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CMBUkTI4

RbtikmµkñúgsUluysüúRbtikmµkñúgsUluysüúgTwkgTwk

R e a c t i on s i n A q u e o u s S o l u t i onR e a c t i on s i n A q u e o u s S o l u t i on

esckþIepþImenAkñúgCMBUkenH eyIgnwgeRbIR)as;cMeNHdwgrbs;eyIgxagEpñkTMnak;TMngbrimaNkñúgRbtikmµKImI eTAnwgkarsikSaGMBIRbtikmµKImI EdlekIteLIgenAeBlEdlGgÁFatuRbtikrRtUv)anrMlayenAkñúg Twk.

mnusSPaKeRcInKitfaTwkrk)anedayminGs;éføBIeRBaHvagayrk)ankñúgbrimaNEdlKµanEdnkMNt;elIkElgEtkñúgGakasFatus¶ÜtEhg nigkñúgry³eBlraMgePøógd¾yUreBlkRmitelI kareRbIR)as;rbs;vaeFIVeGayeyIgyl;ya:gc,as;GMBIsar³sMxan;rbs;va BIeRBaHeyIgeRbIR)as;va sMrab;eKalbMNgFmµtaCaeRcIn. eyIgpwkva gUtva daMsøedayeRbIva. eyIgEhlkñúgva elg )a:taMgelIva CiHsÁIelIva(Skate)

ebIkTUkekþagqøgkat;va. 4-1

RbtikmµkñúgsUluysüúgTwk

eyIgGacTajykfamBlrbs;va mk eRbIR)as;. ebIKµanTwk eyIgminGacrs;)aneT ³ brimaNTwkmanRbEhl 60° énma:srbs;xøÜn mnusSeyIg.

müa:geTotTwkKWCavtßúEdleRbI)anRKb;ya:gTaMgGs; ]TahrN_ karbegáItsUluysüúgTwkedaykarrMlayGgÁFaturwgepSg²KñaCaeRcIn nigGgÁFaturavdéTeTot. karBitenAsItuNðPaB FmµtavaKWCaGgÁFaturavEdlGaRs½yeTAnwglkçN³EtmYyKt;énm:UelKulrbs;va. ebIeTaHbICa brimaNTwkelIsBI 70°énépÞrbs;EpndIk¾eday vakMrrkeXIjTwksuT§enAkñúgFmµCatiNas;. RbPBTwkéRb nigTwksabmanpÞúknUvsarFatuxniCEdlrlay nigsarFatukxVk;EdlmanRbPBBI ]sSahkmµ nigCI. ]TahrN_ cMeBaHTwkEdl)anmkBITwkma:sIun CaTUeTAvamanpÞúknUvsarFatu PøúyGrY ¬EdlRtUv)aneKbEnßmedIm,Ikat;bnßykarBukpuyrbs;eFµj¦

4-2

CMBUkTI4

EdlbEnßmeTAelIsarFatu xniC ¬CasMxan; kørY s‘ulpat DIkabUNaténsUdüÚm b:UtasüÚmkal;süÚm nigma:ej:süÚm¦ nigGacmanbEnßmkør ¬edIm,IsMlab;)ak;etrI¦ nigsMN ¬RbsinebIbMBg;TwksMrab;pÞúkvamanGayu elIsBI 80 qñaM¦.

RbtikmµKImICaeRcIn nigesÞIrEtRKb;dMeNIrkarCIv³TaMgGs;RbRBwtþeTAenAkñúgTwk. kñúgCMBUk enHeyIgnwgBiPakSaGMBIRbePTRbtikmµsMxan;²cMnYnbIEdlekIteLIgenAsUluysüúgTwk ³ Rbtikmµ begáItkkr RbtikmµGasIut-)as nigRbtikmµGuksIudU-erdukmµ. kñúgCMBUkeRkay²eyIgnwgsikSa GMBIlkçN³TMrg; niglkçN³rbs;TwkEdlRtUv)anehAfa :GgÁFaturMlayskl : nigsUluysüúg rbs;va.1 lkçN³TUeTAénsUluysüúgTwk

sUluysüúg KWCal,ayesIµsac;¬GUm:UEsn¦énsarFatuBIr rWeRcIn. GgÁFaturlay KWCa sarFatuEdlmanvtþmankñúgbrimaNticCag nigGgÁFaturMlay

4-3


KWCasarFatuEdlmanvtþmankñúg brimaNeRcInCag. sUluysüúgGacCa ]sµ½n¬dUcCaxül;¦ GgÁFaturwg¬dUcCa sMelah³¦ b¤ GgÁFaturav¬]TahrN_TwksmuRT¦. kñúgEpñkenHeyIgnwgBiPakSaEtGMBIsUluysüúgTwkb:ueNÑaH EdlkñúgenaHGgÁFaturlayCadMbUg KWCaGgÁFaturav rWCaGgÁFaturwg nigGgÁFaturMlay KWCaTwk.

lkçN³eGLicRtUlItRKb;GgÁFaturlayTaMgGs;EdlrMlay

kñúgTwkRtUveTAnwgRbePTmYyénRbePTTaMgBIr³ eGLicRtUlIt nigminEmneGLicRtUlIt. eGLicRtUlIt KWCasarFatuEdlenAeBleKrMlayvaenA kñúgTwklT§plEdlTTYl)anCasUluysüúgEdlGaccMlgcrnþGKÁIsnI. minEmneGLIcRtUlItCa sarFatuEdlminGaccMlgcrnþGKIÁsnIenAEdleKrMlayvakñúgTwk. rUb1 bgðajGMBIviFIsa®sþ gayRsYl nigminsµúKsµajénkardwgnUvlkçN³xusEbøkKñarvageGLicRtUlIt nigminEmn eGLicRtUlIt.

4-4

CMBUkTI4

KUéneGLicRtUtnicl¬Tg;Edg rW)øaTIn¦RtUv)anRCmuCkñúgEkvebEs‘rEdlmanTwk. edIm,IbMPøWGMBUlcrnþGKÁIsnIRtUvrt;BIeGLicRtUtmYyeTAeGLicRtUtmYyeTot. TwksuT§cMlgcrnþ GKÁIsnIexSayNas;. eTaHbICaya:gNak¾eday RbsinebIeyIgbEnßmbrimaNsUdüÚmkørYbnþic ¬NaCl¦GMBUlePøWgnwgPøWsen§APøamenAeBlEdlGMbilrlaykñúgTwk. sUdüÚmkørYrwg NaCl Ca smasFatuGIuy:ugEdlGacbMEbkeTACa GIuy:ug Na+ nigCl-

enAeBlEdlvarlaykñúgTwk. GIuy:ug Na+

RtUvRsUbeTAxageGLicRtUtGviC¢man nigGIuy:ug Cl-

RtUvRsUbeTAxageGLicRtUtviC¢man. clnaenHbegáIt)anCacrnþGKÁIsnIEdlesµIeTAnwglMhUréneGLicRtugtamExSelah³. Eday sUluysüúgsUdüÚmkørY ¬NaCl¦ cMlgcrnþGKÁIsnIeyIgGacniyayfa sUdüÚmkørY¬NaCl¦KWCa eGLicRtUlIt. TwksuT§manpÞúknUvGIuy:ugtictYc dUecñHvaminGaccMlgcrnþGKÁIsnI)aneT.

4-5


kareRbobeFobPaBPøWrbs;GMBUlePøWgcMeBaHbrimaNm:UElesIµKñaénsarFatuEdlrlayCYyeyIgeGaydwgGMBIlkçN³xusEbøkKñarvageGLicRtUlItxøaMg nigexSay. lkçN³éneGLicRtUlIt xøaMgKWGgÁFaturlaysnµtfaman 100° EdlRtUv)anbMEbkeTACaGIuy:ugkñúgsUluysüúg. ¬tamry³karbMEbkenH eyIgcg;niyayfa karbMEbkénsmasFatueTACa kacug nigGaj:úg¦dUecñH eyIgGactagsUdüÚmkørYEdlrlaykñúgTwkdUcxageRkam ³

NaCl (S) Na+(aq) + Cl-

(aq)

smIkarenHbBa¢ak;fa sUdüÚmkørYTaMgGs;Edldak;cUleTAkñúúgsUluysüúgbegáIt)anCa GIuy:ug Na+ nig Cl-. KµandMusUdüÚmkørYNaEdlminbMEbkkñúgsUluysüúgenaHeT.

4-6

H2O

CMBUkTI4

rUb1 karerobcMsMrab;kardwgnUvPaBxusKñarvageGLicRtUlIt nigmineGLicRtUlIt. lT§PaBrbs;sUluysüúgedIm,IcMlgcrnþGKÁIsnIGaRs½ynwgcMnYnénGIuy:ugEdlvaman.

(a) sUluysüúgminEmneGLicRtUlItminmanpÞúkGIuy:ugehIyGMBUlePøIgminPøWeT.

(b) sUluysüúgeGLicRtUlItexSaymanpÞúkcMnYnGIuy:ugtictYcehIyGMBUlePøIgminsUvPøW.

(c) sUluysüúgeGLicRtUlItxøaMgmanpÞúkcMnYnGIuy:ugeRcInehIyGMBUlePøIgPøWEcgcaMg.

brimaNm:UElénGgÁFaturlayesµIKñakñúgkrNITaMgbIenHtarag 1 cMNat;fñak;énGgÁFaturlaykñúgsUluysüúgTwk

4-7


eGLicRtUlItxøaMg

eGLicRtUlItexSay

minEmneGLicRtUlIt

HCl CH3COOH(NH2)2CO

¬G‘uyer¦HNO3 HF

CH3OH

¬emtaNul¦HClO4 HNO2

C2H5OH

¬eGtaNul¦H2SO4

* NH3

C6H12O6

¬KøúykUs¦NaOH H2O+ C12H22O11

¬sak;karUs¦Ba(OH)2

smasFatuGIuy:ug* H2SO4 manGIuy:ug H+ BIrEdlGacbMEbk)an. +

TwksuT§ KWCaeGLicRtUlItexSaybMput.tarag 1

Catarag]TahrN_éneGLicRtUlItxøaMg eGLicRtUlItexSay nigminEmn eGLicRtUlIt. smasFatuGIuy:ugdUcCasUdüÚmkørY (NaCl) b:UtasüÚmGIuy:UDY (KI)

nigkal;süÚm nIRtat [Ca(NO3)2]

KWCaeGLicRtUlItxøaMg. vaKYreGaycab;GarmµN_edIm,Ikt;sMKal;fa vtßúrav kñúgxøÜnmnusSeyIgmanpÞúkeGLicRtUlItxøaMg nigexSayCaeRcIn.

4-8

CMBUkTI4

TwkKWCaGgÁFaturMlayEdlmanRbsiTi§PaBNas;sMrab;smasFatuGIuy:ug. eTaHbITwkKWCam:UelKulNWtEdlGaccMlgcrnþGKÁIsnI vamantMbn;viC¢man¬GatUm H¦ nigtMbn;GviC¢man¬GatUm O¦ rW {b:Ul} viC¢man nigGviC¢man. cMeBaHehtuplenHehIyEdlvaKWCaGgÁFaturMlayb:UEl. enA eBl EdlsmasFatuGIuy:ugdUcCasUdüÚmkørYrlaykñúgTwkbNþajvimaRtbIénGIuy:ugkñúgGgÁFaturwg RtUv)anbMpøaj. GIuy:ug Na+ nig Cl-

RtUv)anEjkecjBIKña nigTTYlrgGIuRdatkmµ EdlCa dMeNIrkar EdlkñúgenaHGIuy:ugmYyRtUv)anhu‘¿BT½§edaym:UelKulTwkEdl)anerobcMkñúglkçN³ Biess. GIuy:ug Na+nimYy²RtUv)anh‘u¿BT½§edaym:UelKulTwkCaeRcInEdltMrg;Tisb:UlGviC¢man rbs;vaeq<aHeTArkkacug. RsedogKñaenHEdr GIuy:ug Cl-

nimYYy²RtUv)anh‘¿uBT½§edaym:UelKulTwkCa eRcInCamYynwgb:UlviC¢manrbs;vatMrg;Tiseq<aHeTArkGaj:úg¬rUb2¦. GIuRdatkmµCYyeFIVeGay

4-9


GIuy:ugmansßirPaB kñúgsUluysüúgnigCYykarBarkacugBIkarcUlKñaCamYyGaj:úg.

