chapter 34: nation building in east asia and the pacific rim by josie maxwell, grace kim, and mj...
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 34:Nation Building in East Asia and the Pacific Rim
By Josie Maxwell, Grace Kim, and MJ Pott
Places to Know
❏Japan❏China
❏ Taiwan❏ Hong
Kong❏Korea❏Vietnam❏Singapo
re
JAPAN
Incorporated
Japanese Recovery • WWII left Japan in ruins• Rapid rebuilding of economy
– Selective westernization via occupying U.S. troops
• U.S. Occupation goals: Democratic Japan and demilitarization
• New constitution • Parliament made
supreme political body • Economic reforms • Educational Reforms • Changes accepted by public
Economic Surge
• Government supported business cooperation
• Mass export expansiono “Japan, Incorporated”o More exports than
China, both Koreas, Taiwan, India, Pakistan, Australia, and Brazil combined
o Mostly cars and electronics
o Quality and Quantity!
• Annual economic growth= 10% after 1950
What caused the Economic Boom?
• Active government encouragement • Education expansion• Foreign policy
– Japan’s army is disbanded– Extra capital goes to support
economy• Labor policy
– Labor unions– Strong sense of group loyalty– Low unemployment – Employees less likely to take
vacations, Bosses less materialistic
Effects on Family Life
• Women are increasingly well-educated o decline in birthrates o small feminist movement o focus on domestic duty
and child rearing
• Children’s education becomes extremely conformisto non-conformists are
punished and humiliated
Social Effects
• Far fewer lawyers • Far fewer
lonely/alienated people
• Emphasis on individual competition– University entrance
exams are more stressful
– Heavy drinking & geisha houses accepted
Culture and Westernization • Fascination with baseball, golf,
tennis
• Children prefer western cutlery over chopstickso Chopstick classes instituted
• Traditional Art, poetry, tea ceremonies, and flower arrangements survive
• Theatres and literature thrive
• Art used to attack controversial issues o Hiraoka Kimitoke (1925-
1970)(shown right)
Government
• Japan is converted into a democracy by the U.S.– Dominated by a single party: The Liberal
Democratic Party • Closer to an oligarchy
– Conservative stability
• Population boom= government campaign supporting abortion and birth control – Strong national tradition of state-sponsored
discipline
Problems-Things Fall Apart• Pollution becomes a
problem by 1960
• Intense respect for elders challenged by younger generation
• 1990’s collapse o Liberal Democrats are
corrupt Replaced by an
unstable coalition government
o Severe economic depression High unemployment
rateo Relatively swift recovery
China.
China : Chiang Kai- shek○ Anticommunist crusade and
success during the 1930s interrupted -> Japanese invasion
○ Did not focus on invasion -> obsessed with communist and continued struggle against them
○ Forced to ally with communists against Japanese
○ Chiang’s conventional military v.s superior air, land, and sea forces of Japan
○ His retreat eroded his reputation with military allies, the rural landlords, and foreign powers
○ Arrival of Chiang’s armies meant theft, rape, and murder for Chinese villagers
○ He did little to improve the condition of the people
China: Mao
● 1950s - Balance of power was shifting to Mao
● Triumphant- communist policies = support of the peasantry and others
● Good reasons to support Mao and his revolutionary movement○ land reform○ education○ improved health care
● Mao’s soldiers were indoctrinated w/ the need to protect the peasantry and win their support
Mao, cont.● Harsh penalties were
levied● 1st priority ->
Complete the social revolution in the rural areas
● Village tribunals● Border disputes● Late 1950s -> marked
the Mao’s rule had broken down
● Pragmatists -> Gang of Four
Chinese Politics:Communism
● Communists won favor - victorious in 1949
● Victory in China drove Chiang’s regime to Taiwan
● Convinced the people that they had the leaders and the program that could improve their lives
● Intellectuals and students changed their allegiance to communists
● Strong military and political organization
Communism, cont.● Party cadres and the
People’s Liberation Army● Army subordinate to
party● Administered by military
officials for 5 years after communists came to power
● Communist planners saw rapid industrialization -> no peasant farmers
● Stalinist style 5 year plan -> communist leaders turn away from peasantry to urban workers
China: Social and Cultural● The Great Leap Forward
○ Further effort to revitalize the flagging revolution by restoring its mass, rural base
● Women/Social○ Mao -> moved as a young
boy, interested in women’s rights
○ Women’s issues and women’s support for the communist movement became important in Mao’s revolutionary strategy
○ Clash with nationalists and communists
● Mao’s cultural revolution○ Convinced that the support
among the students, peasants, and military was strong enough to launch what would be his last campaign
Taiwan
• Guomindang Refugeo Chiang Kai-sheko China/US tensions
