshed, it withdrew in frustration in 1995. Although warring factions reached agreement in 1998, fighting continued. Many Somalis have sought refuge in other countries.

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No

• Was the UN successful in calming tensions between clans in Somalia?

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culture

       In a postcolonial era, there has been a renewed interest in Africa’s history and __________.

• Image:This Kenyan harpist is one of many musicians and artists keeping the traditional arts of Africa alive.

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33-sec 3 - Nationalism in Middle East & North Africa

• In 1962, French leader Charles de Gaulle surprised many French when he freed the colony of _________.

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Arab

• In 1939, Britain reversed the Balfour Declaration & began to support the creation of an _____ state in Palestine.

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Jewish

       After Britain withdrew from Palestine, the UN divided it into a _______ State and an Arab state. Arabs did not accept this.

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Israel

• The UN’s plan led to war, won by _________ creating tension among the rest of the Arab nations. Image: Israeli soldiers raise a victory flag (1948).

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Suez

• In 1956, Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt nationalized (took control of) the ____ Canal. The canal had been controlled primarily by British and French shareholders since the 1800s. Image: NASA satellite photo of the canal.

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Britain

• The U.S. sided against _______ in the canal crisis, leading to the final withdrawal of Europe from Egypt.

The picture shows ships blocking the Suez Canal during the Suez Crisis.

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dictatorship

       Ba’athist governments in the Middle East (ie: Syria, Iraq-Saddam Hussein) adopted socialism, but eventually drifted toward __________

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More of Saddam Hussein

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The End of the Rope

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Iran

• Fear of the Soviet Union’s influence led the U.S. to place The Shah (Mohammad Reza Pahlavi) as leader of_________. Image: the Shah & Empress Farah

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Ayatollah Khomeini (koh·MAY·nee)

• Many of those who opposed the shah took a renewed interest in Islam. Conservative Islamic leaders led by the __________________ opposed the shah's modernization efforts. Banished from Iran since 1964, the 76-year-old religious leader had continued to speak out against the shah. By 1978 discontent with the shah's rule erupted in riots and demonstrations.

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western influence

• The overthrow of the Shah of Iran was prompted by fear of _________ ________

Image: Ayatollah Khomeini returns to Iran after 14 years exile on February 1, 1979. He is helped off the plane by one of the Air France pilots.

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hostages

• the shah had entered the United States for medical treatment. On November 4, 1979, Iranian militants captured the U.S. embassy in Tehran and seized more than 60 American_________. They demanded that Mohammad Reza Pahlavi be returned to Iran to stand trial. The shah quickly left the United States. He died in Egypt in 1980, but the Iranians continued to hold the hostages until January 1981.

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Disaster in the desert• A daring US military rescue

operation codenamed Eagle Claw ended in further US humiliation in April 1980. The plan was to land aircraft covertly in the desert allowing special forces to infiltrate Tehran and free the 52 hostages.

• But the planning was flawed, and the mission had to be aborted when two helicopters were damaged in a sandstorm and failed to reach the rendez-vous point. Worse was to come when another crashed into a transport plane as it was pulling out.

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Carter

• Freeing the hostages became a priority for the administration of US President Jimmy _________ (pictured with Secretary of State Cyrus Vance) - but there was little to be done beyond ineffective economic sanctions. Carter pledged to preserve the lives of the hostages and conducted intense diplomacy to secure their release. But his failure ultimately contributed to his losing the presidency to Ronald Reagan in 1980.

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Ronald Reagan

• Newly inaugurated US President ______________listens to Bruce Laingen, top diplomatic hostage during the Iran hostage crisis who was one of the three seized at the Iranian foreign ministry on 4 November 1979.

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civilian

      After the execution of A. Menderes in 1960, Turkey returned to _______ rule and the reforms of Kemal Ataturk.

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33-4 War, Revolts, & Oil in Middle East & North Africa

• In 1967, Egyptian troops began mobilizing in large numbers near Israel's southern border. Syrian forces mobilized along the Golan Heights at Israel's northern frontier.

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Six Day War

• Realizing the danger of delay, Israel launched an attack, on June 5, 1967. In six days of fighting, Israel captured the Sinai Peninsula and the Gaza Strip from Egypt. This is known as the _______________

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Israel

• During The Six Day War in 1967, Egyptian, Syrian, and Jordanian territory was captured by ______.

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       Palestine Liberation Organization

• The Arab people did not accept a separate state next to Israel and, felt their best hope lay with the PLO or, _____________, led by Yasser Arafat (1929-2004)

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Golda Meir

• ___________- prime minister of Israel when Egypt and Syria planned a secret attack in 1973. The war began with a surprise joint attack by Egypt and Syria on the Jewish holiday of Yom Kippur. (It became known as The Yom Kippur War)

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Yom Kippur War

• The attack caught Israeli prime minister Golda Meir and her military experts off guard. At first the Arabs successfully pushed Israeli troops back. Then Israel rallied to cross the Suez Canal and occupy Egyptian land.

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Camp David (Maryland)

• Anwar Sadat (Egypt) and Menachim Begin (Israel) met in the U.S. & signed a peace plan known as the _______ _____ Accords.

• Image: Celebrating the signing of the Camp David Accords: Menachem Begin, Jimmy Carter, Anwar Al Sadat.

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uprising or rebellion        Israeli-occupied

territories led to a Palestinian intifada, which means an _______________

• Image: An Israeli bus in Haifa in 2003 after a Palestinian suicide bomber detonated inside, killing 17. A defining tactic of the Intifada, such bombings are widely condemned for their targeting of civilians.

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assassination

• Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin’s attempts at peace treaties between Israel & Palestine led to Rabin’s ___________ in 1995, by an Israeli who felt he had given up too much of Israel’s interests.

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Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

• OPEC is an group of oil producing countries whose members are made up of mostly Arab nations. OPEC means_____________________________

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OPEC Members

Africa•  Angola (January 1, 2007)•  Libya (December 1962)•  Nigeria (July 1971)•  Algeria (1969)

South America•  Ecuador (1973–1993, since

2007)[21]

•  Venezuela (September 1960)

Former members•  Gabon

• Middle East•  Iran (September 1960)•  Iraq (September 1960)

(Excluded from OPEC production quotas since 1998)

•  Kuwait (September, 1960)•  Qatar (December 1961)•  Saudi Arabia (September

1960)•  United Arab Emirates

(November 1967)Prospective members  Bolivia,  

Canada,  Sudan and  Syria have been invited by OPEC to join. Sudan is currently considering membership.[23]

•  Brazil is currently pondering membership due to a sizable oil find in the Atlantic

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Kuwait

• Iraq’s invasion of ________ in 1991 was based on an attempt by Saddam Hussein to gain control of more oil and, his desire to be the major power in the Middle East.

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Desert Storm• The Gulf War (also called

Operation ____________ ( August 1990 – February 1991) was a conflict between Iraq and a coalition force from 34 nations authorized by the United Nations (UN) and led primarily by the United States in order to return Kuwait to the control of the Emir of Kuwait. It led to economic sanctions against Iraq.