GasIut nig)as KWCaeGLicRtUlItpgEdr. GasIutxøH rab;bBa©ÚlTaMgGasIutkørIRTic(HCl)

nigGasIutnIRTic(HNO3)

KWCaeGLicRtUlItxøaMg. GasIutTaMgenHbMEbkCaGIuy:ugTaMgRsugkñúgTwk. ]TahrN_enAeBlEdl]sµ½nGIuRdUEsnrlaykñúgTwk vabegáIt)anCaGIuy:ug H+ nig Cl- edayrg GIuRdatkmµdUcxageRkam ³

HCl (g) H+(aq) + Cl-

(aq)

müa:geTot m:UelKul HCl

EdlrlayTaMgGs;EjkeTACaGIuy:ug H+

nig Cl- edayrgGIuRdatkmµ. dUecñHeBlEdleyIgsresr HCl (aq)

vaRtUv)aneKyl;fa vaKWCasUluysüúgénGIuy:ug H+

(aq) nig Cl-

(aq) b:ueNÑaH nigKµanvtþmanm:UelKul HCl

Edl)anrgGIuRdatkmµeT. müa:geTot GasIutmYycMnYndUcCaGasIutGaesTic (CH3COOH)

EdleFIVeGayTwkexµHmanrsCatiCUrminrgGIuy:ugkmµTaMg

4-10

H2O

CMBUkTI4

RsugeT nigCaeGLicRtUlItexSay. eyIgtaglMnaMGIuy:ugkmµ ¬bMEbkGIuy:ug¦énGasIutGaesTic dUcxageRkam ³

CH3COOH (aq) CH3COO- (aq) + H+

(aq)

rUb 2 GIuRdatkmµénGIuy:ug Na+

nig Cl-

Edl CH3COO- RtUv)anehAfa GIuy:ugGaestat. eyIgeRbIBaküGIuy:ugkmµedIm,IBN’na GMBIkarbMEbkénGasIut nig)aseTACaGIuy:ug. edaykarsresrrUbmnþGasIutGaesTicCa CH3COOH eyIgGacbBa¢ak;fa RbUtugEdlGacbMEbkCaGIuy:ug)anKWenAkñúgRkum COOH.GIuy:ugkmµénGasIutGaesTicRtUv)ansresrCamYYyRBYjeTAmkedIm,Ibgðajfa vaKWCa RbtikmµeTAmk.

4-11


dUcenHRbtikmµGacRbRBwtþeTAkñúgTisedATaMgBIr. CadMbUgm:UelKulGasIutCa eRcInbMEbkeTACaGIuy:ug CH3COO- nig H+. bnÞab;mkGIuy:ug CH3COO- nig H+

xøH)ancUl pSMKñaeLIgvijeTACam:UelKul CH3COOH. TIbMputPaBmYyekIteLIg EdlkñúgenaHm:UelKul GasIutbMEbkCaGIuy:ugya:g rh½sdUcGIuy:ugcUlpSMvijEdr. PaBKImIEbbenHRtUv)aneKehAfa lMnwgKImI. dUecñHGasIutGaesTic KWCaeGLicRtUlItexSayBIeRBaHkarbMEbkGIuy:ugrbs;vakñúgTwk KWminsBV. pÞúyeTAvijsUluysüúgGasIutkørIRTic GIuy:ug H+ nig Cl-

manminmanTMenaredIm,IcUl pSMKña nigbegáItCam:UelKul HCl

vijeT. eyIgeRbIR)as;RBYjmYyedIm,ItageGaykarbMEbk GIuy:ugsBV.2 RbtikmµbegáItkkr

4-12

CMBUkTI4

RbePTRbtikmµTUeTAmYyEdlekIteLIgkñúgsUluysüúgTwk KWCaRbtikmµbegáItkkrEdl lT§plTTYl)anCakarbegáItplitplEdlminrlay rWkkr. kkr KWCaGgÁFaturwgEdlminrlaybMEbkedayELkBIsUluysüúg. RbtikmµbegáItkkrCaFmµtarYmbBa©ÚlTaMgsmasFatuGIuy:ug.]TahrN_ enAeBlEdlsUluysüúgTwkénsMNnIRtat [Pb(NO3)2] RtUv)anbEnßmeTAkñúg sUluysüúgTwkénsUdüÚmGIuy:UDY (NaI) kkrBN’elOgénsMNGIy:UDY (PbI2)

RtUv)anbegáIteLIg dUcxageRkam³Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + 2NaI (aq) PbI2 (S) + 2NaNO3(aq)

sUdüÚmnIRtatmanenAkñúgsUluysüúg. rUb 3 bgðajBIdMeNIrkarénRbtikmµenH.

4-13

rUb 3 karbegáItkkr PbI2BN’elOgenAeBl EdlbEnßm sUluysüúg


KMritrlayetIeyIgGacTsSTayfa

etIkkrnwgbegáItya:gdUcemþcenAeBlEdlsmasFatumYyRtUv )anbEnßmeTAkñúgsUluysüúgmYy rWenAeBlEdlsUluysüúgBIrRtUv)anlaybBa©ÚlKña? vaGaRs½ynwgkMritrlay énGgÁFaturlayEdlkMNt;ya:gc,as;las;CabrimaNGtibrmaén GgÁFaturlayEdlnwgrlaykñúgbrimaNkMNt;énGgÁFaturMlayenAsItuNðPaBCak;lak;. KImIviTU sMedAeTAelIsarFatuEdlrlay rlaytictYc rWminrlaykñúgn½yCaKuNPaB. sarFatumYy Edl faCasarFaturlayRbsinebIbrimaNtictYcrbs;va GacemIleXIjrlayenAeBl EdlvaRtUv)an bEnßmeTAkñúgTwk. RbsinebImindUecñHeT sarFatuenaHRtUv)anehAfaCasarFaturlaytic rWmin rlay. smasFatuGIuy:ugTaMgGs;KWCaeGLicRtUlItxøaMg b:uEnþvaminrlayesµIKñaeT.

tarag 2 eFIVcMNat;fñak;smasFatuGIuy:ugmY

4-14

CMBUkTI4

ycMnYnCasmasFatuEdlrlay nigmin rlay. cUrcgcaMfa eTaHbICaya:gNak¾eday sUm,IEtsmaFatuEdlminrlayenaH k¾varlay eTAnwgvisalPaBCak;lak;mYyEdr. rUb 4 bgðajBIkkrmYycMnYn.

]TahrN_xageRkamGnuvtþc,ab;KMritrlaykñúgtarag 2.]TahrN_ 1cUreFIVcMNat;fñak;smasFatuGIuy:ugxageRkamCasmasFaturlay rWminrlay³ (a) R)ak;s‘ulpat (Ag2SO4) (b)

kal;süÚmkabUNat (CaCO3) (c)

sUdüÚmpUsVat (Na3PO4).cMelIy (a)edayEpñkeTAelItarag 2 Ag2SO4 minrlay. (b) enHKWCakabUNat nig Ca KWCaelah³ Rkum 2A . dUecñH CaCO3 minrlay. (c)

sUdüÚm KWCaelah³Gal;kaLaMg¬Rkum 1A¦dUecñHNa3PO4 rlay.tarag 2 c,ab;KMritrlaysMrab;smasFatuGIuy:ugTUeTAkñúgTwkenA 250C

smasFatuEdlrla karelIkElg

4-15


ysmasFatuEdlpÞúkGIuy:ugelah³Gal;kaLaMg (Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+)

nigGIuy:ugGam:Uj:Úm (NH4

+)

smasFatuEdlmanpÞúkGIuy:ugnIRtat(NO3-)

b‘ÍkabUNat(HCO3-)

køra:t(ClO3-)

EBrkør:at (ClO4-)

nigGaestat (C2H3O2-)

smasFatuEdlpÞúkGIuy:ugGaLÚEsnY (Cl-, Br-, I-)

GaLÚEsnYén Ag+, Hg22+, nig

Pb2+

smasFatuEdlpÞúkGIuy:ugs‘ulpat(SO4

2-)

s‘ulpatén Sr2+, Ba2+, Hg22+, Hg2+ nig

Pb2+. s‘ulpatén Ag+, Ca2+

rlayticsmasFatuEdlminrlay

karelIkElg

smasFatuEdlpÞúkGIuy:ugkabUNat(CO

32-) s‘ulPIt (SO3

2-)

pUsVat(PO42-)

RkUma:t(CrO42-)

s‘ulPY(S2-)

-smasFatuEdlpÞúkGIuy:ugelah³Gal;kaLaMg nigGIuy:ugGam:Uj:Úm.-cMeBaH S2-

CamYyGIuy:ugelah³Gal;kalINUETrWuk¾rlayEdr.4-16

CMBUkTI4

smasFatuEdlpÞúkGIuy:ugGIuRduksIut(OH-)

smasFatuEdlpÞúkGIuy:ugelah³Gal;kaLaMg nigGIuy:ug Ca2+, Ba2+ , nig Sr2+

lMhat;Gnuvtþn_

cUreFIVcMNat;fñak;smasFatuGIuy:ugxageRkamCasmasFaturlay rWminrlay ³

(a) CuS (b) Ca(OH)2 (c) Zn(NO3)2.smIkarm:UelKul nigsmIkarGIuy:ugsmIkarEdlBN’naGMBIkarbegáItkkrénsMNGIuy:UDYenATMB½r 4-5

xagmuxRtUv)aneKehAfa smIkarm:UelKul BIeRBaHrUbmnþénsmasFatuRtUv)ansresrCaRbePTKImIEdlmanCam:UelKul rWbNþMúTaMgmUlTaMgGs;. smIkarm:UelKulmanRbeyaCn_eRBaHvasMKal;eGayer:Gak;TIb¬krNIenH sMNnIRtat nigsUdüÚmGIuy:UDY¦. RbsinebIeyIgcg;eFIVeGayRbtikmµenHekIteLIgkñúgTIBiesaF smIkarm:UelKulnwgCasmIkarmYyEdlRtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;. eTaHbICaya:gNak¾edaysmIkar

4-17


m:UelKulmin)anBN’naya:gCak;lak;GMBIGIVEdlCak;EsþgkMBugekItmanenAkMrittUcéRkElgenaH eT.

rUb 4 karelceLIgénkkrmYycMnYn. BIeqVgeTAsþaM³ CdS , PbS , Ni(OH)2 , Al(OH)3

dUc)anbgðajBImunenH enAeBlsmasFatuGIuy:ugrlaykñúgTwk vabMEbkTaMgRsugeTACasmasPaKkacug nigGaj:úgrbs;va. edIm,IeGaykan;EtR)akdsmIkarKYrEtbgðajGMBI karbMEbk énsmasFatuGIuy:ugEdlrlayeTACaGIuy:ug. dUecñHedaykarvileTARbtikmµrvagsUdüÚmGIuy:UDY nigsMNnIRtateyIgRtUvsresr³

Pb2+(aq) + 2NO3

-(aq) + 2Na+

(aq) + 2I-(aq) PbI2(S) + 2Na+

(aq) + 2NO3-(aq)

4-18

elOgTMu

exµA

ébtg

s

CMBUkTI4

smIkarxagelIenHKWCa]TahrN_énsmIkarGIuy:ugEdlbgðajGMBIIRbePTKImIEdlrlayCaGIuy:ugesrI. smIkarGIuy:ugmYyrYmbBa©ÚlTaMgGIuy:ugTsSnik rWGIuy:ugEdlmin)ancUlrYmkñúgRbtikmµTaMg mUlEdlkñúgkrNIenHKWCaGIuy:ug Na+

nig NO3-.

GIuy:ugTsSnikelceLIgenAEpñkTaMgsgxag énsmIkarnigminmankarpøas;bþÚrkñúgRbtikmµKImI dUecñHvaGacRtUveKlubecal)an. edIm,IepþateTA elIkarpøas;bþÚrEdlekIteLIg eyIgsresrsmIkarGIuy:ugsMrYlEdlbgðajEtRbePTKImINaEdl BitCa)ancUlrYmkñúgRbtikmµb:ueNÑaH ³

Pb2+(aq) + 2I-

(aq) PbI2(S)

edaykaremIleTAelI]TahrN_mYyepSgeToteyIgeXIjfaenAeBlEdlsUluysüúgTwkén)arüÚmkørY (BaCl2)RtUv)aneKbEnßmeTAelIsUluysüúgTwkénsUdüÚms‘ulpat (Na2SO4) kkr BN’sén)arüÚms‘ulpat

4-19


(BaSO4)RtUv)anbegáIteLIg ¬rUb5¦. smIkarm:UelKulsMrab;Rbtikmµ enHKW

BaCl2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) BaSO4(S) + 2NaCl(aq)

smIkarGIuy:ugsMrab;RbtikmµenHKWBa2+

(aq) + 2Cl-(aq) + 2Na+

(aq) + SO42-

(aq) BaSO4(S) + 2Na+(aq) + 2Cl-

(aq)

edaykarlubGIuy:ugTsSnikecal (Na+ nig

Cl-)enAEpñkTaMgsgxagénsmIkar)anpþl;eGay eyIgnUvsmIkarsMrYldUcxageRkam ³

Ba2+(aq) + SO4

2-(aq) BaSO4(S)

rUb 5 karbegáItkkr CuSO4

dMNak;kalxageRkamsegçbGMBIdMeNIrkarsMrab;karsresrsmIkarGIuy:ugnigGIuy:ugsMrYl

sresrsmIkarm:UelKullMnwgsMrab;Rbtikmµ. sresrsmIkarenaHeLIgvijedIm,IbgðajGMBIGIuy:ugEdlbMEbk)anenAkñúgsUluysüúg.