• Shift focus from regaining China to economic growtho State planning but also free market
possibilityo Agriculture improves--reforms benefit
farmerso Education and literacy increase, Western
medicine
• Chiang Kai-shek dies, son Chiang Ching-kuo ascends to lead
KoreaNorth Korea
➢ “People’s Democratic Republic of Korea”
➢ Led by Kim Il-Sung
➢ Communist○ High Soviet
influence
South Korea
➢ “Republic of Korea”
➢ Led by Syngman Rhee, a Nationalist○ Lots of American
support
The Korean War
• Started in 1950 by North Korea
• US jumps to aid South, border gets pushed up into North Koreao General MacArthur
• Communist China sends troops, push border back down
• Front stabilizes in 1952, war ended 1953
• Border clashes and tensions continue, but no more outright war
Post-War Korea
➢ Tendency for leaders to be ‘Strongmen’
➢ Focus shifts to economic growth○ Industrialization and mass production○ Hyundai
➢ Population growth○ Gov’t began to urge limited birthrates○ Emigration and air pollution became
common
Vietnam
Vietnam and France
❖ 1600’s--French Catholic Missionaries➢ French motives became more political and
economic
❖ 1770’s--Tayson Rebellion➢ Peasants overthrew the Nguyen dynasty, then
the rival Trinh dynasty
❖ French support Nguyen Anh➢ Last Nguyen prince➢ With French arms and tactics he conquers
Vietnam
❖ 1802--Proclaims himself Gia Long emperor of Vietnam➢ French get benefits
Vietnam and Confucianism❖ Gia Long was a big fan of
Confucianism➢ Capitol at Hue mimicked Imperial palace➢ Administration made up of Confucian
bureaucrats➢ French Catholic missionaries disappointed
❖ Minh Mang➢ 2nd emperor, also very Confucian➢ Starts persecuting Catholics--very bad move
❖ 1840-1890--French conquest of Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia➢ Nguyen princes reduced to ‘puppets’➢ Economic and Social problems worsen
Nationalism or Communism?
❖ Confucianism is rejected➢ Ideological vacuum created
❖ Nationalism- “V. Quoc Dan Dong” (VNQDD)➢ Secret society supporting the violent overthrow
of the French➢ Mostly made up of the emerging middle
class➢ Failed due to French secret police
❖ Communism➢ Party led by Nguyen Ai Quoc (Ho Chi
Minh)➢ French crush them, too, but the
Communist underground survives
First Indochina War (France)❖ Japanese invade in 1941
➢ Viet Minh gain power in N. Vietnam➢ Gain support of the people
❖ Viet Minh control N. Vietnam by 1945➢ General Vo Nguyen Giap--guerilla tactics
❖ French reaction➢ S. Vietnam is politically divided➢ French forces seize Saigon and come to
control much of S. and central Vietnam with the help of the British
➢ French are supported by US at this point
❖ V. capture French Fort at Dien Bien Phu➢ Decisive end to the war
Between Wars
❖ 1954 Geneva conference➢ Recognized Vietnam as independent➢ Called for elections within 2 years
❖ Tensions with the US➢ During WWII Viet Minh and US cooperated
against Japan, but US sided with France in the next war
➢ While the Cold War US was against Communism, Ho Chi Minh was a popular leader in Vietnam
➢ Anti-Communist sentiment in the US led the US to believe it should protect S. Vietnam from becoming Communist■ Ngo Dinh Diem--US-backed Nationalist
leader of S. Vietnam
Second Indochina War (US)❖ Diem worked against the Communists
➢ Focused on Communist cadres in S. Vietnam
❖ Communist reaction➢ Viet Cong threatened, N. V. send guns,
advisors, etc.➢ S. V. communists form “National Liberation
Front”➢ Guerilla warfare spreads
❖ Full-out war➢ Diem is ineffective, US has his generals
overthrow him➢ US and N.V. keep sending in more resources
■ US troops increased to almost 500,000■ More explosives dropped than in WWII
➢ Communists don’t give in, war ends 1970’s
After the Wars
❖ Vietnam was united under the Communists➢ S. V. regime fell apart quickly without US
support
❖ Communists failed to rebuild Vietnam➢ Economy and environment shattered, no aid➢ Leaders push harsh socialist agendas➢ Gov’t controls economy, unsuccessful
❖ Slow recovery➢ Communist method clearly failing by the
1980’s➢ Outside nations open up economy somewhat➢ Vietnam still faces sweatshop conditions,
social inequality, very little education
Port Cities
Hong Kong❖ British colony until
1997➢ Returned to China➢ Communists promised
to preserve its free market economy
❖ Bridge Nation➢ Connected
Communist China with the rest of the world
➢ Many fled the Communists and settled in Hong Kong
❖ Thriving Economy
Singapore❖ British Naval base
until 1971❖ Became a nation in
1965➢ Prime Minister Lee
Kuan Yew
❖ Very dense population
❖ High gov’t control❖ Huge economic
success➢ Shipping and
manufacturing
❖ Education and health improve
Other Pacific Rim Nations
➔ Common Themes◆ Confucian influence◆ Strong central governments
➔ Late 20th century problems◆ Economic growth fails,
problems arise◆ West sees this as a sign that
free market is necessary● Some change:
Indonesia-->democracy◆ Growth picks back up
around the turn of the century
➔ “Little Tigers”-Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand◆ Experienced Economic growth and air
pollution