4-20

CMBUkTI4

cUrcgcaMfaeGLicRtUlItxøaMgTaMgGs;eBlrlaykñúgsUluysüúgRtUv)anbMEbkTaMgRsug

¬sBV¦eTACakacug nigGaj:úg. dMeNIrkarenH)anpþl;eGayeyIgnUvsmIkarGIuy:ug.

rkGtþsBaØaN niglubecalGIuy:ugTsSnikenAEpñkTaMgsgxagénsmIkaredIm,IQaneTA

dl;smIkarGIuy:ugsMrYl.

dMNak;karTaMgenHRtUv)anGnuvtþkñúg]TahrN_ 2.]TahrN_ 2cUrTsSTayplitplénRbtikmµxageRkam nigsresrsmIkarGIuy:ugsMrYlsMrab;Rbtikmµ

K3PO4(aq) + Ca(NO3)2(aq) ?

cMelIyBIsmIkarminTan;manlMnwgeyIgeXIjfasUluysüúgénb:UtasüÚmpUsVatRtUv)anlay rWmanGMeBICamYysUluysüúgkal;süÚmnIRtat. GaRs½yeTAnwgtarag2 GIuy:ugkal;süÚm(Ca2+)

nigGIuy:ugpUsVat

4-21


(PO43-)GacbegáItCasmasFatuminrlay

kal;süÚmpUsVat [Ca3(PO4)2]. dUecñHenHKWCaRbtikmµbegáItkkr.plitplepSgeTot b:UtasüÚmnIRtat (KNO3)

KWCasmasFatu rlay nigmanenAkñúgsUluysüúg. smIkarm:UelKulsresr ³

2K3PO4(aq) + 3Ca(NO3)2 (aq) 6KNO3 (aq) + Ca3(PO4)2 (S)

nigsmIkarGIuy:ugKW6K+

(aq) + 2PO43-

(aq) + 3Ca2+(aq) + 6NO3

-(aq) 6K+

(aq) + 6NO3-(aq) +Ca3(PO4)2 (S)

karlubGIuy:ugTsSnik (K+ nig NO3-)

eyIgTTYl)ansmIkarGIuy:ugsMrYl3Ca2+

(aq) + 2PO43-

(aq) Ca3(PO4)2 (S)

kt;sMKal;faBIeRBaHeyIg)anføwgsmIkarm:UelKulBIdMbUgehIy smIkarGIuy:ugsMrYlmanlMnwgcMeBaHcMnYnGatUmenAEpñkTaMgsgxag nigcMnYnbnÞúkviC¢man nig GviC¢man enAEpñkxageqVg-sþaM.lMhat;Gnuvtþn_

cUrTsSTaykkrEdlRtUvbegáIteLIgedayRbtikmµxageRkam nigsresrsmIkarGIuy:ugsMrYlsMrab;RbtikmµxageRkam ³

Al(NO3)3(aq) + NaOH(aq) ?

GtßbT KImIGnuvtþn¾enAeRkamnWgBiPakSaGMBIbBaðaGnuvtþn_mYycMnYnEdl

4-22

CMBUkTI4

Tak;TgnwgRbtikmµbegáItkkr.KImIGnuvtþn¾

RbtikmµbegáItkkrEdlmincg;)anfµkMe)ar (CaCO3)nigdULÚmIt(CaCO3 .

MgCO3)EdlrayBaseBjelIépÞEpn dICa erOy²cUleTAkñúgkarpÁt;pÁg;Twk. edayEp¥keTAelItarag2 kal;süÚmkabUNatKWminrlaykñúg Twk. eTaHbICaya:gNak¾eday vtþmanénkabUnDIGuksIutrlay¬BIbriyakas¦ kal;süÚm kabUNat RtUv)anEpøgeTACakal;süÚmb‘ÍkabUNatEdlrlay [Ca(HCO3)2]³

Ca2+(aq) + CO2 (aq) + H2O (l) Ca2+

(aq) + 2HCO3-(aq)

Edl HCO3- KWCaGIuy:ugb‘ÍkabUNat.

TwkEdlmanpÞúkGIuy:ug Ca2+

nig¼rW Mg2+ RtUv)aneKehAfa Twkrwg nigTwkEdlKµanGIuy:ug TaMgenHRtUv)aneKehAfa TwkTn;. Twkrwg KWminl¥sMrab;kareRbIR)as;CamYy]bkrN_kñúgpÞH nig]sShkmµxøH².

enAeBlTwkmanpÞúkGIuy:ug Ca2+nig HCO3

- ehIyRtUv)aneKdutkMedA rWdaMeGayBuHsUluysüúgRbtikmµRtLb;eTACa begáIt)ankkr CaCO3 ³

Ca2+(aq) + 2HCO3

-(aq) CaCO3 (S) + CO2(aq) + H2O (l)

4-23


ehIy]sµn½kabUnDIGuksIut)anPay ³ CO2

(aq) CO2 (g)

kal;süÚmkabUNatrwgEdl)anbegáIteLIgkñúglMnaMenH KWCakMritsmasPaKcMbgEdlekIneLIg kñúgqñaMgdaMTwk eRKOgkMedATwk bMBg; nigkMesovTwk. kMritRsTab;Rkas;)anbnßykMedAEdl)anepÞr nigeFIVeGay]bkrN_eRbIR)as;TaMenaHxab;xUceTotpg. kñúgbMBg;TwkekþAEdleRbIR)as;kñúgpÞH vaGaceFIVeGaysÞHedaysarRsTab;enHpgEdr. viFIsa®sþsamBaØEdlRtUveRbIR)as;edayGñk CYsCusbMBg;Twk rW]sµn½edIm,Ipþac;ykRsTab;sMNak KWRtUvENnaMeGayeRbIbrimaNbnþicén GasIutkørIRTicedIm,IeGaymanRbtikmµCamYy CaCO3 ³

CaCO3 (S) + 2HCl (aq) CaCl2 (aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)

kñúgviFIenH CaCO3

KWRtUv)anbMElgeTACa CaCl2 Edlrlay.*********************************************************************

3 RbtikmµGasIut-)as

4-24

CMBUkTI4

GasIut-)as FmµtaKw Gas<IrIn nigfñaMbnSabGasuItkñúgRkBH eTaHbICamnusSCaeRcInminsÁal; eQµaHKImIrbs;va EdlmaneQµaHfa GasIutGaesTIlsalIsIulic¬Gas<IrIn¦ nigma:ej:süÚm GIuRduksIut¬fñaMbnSabGasuItkñúgRkBH¦.bEnßmelIbBaðasMxan;énplitplxag»sf nig]bkrN_ eRbIR)as;kñúgpÞHCaeRcInKImIGasIut-)asKWsMxan;kñúgdMeNIrkar]sSahkmµ nig caM)ac;kñúgkarRTRTg; RbB½n§CIvviTüa. muneBleyIgGacBiPakSaGMBIRbtikmµGasIut-)as eyIgRtUvkardwgeGay)an eRcInGMBIGasIut nig)asCamunsin.lkçN³TUeTAénGasIut-)aseyIg)aneGayniymn½yGasIutCasarFatuEdlbMEbkCaGIuy:ugkñúgTwk edIm,IbegáItCa GIuy:ug H+

nig)asCasarFatuEdlbMEbkCaGIuy:ugkñúgTwkedIm,IbegáItCaGIuy:ug OH-. niymn½y TaMgenHRtUv)anerobcMya:gCak;lak;kñúgcugstvtSTI19edayKImIviTU Svante

4-25


Arrhenius1 edIm,I eFIVcMNat;fñak;sarFatuEdllkçN³rbs;vakñúgsUluysüúgTwkRtUv)aneKsÁal;ya:gc,as;.GasIut

GasIutmanrsCatiCUr. ]TahrN_ TwkexµHmanPaBCUrrbs;vaedaysarGasIutGaesTic ehIyRkUcqµar nigEpøRkUcdéTeTotmanpÞúkGasIutsIuRTic. GasIutbNþaleGaymankarbþÚrBN’kñúglkçBN’rukçCati. ]TahrN_ vaGacbþÚrBN’

TYNWsulBIexoveTARkhm. GasIutmanRbtikmµCamYyelah³Cak;lak;mYycMnYndUcCa sgá½sI ma:ej:süÚm nigEdk

1 Svante August Arrhenius(1859-1927). KImIviTUBI Sweden. Arrhenius

)aneFIVkarniBn§ya:gsMxan;kñúg karsikSasIuenTicKImI nigsUluysüúgeGLicRtUlIt. Kat;)aneFIVbrikb,pgEdrfaCIvitrs;enAEdl)anekItmanelIEpndIBIBiPBepSgeTotCaRTwsþImYyEdl\lUvenHRtUveKsÁal;ya:gc,as;Ca panspermia. Arrhenius

)anTTYlBanrgVan; NUEblKImIkñúgqñaM 1903.

4-26

CMBUkTI4

edIm,IbegáItCa]sµn½GIuRdUEsn. ]TahrN_ RbtikmµrvagGasIutkørIRTic nigma:ej:süÚm ³

2HCl (aq) + Mg (S) MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)

GasIutmanRbtikmµCamYykabUNat nigb‘ÍkabUNatdUcCa Na2CO3 CaCO3 nig NaHCO3

edIm,IbegáItCa]sµ½nkabUnDIGuksIut¬rUb 6¦. ]TahrN_

2HCl (aq) + CaCO3 (S) CaCl2 (aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)

HCl (aq) + NaHCO3 (S) NaCl (aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)

sUluysüúgGasIutEdlbgáeLIgedayTwkcMlgcrnþGKÁIsnI.

)as )asmanrsCatilVIg¬ct;¦. )asb:HeTArGil. ]TahrN_ sab‘UEdlman)as)anbgðajnUvlkçN³enH. )asbNþaleGaymankarbþÚrBN’kñúglkçN³BN’rukçCati. ]TahrN_ vaGacbþÚrB’N TYNWsulBIRkhmeTAexov. sUluysüúg)asEdlbegáIteLIgedayTwkcMlgcrnþGKÁIsnI.

4-27


GasIut nig)as Brønsted

niymn½yGasIut-)asrbs; Arrhenius

)ankMNt;favaGacGnuvtþ)anEtkñúgsUluysüúg Twkb:ueNÑaH. niymn½yTUlMTUlay)anesñIedayKImIviTUCnCati Danish eQµaH Johannes Brønsted2

kñúgqñaM 1932. GasIut Brønsted

KWCaGñkpþl;RbUtug nig )as Brønsted

KWCaGñkTTYlykRbUtug. kt;sMKal;fa niymn½yrbs; BrønstedminRtUvkareGayGasIutnig )asfitenAkñúgsUluysüúgTwkeT.

GasIutkørIRTicKWCaGasIut Brønsted

edayehtufavapþl;RbUtugkúñgTwk ³HCl (aq) H+

(aq) + Cl- (aq)

kt;sMKal;fa GIuy:ug H+

KWCaGatUmGIuRdUEsnEdl)an)at;bg;eGLicRtugrbs;va. 2 Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted (1879-1947) CaKImIviTUCnCati Danish. bEnßmeTAelIRTwsþIGasIut )asrbs;Kat; elak Brønsted )aneFIVkarelIEpñkETm:DINamic nigkarbMEbk)arteTACaGIusUtUbrbs;va.

4-28

rUb 6 dIssresrkþarexonmYydMuEdlPaKeR

CMBUkTI4

enaHKWvaCaRbUtugEdlmanftTMenr. TMhMénRbUtugKWRbEhl 10-15m

eRbobeFobeTAnwgGgát;p©it 10-10m

sMrab;GatUm rWGIuy:ugmFüm. CaPaKl¥itEdlmanbnÞúktUcéRkElgEdlminGacsßitenA CaPaBesrIkúñgsUluysüúgTwkeTedaysarkarRsUbTajya:gxøaMgrbs;vaeTAb:UlGviC¢man ¬GatUm GuksIuEsn¦kñúgTwk. ehtudUecñHehIyRbUtugmankñúgTMrg;EdlrgGIuRdatkmµdUcbgðajkñúg rUb7. dUecñH karbMEbkCaGIuy:ugénGasIutkørIRTicKYrEtRtUv)ansresrdUcxageRkam ³

HCl (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+(aq)

+ Cl- (aq)

RbUtugEdlrgGIuRdatkmµ H3O+

RtUv)aneKehAfa GIuy:ugGIuRdUj:Úm. smIkarenHbgðajGMBI RbtikmµEdlkñúgenaHGasIut Brønsted (HCl)

)anpþl;RbUtugeTAeGay)as Brønsted (H2O).

4-29


rUb 7 karbMEbkGIuy:ugén HCl

kñúgTwkedIm,IbegáItCaGIuy:ugGIuRdUj:Úm nigGIuy:ugkørY

karBiesaFn_bgðajfa GIuy:ugGIuRdUj:ÚmRtUvrgGIuRdatkmµbnþ dUecñHRbUtugGacmanm:UelKul TwkmYycMnYn)ancUlrYmCamYyva. edaysarlkçN³GasIuténRbUtugminman\T§iBleday kMrit GIuRdatkmµenAkñúgGtßbTenH eyIgeRbIR)as;CaTUeTA H+

(aq)

edIm,ItageGayRbUtug Edlrg GIuRdatkmµ. karkMNt;enHKWsMrab;kargayRsYl b:uEnþ H3O+ KWBitR)akdCag. cUrcgcaMfa karkMNt;TaMgBIrtageGayRbePTKImIdEdlkñúgsUluysüúgTwk.CaTUeTAGasIutRtUv)aneKeRbIkñúgTIBiesaF rYmmanGasIutkørIRTic(HCl)

GasIutnIRTic (HNO3)GasIutGaesTic (CH3COOH)

GasIuts‘ulpYric (H2SO4) nigGasIutpUsVric (H3PO4). GasIutbIdMbUgKWCam:UNURbUTicGasIut.

4-30

CMBUkTI4

mann½yfaÉktanimYy²énGasIutenHpþl;GIuy:ug GIuRdUEsn mYyenAeBlrgGIuy:ugkmµ ³

HCl (aq) H+(aq)

+ Cl-(aq)

HNO3 (aq) H+(aq) + NO3

-(aq)

CH3COOH (aq) ⇌ CH3COO-(aq)

+ H+(aq)

dUc)anbBa¢ak;BImunrYcehIy BIeRBaHkarbMEbkGIuy:ugénGasIutGaesTicKWminsBV ¬sMKal; edaysBaØaRBYjeTAmk¦ vaKWCaeGLicRtUlItexSay. cMeBaHehtuplenHvaRtUv)aneKehAfa GasIutexSay¬emIltarag 1¦. müa:geTotGasIut HCl nig HNO3KWCaGasIutxøaMgBIeRBaHBYkva KWCaeGLicRtUlItxøaMg dUecñHBYkvabMEbkCaGIuy:ugsBVkñúgsUluysüúg ¬sMKal;edaykareRbIsBaØaRBYjmYy¦.

GasIuts‘ulpYric (H2SO4)

KWCaDIRbUTicGasIutBIeRBaHÉktanImYy²énGasIutenH)anpþl;GIuy:ug H+

BIrkñúgdMNak;karBIrepSgKña ³H2SO4 (aq) H+

(aq) + HSO4-(aq)

HSO4-(aq) ⇌ H+

(aq) + SO42-

(aq)

GasIut H2SO4KWCaeGLicRtUlItxøaMg rWGasIutxøaMg¬dMNak;karTI1énkar

4-31


bMEbk GIuy:ug KWsBV¦b:uEnþ HSO4-

KWCaGasIutexSay rWeGLicRtUlItexSay ehIyeyIgRtUkareRbIsBaØaRBYj eTAmk edIm,ItageGaykarbMEbkGIuy:ugminsBV.

RTIRbUTicGasIutEdlpþl;GIuy:ug H+bIKWmancMnYntictYcEdlTak;Tg. RTIRbUTicGasIut Edl eKsÁal;c,as;CageKbMputKWGasIutpUsVricEdlkarbMEbkGIuy:ugrbs;vaRbRBwtþeTAdUcxageRkam³

H3PO4 (aq) ⇌ H+(aq)

+ H2PO4-(aq)

H2PO4-(aq) ⇌ H+

(aq) + HPO42-

(aq)

HPO42-

(aq) ⇌ H+(aq) + PO4

3-(aq)

RbePTKImITaMgbIenH (H3PO4 H2PO4- nig

HPO42-)kñúgkrNIenHKWCaGasIut

ehIyeyIgeRbIsBaØaRBYjeTAmkedIm,ItageGaydMNak;kalbMEbkGIuy:ug nimYy². Gaj:úgdUcCa H2PO4

- nig HPO4

2-

RtUv)anrkeXIjkñúgsUluysüúgTwkénpUsVatdUcCa NaH2PO4 nig Na2HPO4.

tarag 1 bgðajfasUdüÚmGIuRduksIut (NaOH)

nig)arüÚmGIuRduksIut [Ba(OH)2]KWCa

4-32

CMBUkTI4

eGLicRtUlItxøaMg. enHmann½yfaBYkvaGacbMEbkCaGIuy:ugsBVkñúgsUluysüúg³

NaOH (S) Na+(aq)

+ OH-(aq)

Ba(OH)2 (aq) Ba2+(aq) + 2OH-

(aq)

GIuy:ug OH-

GaTTYlRbUtugdUcxageRkam³H+

(aq) + OH-(aq) H2O (l)

dUecñH OH- KWCa)as Brønsted.Gam:Uj:ak;RtUv)ancat;fñak;Ca)as

BrønstedBIeRBaHvaGacTTYlykGIuy:ug H+

¬rUb 8 ¦³NH3 (aq) + H2O (l) ⇌ NH4

+(aq) + OH-

(aq)

rUb 8 karbMEbkGIuy:ugénGam:Uja:k;kñúgTwkedIm,IbegáItCaGIuy:ug

Gam:Uj:Úm nigGIuRduksIutGam:Uj:ak;KWCaeGLicRtUlItexSay¬nigdUecñHCa)asexSay¦BIeRBaHmanEtmYyEpñktUcénm:UelKul NH3EdlrlaymanRbtikmµCamYyTwkedIm,IbegáItCaGIuy:ug NH4

+ nig OH- .

4-33

H2O

H2O


)asxøaMgEdlRtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;TUeTACageKbMputkñúgTIBiesaF KWsUdüÚmGIuRduksIut. vamantMélefaknigrlay¬edayBiteTAGIuRduksIutelah³Gal;kaLaMgTaMgGs;suT§Etrlay¦. )asexSayEdlRtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;TUeTACageKbMputKWsUluysüúgTwkGam:Uj:ak;EdleBlxøHRtUv)aneKPan;RcLMehAfa Gam:UjÚ:mGIuRduksIut. KµanPsþútagGIVEdlbgðajfa manRbePTKImI NH4OH. FatuRkum 2ATaMgGs;begáItGIuRduksIutEbb M(OH)2

Edl M CasBaØasMKal;eGay elah³Gal;kalINUETrW. kñúgcMeNamGIuRduksIutTaMgGs;enHmanEt Ba(OH)2 b:ueNÑaHEdl rlay. ma:ej:süÚm nigkal;süÚmGIuRduksIutRtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;kñúgEpñk»sf nig]sSahkmµ. GIuRduksIuténelah³déTeTotdUcCa ³ Al(OH)3 nig Zn(OH)2 KWminrlay nigminsUvRtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;.

]TahrN_xageRkameFIVcMNat;fñak;sarFatuCaGasIut Brønsted rW)as Brønsted.]TahrN_ 3

4-34

CMBUkTI4

cUreFIVcMNat;fñak;RbePTKImInimYy²xageRkamCaGasIut rW)as Brønsted³ (a) HBr ,

(b) NO2- , (c) HCO3

-.cMelIy

(a) HBr rlaykñúgTwkeGayplCaGIuy:ug H+ nig Br-³

HBr (aq) H+(aq)

+ Br-(aq)

dUecñH HBr KWCaGasIut Brønsted.(b)kñúgsUluysüúgGIuy:ugnIRtWGac

TTYlRbUtugmYyedIm,IbegáItCaGasIutnIRtW ³

NO2-(aq) + H+

(aq) HNO2(aq)

lkçN³enHeFIVeGay NO2- Ca)as Brønsted.

(c)

GIuy:ugb‘ÍkabUNatKWCaGasIutBrønst

edBIeRBaHvabMEbkCaGIuy:ugkñúgsUluysüúgdUc

xageRkam ³HCO3

-(aq) ⇌ H+

(aq) + CO3

2-(aq)

vaKWCa)as Brønsted

pgEdrBIeRBaHvaGacTTYlykRbUtugmYYyedIm,IbegáItCaGasIut kabUnic³

HCO3-(aq) + H+

(aq) ⇌ H2CO3(aq)

karBnül; RbePTKImI HCO3-

GacniyayfamanlkçN³GMpUETBIeRBaHvamanlkçN³ GasIutpg nig)aspg. sBaØaRBYjeTAmkbgðajfa RbtikmµTaMgBIrGacRtLb;)an.lMhat;Gnuvtþn_

4-35


cUreFIVcMNat;fñak;RbePTKImIxageRkamCaGasIut rW)as Brønsted ³ (a)SO4

2- , (b)HI.RbtikmµbnSabGasIut-)as

RbtikmµµµµbnSabKWCaRbtikmµrvagGasIut nig)as. CaTUeTARbtikmµsUluysüúgGasIut-)asbegáIt)anCaTwk nig GMbilEdlCasmasFatuGIuy:ugEdlGacbegáItCakacugeRkABI H+ nig Gaj:úgeRkABI OH- rW O2- ³ GasIut + )as

GMbil + Twk(acid) (base) (salt) (water)

GMbilPaKeRcIn KWCaeGLicRtUlItxøaMg. sarFatuEdleyIgsÁal;CaGMbilsMl NaCl

KWCa]TahrN_EdleyIgFøab;dwgrYcmkehIy. vaKWCaplitplénRbtikmµGasIut-)as ³

HCl (aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl (aq) + H2O (l)

eTaHbICaya:gNak¾eday edaysarTaMgGasIut nig)asKWCaeGLicRtUlItxøaMg BYkvaGacbMEbkCaGIuy:ug)ansBVkñúgsUluysüúg. smIkarGIuy:ugKW ³

H+(aq) + Cl-

(aq) + Na+(aq) + OH-

(aq) Na+(aq) + Cl-

(aq) + H2O (l)

4-36

CMBUkTI4

dUecñHsmIkarenHGactagedaysmIkarGIuy:ugsMrYl ³

H+(aq) + OH-

(aq) H2O (l)

TaMg Na+ nig Cl-

KWCaGIuy:ugEdlmincUlrYmRbtikmµ.RbsinebIeyIg)ancab;epþImRbtikmµxagelICamYybrimaNm:UElesµIKñaénGasIut nig)as enAcMnucbBa©b;énRbtikmµ eyIgRtUvEtTTYl)anEtGMbilb:ueNÑaH nigKµansl;GasIut nig)aseT. enHKWCalkçN³énRbtikmµbnSabGasIut-)as.

xageRkamenHKWCa]TahrN_énRbtikmµbnSabGasIut-)aspgEdrEdltagedaysmIkarm:UelKul ³

HF (aq) + KOH (aq) KF(aq) + H2O (l)

H2SO4 (aq) + 2NaOH (aq) Na2SO4 (aq) + 2H2O (l)

HNO3 (aq) + NH3 (aq) NH4NO3 (aq)

smIkarcugeRkayemIleTAxusEbøkBIeKBIeRBaHvaminbgðajeGayeXIjTwkCaplitpl. eTaHbICaya:gNak¾edayRbsinebIeyIgbBa¢ak; NH3(aq) Ca NH4

+(aq)

nig OH-(aq) dUcEdl)an

BiPakSaBImunbnÞab;mksmIkarenHnwgkøayCa

4-37

RbtikmµkñúgsUluysüúgTwkHNO3 (aq) + NH4

+(aq) + OH-

(aq) NH4NO3 (aq) + H2O (l)

4 RbtikmµGuksIudU-erdukmµedayehtufa

RbtikmµGasIut-)asGacbBa¢ak;lkçN³CadMeNIrkarbenÞrRbUtug cMENkÉ fñak;énRbtikmµEdlRtUv)anehAfaRbtikmµGuksIudU-erdukmµ ¬erduk¦ CaRbtikmµEdlRtUv)an cat;Tukfa CaRbtikmµbenÞreGLicRtug. RbtikmµGuksIudU-erdukmµ KWRbtikmµEdlekItmanenARKb;TI kEnøgenACMuvijxøÜneyIg. RbtikmµTaMgenaHmantaMgBIkardut\n§n³P½NÐrhUtdl;GMeBIén fñaMeFIVeGay ]bkrN_pÞH)ayss¥at. elIsBIenHeTAeTot Fatuelah³ nigGelah³PaKeRcInRtUvTTYl)an BIEr:rbs;BYkvaedaydMeNIrkarénGuksIutkmµ rWerdukmµ.RbtikmµerduksMxan;²CaeRcInekIteLIgkñúgTwkb:uEnþminEmnRbtikmµerdukTaMgGs;ekIteLIgkñúgsUluysüúgTwkeT. cUrBicarNaGMBIkarbegáItkal;süÚmGuksIut (CaO) BIkal;süÚm nig GuksIuEsn³

2Ca (S) + O2 (g) 2CaO (S)

4-38

CMBUkTI4

kal;süÚmGuksIut (CaO)

KWCasmasFatuGIuy:ugEdlRtUvbegáIteLIgedayGIuy:ug Ca2+ nig O2-.kñúgRbtikmµenHGatUm Ca BIr)aneGay rWepÞreGLicRtugbYneTAeGayGatUmGuksIuEsnBIr¬kñúg O2¦. sMrab;CakargayRsYl eyIgGacKitGMBIdMeNIrkarenHCadMNak;kalBIrxusKña. mYyCa dMNak;kar)at;bg;bYneGLicRtugedayGatUm CaBIr nigmYyeTotCadMNak;karcMeNj eGLicRtug edaym:uelKulO2³

2Ca 2Ca2+ + 4e-

O2 + 4e- 2O2-

dMNak;karnimYy²TaMgenHRtUv)anehAfa Bak;kNþalRbtikmµ Edlbgðajya:gCak;lak;GMBI eGLicRtugEdl)ancUlrYmkñúgRbtikmµerduk. karbUkBak;kNþalRbtikmµTaMgBIr)anpþl;nUv Rbtikmµ TaMgmUl ³

2Ca + O2 + 4e- 2Ca2+ + 2O2- + 4e-

rWeyIgGaclubecaleGLicRtugEdlelceLIgenAEpñkTaMgsgxagénsmIkar ³

2Ca + O2 2Ca2+ + 2O2-

cugbBa©b; GIuy:ug Ca2+ nig O2-

cUlpSMKñaedIm,IbegáItCa CaO ³2Ca2+ + 2O2- 2CaO

4-39


edaykarsnµt eyIgmin)anbgðajGMBIbnÞúkkñúgrUbmnþénsmasFatuGIuy:ug dUecñHkal;süÚmGuksIutCaFmµtaRtUv)antageday CaO l¥Cag Ca2+O2-.

Baküfa RbtikmµGuksIutkmµsMedAelIBak;kNþalRbtikmµEdlrYmTaMgkar)at;bg;eGLic-Rtug. BIedImeLIy KImIviTUeRbIBakü {GuksIutkmµ} edIm,ICasBaØasMKal;BIbnSMénFatuCamYy GuksIuEsn.eTaHbICaya:gNak¾eday \LÚvenHvamann½yTUlayCagEdlrab;bBa©ÚlTaMgRbtikmµ EdlminTak;TgnwgGuksIuEsn. Rbtikmµerdukmµ KWCaBak;kNþalRbtikmµEdlTak;Tgnwg karcMeNjeGLicRtug. kñúgkarbegáItkal;süÚmGuksIut kal;süÚm)anrgGuksIutkmµ. eKGac niyayfavaCaPñak;garerdukmµBIeRBaHvapþl;eGLicRtugeTAeGayGuksIuEsn nigbNþaleGay GuksIuEsnRtUvrgerdukmµ. GuksIuEsn)anrgerdukmµ

4-40

CMBUkTI4

nigedIrtYCaPñak;garGuksIutkmµBIeRBaHvaTTYl ykeGLicRtugBIkal;süÚmEdleFIVeGaykal;süÚmRtUvrgGuksIutkmµ. cUrkt;cMNaMfaTMhMén GuksIutkmµkñúgRbtikmµerdukRtUvEtesµIeTAnwgTMhMénerdukmµ. mann½yfacMnYneGLicRtug Edl )at;bg;edayPñak;garerdukmµRtUvEtesµInwgcMnYneGLicRtugEdlcMeNjedayPñak;gar GuksIutkmµ.

karekIteLIgnUvbenÞreGLicRtugKweRcInEtbgðajeGayeXIjkñúgRbtikmµerdukxøH²CagRbtikmµ déT. enAeBlelah³sgá½sIRtUv)anbEnßmeTAelIsUluysüúgmYyEdlmanpÞúk Tg;Edg(II)s‘ulpat (CuSO4)

eBlenaHsgá½sIeFIVerdukmµ Cu2+

edaykarpþl;eGLicRtugBIreTA eGayva ³

Zn (S) + CuSO4 (aq) ZnSO4 (aq) + Cu (S)

kúñgeBldMeNIrkar sUluysüúg)at;bg;BN’exovEdlbBa¢ak;BIGvtþmanénGIuy:ug Cu2+ ¬rUb 4>9¦ ³

Zn (S) + Cu2+(aq) Zn2+

(aq) + Cu (S)

4-41


Bak;kNþalsmIkarGuksIutkmµ nigerdukmµKW

Zn Zn2+ + 2e-

Cu2+ + 2e- Cu

RsedogKñaenHEdrelah³Tg;EdgeFIVerdukmµGIuy:ugR)ak;kñúgsUluysüúgR)ak;nIRtat (AgNO3) ³

Cu (S) + 2AgNO3 (aq) Cu(NO3)2 (aq) + 2Ag (S)

rW Cu (S) + 2Ag+ (aq) Cu2+

(aq) + 2Ag (S)

rUb 9 BIeqVgeTAsþaM ³ enAeBlEdldMuelah³ Zn

RtUv)andak;eTAkñúgsUluysüúg CuSO4 GatUm Zn

cUleTAkñúgsUluysüúgCaGuIy:ug Zn2+ ehIyGIuy:ugCu2+RtUvpøas;eTACa Cu rwg ¬EkvTImYy¦. kúñgeBlenaHBN’exovénsUluysüúg CuSO4 )anrlub)at;¬EkvTIBIr¦. enAeBl EdlduMénExS Cu

RtUv)andak;eTAkñúgsUluysüúg AgNO3 GatUm Cu cUleTAkñúg sUluysüúg køayCaGIuy:ug Cu2+

4-42

CMBUkTI4

ehIyGIuy:ug Ag+ )anpøas;eTACa Ag

rwg ¬EkvTIbI¦. sUluysüúg)ankøay eTACamanlkçN³B’NexovénGIuy:ug Cu2+EdlmanTwk ¬EkvTIbYn¦.cMnYnGuksIutkmµ (n.o)

niymn½yénGuksIutkmµ nigerdukmµkñúgn½y)at;bg; nigcMeNjeGLicRtugGnuvtþ)ancMeBaH karbegáItsmasFatuGIuy:ugdUcCa CaO nigerdukmµénGIuy:ug Cu2+ eday Zn. eTaHbICaya:gNak¾ edayniymn½yTaMgenHmin)anbBa¢ak;lkçN³eGay)anc,as;las;GMBIkarbegáItGIuRdUEsnkørY (HCl)

nigs<an;F½rDIGuksIut (SO2)eT ³H2 (g) + Cl2 (g) 2HCl (g)

S (g) + O2 (g) SO2 (g)

4-43


BIeRBaH HCl nig SO2

minEmnCasmasFatuGIuy:ug b:uEnþCasmasFatum:UelKultamBiteTAKµan eGLicRtugRtUv)anepÞrkñúgkarbegáItsmasFatuTaMgenHdUcCakñúgkrNIén CaO. ya:gNak¾eday KImIviTUrkeXIjfavagaycat;TukRbtikmµTaMgenaHCaRbtikmµGuksIudU-erdukmµBIeRBaHrgVas;BiesaFn_ bgðajfamankarepÞreGLicRtugedayEpñk ¬BI H eTA Cl kñúg HCl nigBI S eTA O

kñúg SO2¦.edIm,IcaMeGLicRtug)ankñúgRbtik

mµGuksIudU-erdukmµ vamanRbeyaCn_RtUvkMNt;cMnYn GuksIutkmµcMeBaHGgÁFatuRbtikr nigplitpl. cMnYnGuksIutkmµrbs;GatUmRtUv)aneKehApgEdr CaPaBGuksIutkmµ)anR)ab;eGaydwgGMBIcMnYnbnÞúk EdlGatUmenaHRtUvmankñúgm:UelKul ¬rWsmas FatuGIuy:ug¦ RbsinebIeGLicRtugRtUv)anepÞrTaMgRsug. ]TahrN_ eyIgGacsresreLIgvijGMBI

4-44

CMBUkTI4

smIkarxagelIsMrab;karbegáIt HCl nig SO2

dUcxageRkam ³H2 (g) + Cl2 (g) 2HCl (g)

S (S) + O2 (g) SO2 (g)

elxEdlenAxagelInimitþsBaØarbs;FatuKWCa cMnYnGuksIutkmµ. kñúgsmIkarTaMgBIrbgðajfaKµanbnÞúkenAelIGatUmkñúgm:UelKulRbtikreT. dUecñHcMnYnGuksIutkmµrbs;vaKWsUnü. eTaHbICa ya:gNak¾eday cMeBaHm:UelKulplitplvij vaRtUv)ansnµtfakarepÞreGLicRtugTaMgRsug)an ekIteLIg ehIyfaGatUm)ancMeNj rW)at;bg;eGLicRtug. cMnYnGuksIutkmµqøúHbBa©aMgGMBIcMnYn eGLicRtug { Edl)anepÞr } . cMnYnGuksIutkmµGaceGayeyIgkMNt;GtþsBaØaNFatuEdl)anrgGuksIutkmµ nig erdukmµ enAeBleyIgemIl. FatuEdlbgðajkarekIneLIgcMnYnGuksIutkmµ CaGIuRdUEsn nigs<an;F½rkñúg ]TahrN_xagelImann½yfavargGuksIutkmµ. kør nigGuksIuEsnrgerdukmµ

4-45

0 0 +1-1

0 0 +4-2


dUecñHcMnYnGuksIutkmµ rbs;BYkvabgðajkarfycuHBItMéledIm. cUrkt;cMNaMfa cMnYnGuksIutkmµsrubén H nig Cl kñúg HCl (+1 nig –1)KWsUnü. dUcKñaEdrRbsinebIeyIgbUkbnÞúkelI S

(+4) nigGatUmGuksIuEsnBIr [2x(-2)]

cMnYnsrubKWsUnü. ehtuplKWfam:UelKul HCl nig SO2

KWCam:UelKulNWt dUecñHbnÞúkRtUvEtlubecal.eyIgeRbIviFanxageRkamedIm,IkMNt;cMnYnGuksIutkmµ ³1. kñúgFatuesrI¬mann½yfa

PaBminpSMKña¦GatUmnimYy²mancMnYnGuksIutkmµesµIsUnü. dUecñH GatUmnimYy²kñúg H2 Br2 Na Be K O2 nig P4

mancMnYnGuksIutkmµdUcKña³ sUnü.

2. cMeBaHGIuy:ugEdlpSMeLIgBIGatUmEtmYy¬mann½yfa GIuy:ugm:UNUGatUm¦ cMnYnGuksIutkmµ KWesµI nwgbnÞúkEdlenAelIGIuy:ugenaH. dUecñH Li+ mancMnYnGuksIutkmµ +1

GIuy:ug Ba2+ man +2 GIuy:ug Fe3+ man +3

4-46

CMBUkTI4

GIuy:ug I- man –1 GIuy:ug O2- man –2.l. elah³Gal;kaLaMgTaMgGs; mancMnYnGuksIutkmµ +1

nigelah³Gal;kalINUETrWuTaMgGs;mancMnYnGuksIutkmµ +2 kñúg smasFaturbs;BYkva. GaluymIjÚ:mmancMnYnGuksIutkmµ +3 kñúgsmasFatuTaMgGs; rbs; va.

3. cMnYnGuksIutkmµrbs;GuksIuEsnkñúgesÞIrEtRKb;smasFatu¬]TahrN_ MgO

nig H2O¦KW -2

b:uEnþkñúgGIuRdUEsnEBGuksIut (H2O2) nigGIuy:ugEBGuksIut (O2

-2)

vamancMnYnGuksIutkmµ -1.4. cMnYnGuksIutkmµénGIuRdUEsnKW

+1

elIkElgEtenAeBlEdlvaRtUvcgsm<½n§CamYyelah³kñúg smasFatueTVFatu. kñúgkrNITaMgenH¬]TahrN_ LiH NaH

CaH2¦cMnYnGuksIutkmµrbs;va KW –1.5. PøúyGrmancMnYnGuksIutkmµ -

1kñúgsmasFaturbs;vaTaMgGs;. GaLÚEsnepSgeTot (Cl, Br nig I)mancMnYnGuksIutkmµGviC¢manenAeBlEdlBYkvaekIteLIgCaGIuy:ugGaLÚEsnYkñúg smas-

4-47


Faturbs;BYkva. enAeBlpSMCamYyGuksIuEsn ]TahrN_ kñúgGuksUGasIut nigGuksUGaj:úg ¬emIlEpñk2.7¦mann½yfaBYkvamancMnYnGuksIutkmµviC¢man.

6. kñúgm:UelKulNWtcMnYnGuksIutkmµsrubénGatUmTaMgGs;RtUvEtesµIsUnü.kñúgGIuy:ugb:UlI GatUm cMnYnGuksIutkmµsrubénFatuTaMgGs;kñúgGIuy:ugenaHRtUvEtesµInwgbnÞúksMrYlénGIuy:ugenaH. ]TahrN_ kñúgGIuy:ugGam:Uj:Úm NH4

+

cMnYnGuksIutkmµén N KW –3

nigcMnYGuksIutkmµén H KW +1. dUecñHcMnYnGuksIutkmµsrubKW –3 + 4(+1) =

+1EdlesµIeTAnwgbnÞúksMrYlénGIuy:ug.

7. cMnYnGuksIutkmµmincaM)ac;RtUvEtCaelxKt;eT. ]TahrN_cMnYnGuksIutkmµén OkñúgGIuy:ug

s‘ubEBGuksIut O2- KW –1/2.

]TahrN_ 4cUrkMNt;cMnYnGuksIutkmµcMeBaHFatuTaMgGs;kñúgsmasFatu nigGIuy:ugxageRkam ³

(a) Li2O (b) HNO3 (c) Cr2O72-

cMelIy4-48

CMBUkTI4

(a) tamrUbmnþ 2 eyIgeXIjfa lIcUmmancMnYnGuksIutkmµ +1(Li+)

nigcMnYnGuksIutkmµrbs; GuksIuEsnKW –2 (O2-).(b)

enHKWCarUbmnþsMrab;GasIutnIRTicEdlpþl;CaGIuy:ug H+ nigGIuy:ug NO3

-

kñúgsUluysüúg. BI rUbmnþ 4

eyIgeXIjfa HmancMnYnGuksIutkmµ +1. dUecñHRkummYyeTot¬GIuy:ugnIRtat¦RtUvEt mancMnYnGuksIutkmµsMrYl–1. edayehtufaGuksIuEsnmancMnYnGuksIutkmµ -2 cMnYn GuksIutkmµ énGasUt ¬Edltageday x¦EdlRtUvpþl;eday

-1 = x + 3(-2) rW x = +5

(c) BIrUbmnþ 6

eyIgeXIjfacMnYnGuksIutkmµsrubkñúg Cr2O7

2- RtUvEtesµI –2. eyIgdwgfacMnYnGuksIutkmµén O KW –2

dUecñHenAsl;cMnYnGuksIutkmµ Cr

EdlRtUvkMNt;EdleyIgehA y.cMnYnGuksIutkmµsrubsMrab;GIuy:ugenaHKW -2 = 2(y) + 7(-2) rW y = +6

lMhat;Gnuvtþn_

4-49


cUrkMNt;cMnYnGuksIutkmµcMeBaHFatuTaMgGs;kñúgsmasFatu nigGIuy:ugxageRkam ³

(a) PF3 (b) MnO4- .

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

18

1H+1-1

2He

3Li+1

4Be+2

5B+3

6C+4+2-4

7N+5+4+3+2+1-3

8O+2-1-2

9F-1

10Ne

11Na+1

12Mg+2

13Al+3

14Si+4

15P+5+3-3

16S+6+4+2-2

17Cl+7+6+5+4+3+1-1

18Ar

19K+1

20Ca+2

21Sc+3

22Ti+4+3+2

23V+5+4+3+2

24Cr+6+5+4+3+2

25Mn+7+6+4+2+2

26Fe+3+2

27Co+3+2

28Ni+2

29Cu+2+1

30Zn+2

31Ga+3

32Ge+4-4

33As+5+3-3

34Se+6+4-2

35Br+5+3+1-1

36Kr+4+2

37Rb+1

38Sr+2

39Y+3

40Zr+4

41Nb+5+4

42Mo+6+4+3

43Tc+7+6+4

44Ru+8+6+4+3

45Rh+4+3+2

46Pd+4+2

47Ag+1

48Cd+2

49In+3

50Sn+4+2

51Sb+5+3-3

52Te+6+4+2

53I+7+5+1-1

54Xe+6+4+2

55Cs+1

56Ba+2

57La+

72Hf+

73Ta+5

74W+6+4

75Re+7+6

76Os+8+4

77Ir+4+3

78Pt+4

79Au+3

80Hg+2

81Tl+3+1

82Pb+4+2

83Bi+5+

84Po+

85At

86Rn

4-50

CMBUkTI43 4 +4 +

2+1 +1 3 2 -1

rUb 10 cMnYnGuksIutkmµénFatukñúgsmasFaturbs;BYkva. cMnYnGuksIutkmµEdlsßirPaB KwGkSreRTt.

rUb 10 bgðajcMnYnGuksIutkmµénFatuEdleyIgFøab;sÁal;RtUv)antMerobGaRs½yeTAnwg

TItaMgrbs;vakñúgtaragxYb. eyIgGacsegçbmatikarCataragdUcxageRkam ³ FatuEdlCaelah³manEtcMnYnGuksI

utkmµviC¢manEtb:ueNÑaH cMENkÉFatuGelah³Gac mancMnYnGuksIutkmµviC¢man rWGviC¢man.

cMnYnGuksIutkmµEdlx<s;CageKbMputénFatuEdlCatMNagGacmanKWelxRkumrbs;vakñúgtaragxYb. ]TahrN_ BYkGaLÚEsnKWenAkñúgRkum 7A

dUecñHcMnYnGuksIutkmµx<s;bMput EdlGacmanKW -7.

4-51


elah³qøg ¬Rkum 1B 3B –

8B¦CaFmµtamancMnYnGuksIutkmµEdlGacmanmYycMnYn.

RbePTénRbtikmµerdukmanRbePTTUeTAénRbtikmµerdukcMnYnbYn³ RbtikmµbnSM RbtikmµbMEbk RbtikmµCMnYs RbtikmµDIsµÚtkmµ. RbtikmµCMnYsmankarGnuvtþn_ya:gTUlMTUlaykñúg]sSahkmµ dUecñHeyIgnwg sikSaGMBIRbtikmµTaMgenHya:glMGit.

4-52

CMBUkTI4

RbtikmµbnSMRbtikmµbnSMGactageday A + B

C RbsinebI A rW B KWCaFatumYy dUecñHRbtikmµenHKWCaRbePTRbtikmµerduk. RbtikmµbnSMKWCaRbtikmµ EdlkñúgenaHsarFatuBIr rWeRcInpSMKñaedIm,IbegáItCaplitplmYy. rUb 11 bgðajBIRbtikmµbnSMsamBaØ²mYycMnYn. ]TahrN_

S (S) + O2 (g) SO2 (g)

3Mg (g) + N2 (g) Mg3N2 (S)

RbtikmµbMEbkRbtikmµbMEbkKWCakarpÞúyKñaénRbtikmµbnSM. CaBiessRbtikmµbMEbkKwCakarbMEbkén

4-53

0

0 +4-20

0 +2 -3


smasFatumYyeTAsmasPaKBIr rWeRcIn.

rUb 12 (a) kardutkMedA)art (II)GuksIut (HgO)bMEbkedIm,IbegáItCa)art nigGuksIuEsn. (b)kardutkMedAb:UtasüÚmkøra:t (KClO3)

begáItCaGuksIuEsnEdlCMnYydl;cMehHénbnÞH Gus.

C A + B

4-54

CMBUkTI4

RbsinebI A rW B KWCaFatumYy dUecñHRbtikmµenHKWCaRbePTRbtikmµerduk¬rUb 12¦.

]TahrN_³2HgO (S) 2Hg (l) + O2 (g)

2KClO3 (S) 2KCl (S) + 3O2 (g)

2NaH (S) 2Na (S) + H2 (g)

kt;cMNaMfaeyIgbgðajcMnYnGuksIutkmµcMeBaHEtFatuEdlrgGuksIutkmµ rWerdukmµEtb:ueNÑaH. dUecñHb:UtasüÚmmin)anpþl;cMnYnGuksIutkmµeTkñúgRbtikmµbMEbkén KClO3.

RbtikmµCMnYskñúgRbtikmµCMnYs

GIuy:ugmYy¬rWGatUm¦kñúgsmasFatumYyRtUv)anCMnYseday GIuy:ug ¬rWGatUm¦énFatumYyeTot³

A + BC AC + B

RbtikmµCMnYsPaKeRcInRtUveTAnwgRbePTmYyénRbePTtUc²bI³ karCMnYsGIuRdUEsn karCMnYselah³ rWkarCMnYsGaLÚEsn.

1. karCMnYsGIuRdUEsn elah³Gal;kaLaMgTaMgGs; nigelah³Gal;kalINUETrWumYycMnYn (Ca Sr nig Ba)EdlCaFatuelah³EdlmanRbtikmµxøa

4-55

0 0

00-1

+1-1

+2-2

0+5-2


MgkøabMputnwgCMnYsGIuRdUEsnBITwkRtCak;¬rUb 13¦³

2Na (S) + 2H2O (l) 2NaOH (aq) + H2 (g)

Ca (S) + 2H2O (l) Ca(OH)2 (S) + H2 (g)

rUb 13 Rbtikmµ(a)sUdüÚm (Na) nig (b)

kal;süÚm(Ca) CamYyTwkRtCak;. kt;cMNaMfa RbtikmµekItmanya:gxøaMgCamYy Na CagCamYy Ca.elah³EdlmanRbtikmµKImIexSayCagdUcCa GaluymIj:Úm nigEdkmanGMeBICamYy cMhayTwkedIm,Ipþl;]sµ½nGIuRdUEsn.

2Al (S) + 3H2O (g) Al2O3 (S) + 3H2 (g)

2Fe(S) + 3H2O (g) Fe2O3 (S) + 3H2 (g)

elah³CaeRcInrab;bBa©ÚlTaMgelah³E

4-56

0

0

+1 +1 0

0+ +2 +1

0

0

+

+

+3

+3

0

0

CMBUkTI4

dlminmanGMeBICamYyTwkGacCMnYsGIuRdUEsn)anBIGasIut. ]TahrN_ sgá½sI (Zn)

nigma:ej:süÚm (Mg)

minmanGMeBICamYyTwkeT b:uEnþ BitCamanGMeBICamYyGasIutkørIRTicdUcxageRkam ³

Zn (S) + 2HCl (aq) ZnCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)

Mg (S) + 2HCl (aq) MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)

smIkarGIuy:ugKWZn (S) + 2H+ (aq) Zn2+

(aq) + H2 (g)

Mg (S) + 2H+ (aq) Mg2+ (aq) + H2 (g)

rUb 14 bgðajBIRbtikmµrvagGasIutkørIRTic (HCl) nigEdk (Fe) sgá½sI (Zn) ma:ej:süÚm (Mg). RbtikmµTaMgenHRtUUv)aneRbIR)as;edIm,ITegVI]sµ½nGIuRdUEsnkñúgTIBiesaF. elah³xøHdUcCa Tg;Edg (Cu) R)ak; (Ag) nigmas (Au)

minGacCMnYsGIuRdUEsn)aneTenAeBldak;eGayman GMeBICamYyGasIutkørIRTic.

4-57

0 + + 0

0 + +2 0

0

0

+

+

+

+

0

0


rUb 14 BIeqVgeTAsþaM³ RbtikmµénEdk (Fe) sgá½sI (Zn)

nigma:ej:süÚm (Mg)CamYyGasIut kørIRTicedIm,IbegáItCa]sµ½nGIuRdUEsn nigelah³kørY (FeCl2 ZnCl2

MgCl2). kMritRbtikmµ énelah³TaMgenHRtUvqøúHbBa©aMgedayel,ÓnénkarERbRbYlCalMdab;én]sµ½nGIuRdUEsn Edl yWtCageKbMputcMeBaHelah³EdlmanRbtikmµKImIexSayCageKbMput Fe nigelOnCageK bMputcMeBaHelah³EdlmanRbtikmµKImIxøaMgbMput Mg.2. karCMnYselah³

elah³kñúgsmasFatumYyGacRtUvCMnYsedayelah³mYyepSgeTotkñúg PaBCaelah³.

4-58

BBuH]sµ½n H2

BBuH]sµ½n H2

BBuH]sµ½n H2

CMBUkTI4

eyIg)aneXIj]TahrN_rYcmkehIyGMBIsgá½sICMnYsGIuy:ugTg;Edg nigTg;Edg CMnYs GIuy:ugR)ak;¬emIlrUb 9¦. karb®Ba©astYnaTIénelah³TaMgenH nwgKµanRbtikmµekIteLIg eT. dUecñHelah³Tg;EdgnwgminGacCMnYsGIuy:ugsgá½sIBIsgá½sIs‘ulpat nigelah³R)ak;min GacCMnYsGIuy:ugTg;EdgBITg;EdgnIRtat)aneT. viFIEdlgayedIm,ITsSn_TayfaetIRbtikmµ CMnYselah³ rWGIuRdUEsnBitCaekItmanKWRtUvEp¥keTAelIes‘rIskmµPaB¬eBlxøHRtUv)aneKehA fa es‘rIeGLicRtUKImI¦EdlmanbgðajkñúgrUb15. CasMxan;es‘rIskmµPaBKWCakarsegçb ya:g gayRsYlénlT§plRbtikmµCMnYsEdlGacekItmanCaeRcInRsedogKñaeTAnwgRbtikmµ CMnYs Edl)anBiPakSarYcehIy.

4-59


rUb 15

es‘rIskmµPaBsMrab;elah³.elah³RtUv)anerobtamlMdab;GaRs½yeTAnwglT§PaBrbs;BYkvaedIm,ICMnYsGIuRdUEsnBIGasIut rWTwk. Li

¬lIcUm¦Caelah³EdlmanRbtikmµKImIxøaMgbMput nig Au

¬mas¦Caelah³EdlmanRbtikmµKImIexSaybMput.

GaRs½yeTAnwges‘rIenHelah³NaEdlenAxagelIGIuRdUEsnnwgGacCMnYsvaBITwk rWBIGasIut )anb:uEnþelah³NaEdlenA

4-60

CMBUkTI4

xageRkamGIuRdUEsnnwgminGacmanRbtikmµCaTwk rWGasIuteT. tamBit eTARbePTKImINa Edl)ancuHkúñges‘rIenHnwgGacmanRbtikmµCamYyRbePTKImI¬kñúgsmasFatu mYy¦enAxageRkamva. ]TahrN_ Zn

enAxagelI Cu

dUecñHelah³sgá½sIGacCMnYsGIuy:ugTg; EdgBITg;Edgs‘ulpat)an.

RbtikmµCMnYselah³eXIjmankarGnuvtþn_CaeRcInkñúgdMeNIrkarelahsSahkmµkñúgeKalbMNgedIm,IEjkykelah³suT§BIEr:rbs;BYkva. ]TahrN_va:NadüÚmRtUvTTYl)anedaykardak;eGayva:NadüÚm (V)GuksIutmanGMeBICamYyelah³kal;süÚm³

4-61

KµanB’

B’NelOg


rUb 16 (a) sUluysüúgTwk KBr. (b)

bnÞab;BI]sµ½nkørRtUv)anbegáItCaBBuHkñúgsUluysüúg GIuy:ugRbUmPaKeRcInRtUvpøas;eTACa¬rgGuksIutkmµ¦TwkRbUmEdlrlaytictYckñúgTwk.

RsedogKñaenHEdr TItanRtUvTTYl)anBITItan (IV)kørYtamsmIkardUcxageRkam ³

TiCl4 (g) + 2Mg (l) Ti (S) + 2MgCl2 (l)

kñúgkrNInimYy²elah³EdledIrtYCaPñak;garerdukmµenAxagelIelah³Edlrgerdukmµ¬mann½yfa Ca enAxagelI V nig Mg

enAxagelI Ti¦kñúges‘rIskmµPaB. eyIgnwg)aneXIj]TahrN_bEnßmeTotGMBIRbePTRbtikmµenH.3. karCMnYsGaLÚEsn

es‘rIskmµPaBmYyeTotsgçbGMBIlkçN³rbs;GaLÚEsnkñúgRbtikmµ CMnYsGaLÚEsn³ F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2

4-62

CMBUkTI4

GMNacénCaPñak;garGuksIutkmµrbs;FatuTaMgenH fycuHenAeBlEdleyIgrMkilcuHeRkamRkum 7A

BIkøreTAGIuy:Ut dUecñHm:UelKulPøúyGrGacCMnYsGIuy:ugkør RbUm nigGIuy:UtkñúgsUluysüúg. tamBitm:UelKulPøúyGrKWmanRbtikmµKImIxøaMgEdlvaGacRbtikmµeTAelITwkpgEdr. dUecñHRbtikmµTaMgenHminGacGnuvtþ)aneTkñúgsUluysüúgTwk. müa:geTot m:UelKulkørGacCMnYsGIuy:ugRbUm nigGIuy:UtkñúgsUluysüúgTwkdUcbgðajkñúgrUb 16.

smIkarCMnYsKW ³Cl2 (g) + 2KBr (aq) 2KCl (aq) + Br2 (l)

Cl2 (g) + 2NaI (aq) 2NaCl (aq) + I2 (S)

smIkarGIuy:ugKW ³Cl2 (g) + 2Br- (aq) 2Cl- (aq) + Br2 (l)

Cl2 (g) + 2I- (aq) 2Cl- (aq) + I2 (S

RtLb;mkvijm:UelKulRbUmGacCMnYsGIuy:ugGIuy:UtkñúgsUluysüúg ³

Br2 (l) + 2I- (aq) 2Br- (aq) + I2 (S)

karb®Ba©astYnaTIénGaLÚEsnKµanRbtikmµekIteLIgeT.

4-63

0 -1

-1 0

0 -1 -1 0

0 -1 0-1

0 -1 -1 0

00 -1 -1


dUecñHRbUmminGacCMnYsGIuy:ugkør nigGIuy:UtminGacCMnYsGIuy:ugRbUm nigkør)aneT.

RbtikmµCMnYsGaLÚEsnmankarGnuvtþn_kñúgEpñk]sSahkmµedaypÞal;. GaLÚEsnCaRkumGelah³EdlmanRbtikmµKImIxøaMgbMput. vaKWCaPñak;garGuksIutkmµxøaMgTaMgGs;. dUecñH BYkva RtUv)aneKeXIjkñúgPaBCabnSMkñúgFmµCati ¬CamYyelah³¦CaGaLÚEsnY nigminEdlenACaFatu esrIeT.kñúgcMeNamFatuTaMgbYnenHkørKWCaFatuKImIEdleRbIR)as;kñúg]sSahkmµEdlcaM)ac;bMput.kñúgqñaM 1995brimaNkørRtUv)aneKpliteLIgman 25

ryekadiEdleFIVeGaykørKWCaFatuKImI ]sSahkmµfitkñúgcMNat;fñak;TI10. plitplRbUmRbcaMqñaMKWmanEtmYyPaKry (1%) eFobeTA nwgplitplrbs;kørenAxN³eBlenaHEdrbrimaNPøúyGr

4-64

CMBUkTI4

nigGIuy:UtRtUv)aneKplitkan;Ettic CageTAeTot.

karb®Ba©asGaLÚEsnBIGaLÚEsnYrbs;BYkvaRtUvkardMeNIrkarGuksIutkmµEdltageday

2X- X2 + 2e-

Edl X tageGayFatuGaLÚEsn. TwksmuRT nigTwkGMbilFmµCati¬]TahrN_ Twk eRkamdIb:HCamYyRsTab;Er:GMbil¦KWCaRbPBEdlsMbUrGIuy:ug Cl- Br- nig I-. sarFatuxniCdUcCa PøúyGrY (CaF2)

nigRKIy:UlIt(Na3AlF6)

RtUv)aneKeRbIedIm,ITegVIPøúyGr. edaysarEtPøúy GrKWCaPñak;garGuksIutkmµxøaMgbMputEdlRtUv)aneKsÁal; KµanviFINanwgGacpøas;bþÚrGIuy:ug F- eTA Ca F2 edaymeFüa)ayKImIeT. manviFIEtmYyKt;edIm,IGnuvtþGuksIutkmµedaymeFüa)ay GKÁIsnIviPaK. kñúgvis½y]sSahkmµ kørk¾dUcCaPøúyGrEdrRtUvbegáIteLIgtamlMnaMGKÁIsnIviPaK.RbUmRtUv)anTegVIeLIgtamEbb]sSah

4-65


kmµedayGuksIutkmµGIuy:ug Br-

CamYykørEdlCaPñak;garGuksIutkmµxøaMgRKb;RKan;edIm,IeFIVGuksIutkmµGIuy:ug Br-

b:uEnþminEmnTwkeT³2Br-

(aq) Br2 (l) + 2e-

RbPBEdlsMbUrCageKmYyénGIuy:ug Br-

KWsmuRTmrN³ (Dead Sea) manRbEhl 4000EpñkkñúgmYylan (ppm)

énma:ssarFatuEdlrlayTaMgGs;kúñgsmuRTmrN³KWCa Br. tamlMnaMGuksIutkmµénGIuy:ug Br-

RbUmRtUv)anpþac;ecjBIsUluysüúgedaypøúMxül;BIelI sUluysüúgenaH nigbnÞab;mkl,ayxül;-RbUmRtUvbBa©úHsItuNðPaBedIm,IeGaykøayeTACadMNk; RbUm¬rUb 17¦.

GIuy:UtRtUv)anTegVIBITwksmuRT nigTwkGMbilFmµCatiedayGuksIutkmµGIuy:ug I- CamYykør. edaysarGIuy:ug Br- nig I-

manvtþmanminERbRbYlkñúgRbPBdUcKña BYkvaTaMgBIrrg GuksIutkmµ edaykør. eTaHbICaya:gNak¾eday vaKWCaTMnak;TMnggayRsYledIm,IEjkyk Br2 BI I2

4-66

CMBUkTI4

BIeRBaHGIuy:UtKWCaGgÁFaturwgEdlrlayTaMgRsugkñúgTwk. lMnaMpøúMxül;enHnwgpþac;ykRbUmPaK eRcInEdl)anbegáIteLIgb:uEnþnwgminmanplb:HBal;eTAnwgvtþmanGIuy:UteT.

rUb

17karplitEbb]sSahkmµénTwkRbUmedaykareFIVGuksIutkmµsUluysüúgTwkEdlmanpÞúkGIuy:ug Br-

CamYy]sµ½nkør.

RbtikmµDIsµÚtkmµ

4-67


RbePTBiessénRbtikmµerdukKWCaRbtikmµDIsµÚtkmµ. kñúgRbtikmµDIsµÚtkmµ FatumYykñúgPaBGuksIutkmµmYyrgGuksIutkmµ nigrgerdukmµkñúgeBldMNalKña. GgÁFatuRbtikrmYykñúg RbtikmµDIsµÚtkmµCanic©kalmanpÞúkFatumYyEdlya:gehacNas;manPaBGuksIutkmµbI. GgÁFatu RbtikrxøÜnvaKWfitenAkñúgPaBGuksIutkmµEdlCaGgÁFatukNþal mann½yfaTaMgPaBGuksIutkmµx<s; nigTabsuT§EtmansMrab;FatuenaH. karbMEbkGuIRdUEsnEBGuksIutKWCa]TahrN_mYyénRbtikmµ DIsµÚtkmµ ³

2H2O2 (aq) 2H2O (l) + O2 (g)

enATIenHcMnYnGuksIutkmµénGuksIuEsnkñúgGgÁFatuRbtikr (-1)

EdlekIneLIgeTAdl;sUnükñúg O2 nigfycuHeTAdl; -2 kñúg H2O. ]TahrN_mYyepSgeTotKWRbtikmµrvagm:UelKulkør nigsUluysüúg NaOH ³

Cl2 (g) + 2OH-(aq) ClO-

(aq) + Cl-(aq) + H2O (l)

4-68

-1 -2 0

0 + -1

CMBUkTI4

RbtikmµenHB’NnaGMBIkarbegáIteLIgénPñak;garbnSrsMPar³eRbIR)as;kñúgpÞHsMrab;va KW GIuy:ugGIub:UkørWu (ClO-)

EdleFIVGuksIutkmµelIsarFatu EdlmanBN’kñúgsñamRbLak;eday karbMElgvaeTACasmasFatuKµanBN’.

TIbBa©b;vaKYreGaycab;GarmµN_edIm,IeRbobeFobRbtikmµerduk nigRbtikmµGasIut-)as.vaRsedogKñakñúgRbtikmµGasIut-)asenaHEdlTak;TgeTAnwgkarepÞreGLicRtug. eTaHbICaya:g Nak¾edayenAxN³eBlEdlRbtikmµGasIut-)asgayRsYledIm,IsMKal; ¬edayehtufavaCa nic©kalTak;TgeTAnwgGasIut nig)as¦ KµanlMnaMsamBaØNasMrab;karkMNt;GtþsBaØaNdMeNIrkarRbtikmµerdukeT. viFIc,as;las;EtmYyKt;KWeRbobeFobcMnYnGuksIutkmµénFatuTaMgGs;kñúg GgÁFatuRbtikr nigplitpl. ebImankarpøas;bþÚrcMnYnGuksIutk

4-69


mµFanafaRbtikmµenaHKWCaRbePT Rbtikmµerduk.

kareFIVcMNat;fñak;énRbePTRbtikmµerdukepSg²KñaRtUv)ancg¥úlbgðajkñúg]TahrN_xageRkam.]TahrN_ 5cUreFIVcMNat;fñak;RbtikmµerdukxageRkam nigcg¥úlbgðajGMBIkarpøas;bþÚrcMnYnGuksIutkmµ énFatuTaMgenaHpg³

(a) 2N2O (g) 2N2 (g) + O2 (g)

(b) 6Li (S) + N2 (g) 2Li3N (S)

(c) Ni (S) + Pb(NO3)2 (aq) Pb (S) + Ni(NO3)2 (aq)

(d) 2NO2 (g) + H2O (l) HNO2 (aq) + HNO3 (aq)

cMelIy(a)

enHKWCaRbtikmµbMEbkedayehtufaRbePTRbtikrmYyRtUv)anbMElgeTACaRbePT plitplBIrxusKña. cMnYnGuksIutkmµén N pøas;bþÚrBI +1

eTA 0 enAxN³eBlEdl cMnYnGuk sIutkmµén O bþÚrBI –2 eTA 0.

(b) enHKWCaRbtikmµbnSM ¬RbtikrBIrbegáIt)anCaplitplEtmYy¦. cMnYnGuksIutkmµrbs; Li pøas;BI 0 eTA

4-70

CMBUkTI4

+1 enAxN³eBlEdlcMnYnGuksIutkmµrbs; N bþÚrBI 0 eTA –3.

(c) enHKWCaRbtikmµCMnYs. elah³ Ni

CMnYs ¬eFIVerdukmµ¦GIuy:ug Pb2+. cMnYnGuksIutkmµ rbs; Ni ekIneLIgBI 0

eTA +2 enAxN³eBlEdlcMnYnrbs; Pb

fycuHBI +2 eTA 0.(d) cMnYnGuksIutkmµrbs; N KW +4

kñúg NO2 +3 kñúg HNO2 nig +5 kñúgHNO3. eday ehtufacMnYnGuksIutkmµekIneLIgpg nigfycuHpg enHKWCaRbtikmµDIsµÚtkmµ.lMhat;Gnuvtþn_cUrkMNt;GtþsBaØaNRbePTRbtikmµerdukxageRkam³

(a) Fe + H2SO4 FeSO4 + H2

(b) S + 3F SF6

(c) 2CuCl Cu + CuCl2

(d) 2Ag + PtCL2 2AgCl + Pt kñúgGtßbT

KImIGnuvtþn¾enAeRkamB’NnaGMBIfaetIc,ab;bgçitbgçMbegáItkareRbIR)as;RbtikmµerdukedIm,Icab;)anGñkebIkbrEdlRsvwgRsa.

KImIGnuvtþn¾]bkrN_viPaKdegðIm

Caerogral;qñaMkñúgshrdæmanmnusSRbEhl 25000nak;RtUv)ansMlab;

4-71


nigeRcInCag 500000nak;rgrbYsedaysarkarebIkbrEdlRsvwgRsa. eTaHbICamankarxitxMRbwgERbgGb;rM dl;saFarNCnGMBIkareRKaHfñak;énkarebIkbrenAxN³eBlEdlRsvwgRsa nigeTasbBaØtþiya:g mWugma:t;cMeBaHeTaskmµsMrab;karebIkbrEdlRsvwgRsa TIPñak;garc,ab;bgçitbgMçRtUvEtTukkargar CaeRcInsMrab;ykGñkebIkbrEdlRsvwgRsaBIdgpøÚvrbs;Gaemric.

CaerOy²b:UlIseRbI]brkN_müa:gehAfa ]bkrN_viPaKdegðImedIm,IeFIVetsþGñkebIkbrNaEdlCab;sgS½yfaRsvwgRsa. mUldæanKImIén]bkrN_enHKWRbtikmµerduk. PaKsMNakénkardk degðImrbs;]bkrN_RtUvbWtbBa©ÚleTAkñúg]bkrN_viPaKdegðIm EdlenATIenaHvaRbRBwtþikmµCamYy sUluysüúgGasIuténb:UtasüÚmDIRkUma:t. Gal;kul ¬eGtaNul¦ kñúgkardkdegðImRtUvbMElg

4-72

CMBUkTI4

eTACaGasIutGaesTicdUcbgðajkñúgsmIkarxageRkam³

3CH3CH3OH + 2K2Cr2O7 + 8H2SO4 3CH3COOH + 2Cr2(SO4)3

+ 2K2SO4 + 11H2O

kñúgRbtikmµenHeGtaNulrgGuksIutkmµeTACaGasIutGaesTic nigRkUm(VI)kñúgGIuy:ug DIRkUma:tB’NelOgrgerdukmµeTACaGIuy:ugRkUm (III)B’Nébtg¬emIlrUb 22¦. kMritGal;kulkñúgQamrbs;GñkebIkbrGacRtUv)ankMNt;CaeRscedaykarvas;kMriténkarpøas;bþÚrB’NenH¬GanBInaLikamaRtdæanenAelI]bkrN_¦.EdnkMNt;cMNuHGal;kulkñúgQamEdlRsbc,ab;Edl)andwgB¤TUeTAkñúgshrdæKW 0,1PaKryKitCama:s. ebIelIsBIenHnwgeFVIeGayRsvwg.5 kMhab;sUluysüúgedIm,IsikSaGMBITMnak;TMngbrimaNkñúgsUluysüúgeyIgRtUvEtdwgfaetImanGgÁFatuRbtikrb:unµanEdlmanvtþmankñúgsUluysüúg

4-73

eGtaNu

b:UtasüÚmDIRkUma

GasIuts‘ulpYr

GasIutGaesTi

RkUm

(III)s‘ulpab:UtasüÚms‘


nigrebobRtYtBinitübrimaNrbs;GgÁFatuRbtikr EdlRtUv eRbIedIm,IeFIVeGayRbtikmµekItmankñúgsUluysüúgTwk. kMhab;sUluysüúg KWbrimaNénvtþman GgÁFaturlaykñúgbrimaNGgÁFaturMlay rWsUluysüúgEdl)aneRbI. ¬cMeBaHkarBiPakSaenHeyIg nwgsnµtgÁFaturlayKWCaGgÁFaturav rWGgÁFaturwg nigGgÁFaturMlayKWCaGgÁFaturav.¦ kMhab;sUluysüúgGacbBa¢ak;tamviFIxus²KñaCaeRcIn. enATIenHeyIgnwgBicarNaGMBIxñatmYy EdlRtUv)aneRbIR)as;CaTUeTAbMputkñúgKImI KWm:ULarIet (M) rW kMhab;m:UElr EdlKWCacMnYnm:Ul énGgÁFaturlaykñúg 1

lIRténsUluysüúg. m:ULarIetRtUv)aneGayniymn½yedaysmIkar.

M = m:ULarIet = (1)

4-74

maDsUluysüúg¬lI

m:UlénGgÁFat

CMBUkTI4

dUecñHsUluysüúgKøúykUs (C6H12O6) 1,46

m:UElrRtUv)ansresr C6H12O6 1,46 M

EdlmanGgÁFaturlay (C6H12O6) 1,46m:Ulkñúg 1lIRténsUluysüúg.

sUluysüúgG‘uyer [(NH2)2CO] 0,52

m:UElrRtUv)ansresr [(NH2)2CO] 0,52 M

EdlmanGgÁFaturlay [(NH2)2CO] 0,52

m:Ulkñúg 1lIRténsUluysüúg.l.tamBitCanic©kaleyIgmineFIVkarg

arCamYysUluysüúgmaDCak;lak;1lIRt(1L

)eT. enH minEmnCabBaðaeT drabNaeyIgcaMfaRtUvbMElgmaDsUluysüúgeTACalIRt. dUecñHsUluysüúg 500mLEdlman C6H12O6 0,730m:Ulk¾mankMhab; 1,46M pgEdr ³

M = m:ULarIet = = 1,46 mol/L = 1,46 M

dUcGñkGacemIleXIjehIy xñaténkMhab;m:ULarIetKW m:UlkñúglIRt dUecñHsUluysüúg 500mLEdlman C6H12O6 0,730m:UlKWmankMhab; 1,46mol/L rW1,46M. cUrkt;cMNaMfakMhab; k¾dUcCadg;sIuetEdrKWmanlkçN³RbBlPaB dUecñHtMélrbs;vaminGaRs½ynwgbri

4-75

0,730 mol

0,500L


maNén sUluysüúg EdlmanvtþmanenaHeT.

rUb 18 TegVIsUluysüúgEdlminsÁal;kMhab;m:ULarIet. (a)

brimaNGgÁFaturlay EdlCa GgÁFaturwgminsÁal;RtUv)andak;cUleTAkñúgEkvvas;maD. bnÞab;mkbEnßmTwkedayeRbILav. (b)

GgÁFaturwgRtUv)anrlayyWt²edaykarRkLúkEkvenaH. (c)

bnÞab;mkGgÁFaturwg)an rlayTaMgRsug bEnßmTwkrhUtdl;kMritrbs;TwkesµInwgKMnUsRkwt. edaykarsÁal;maDrbs;

4-76

CMBUkTI4

sUluysüúg nigbrimaNénGgÁFaturlayEdl)anrlaykñúgenaH eyIgGacKNnakMhab; m:ULarIeténsUluysüúgEdleyIgeFIV)an.

CasMxan;RtUvcgcaMfam:ULarIetGaRs½yEteTAelIbrimaNénGgÁFaturlayEdl)anrlaKñúg TwkBIdMbUgb:ueNÑaH nigminKitGMBIdMeNIrkarbnþbnÞab;eT dUcCakarEjkGMbil rWkarbMEbkCaGIuy:ugén GasIut. TaMgKøúykUs nigGu‘yerKWmincMlgcrnþGKÁIsnIeT dUecñHsUluysüúgG‘uyer 1,00M man 1molénm:UelKulG‘uyerkñúg 1L

énsUluysüúg. b:uEnþcUrBicarNaGMBIGIVEdl)anekIteLIgenAeBl EdlPaKsMNakb:UtasüÚmkørY (KCl)

EdlCaeGLicRtUlItxøaMgRtUv)anrMlaykñúgbrimaNTwk RKb; RKan;edIm,IbegáIt)anCasUluysüúg 1M.

KCl (S) K+(aq)

+ Cl-(aq)

4-77

H2O


eday KCl KWCaeGLicRtUlItxøaMg vargkarbMEbkTaMgRsugkñúgsUluysüúg. dUecñHsUluysüúg KCl 1M man 1mol

énGIuy:ug K+ nig 1mol énGIuy:ug Cl-

nigKµandMu KCl enAsl;eT. kMhab;én GIuy:ugGacsMEdgeday [K+] = 1M nig [Cl-] = 1M

EdlXñab [ ] bBa¢ak;fakMhab;RtUvsMEdgCa m:ULarIet. RsedogKñaenHEdr kñúgsUluysüúg)arü:ÚmnIRtat [Ba(NO3)2] 1M

³Ba(NO3)2 (S) Ba2+

(aq) + 2NO3-(aq)

eyIgman [Ba2+] = 1M nig [NO3-] = 2M

nigKµansl;dMu Ba(NO3)2 eT.

dMeNIrkarsMrab;TegIVsUluysüúgEdlminsÁal;kMhab;m:ULarIetKWdUcxageRkam³

dMbUg GgÁFaturlayRtUv)anføwgya:gCak;lak; nigepÞreTAkñúgEkvvas;maDedayeRbILav ¬rUb 18¦. bnÞab;mk bEnßmTwkeTAkñúgEkvenaH rYcRtUvRKElgedIm,IrMlayGgÁFaturwg. bnÞab;BI GgÁFaturwgTaMgGs;rlay bEnßmTwkyWt²edIm,IeFIVeGaykMrits

4-78

H2O

CMBUkTI4

UluysüúgesµInwgKMnUsRkwtmaD. edaykarsÁal;maDénsUluysüúgkñúgEkvenaH nigbrimaNénsmasFatu ¬cMnYnm:Ul¦Edlrlay eyIgGacKNnakMhab;m:ULarIeténsUluysüúgedayeRbIsmIkar(1). cUrkt;cMNaMfadMeNIrkarenH minRtUvkarsÁal;brimaNTwkEdlRtUvbEnßmenaHeT drabNamaDénsUluysüúgcugeRkayRtUv)an sÁal;.

]TahrN_ 6 cg¥úlbgðajGMBIviFIedIm,ITegVIsUluysüúgEdlminsÁal;kMhab;m:ULarIet.]TahrN_ 6etIeKRtUvkarb:UtasüÚmDIRkUma:t (K2Cr2O7)

b:unµanRkamedIm,ITegIVsUluysüúg 250mL EdlmankMhab; 2,16 M ?cMelIydMNak;kalTImYyKWRtUvkMNt;cMnYnm:Ulén K2Cr2O7kñúgsUluysüúg 250mL

Edlman kMhab; 2,16 M ³cMnYnm:Ul K2Cr2O7 = 250mL x

= 0,540 mol

4-79

2,16 mol

1000mL


ma:sm:UelKulén K2Cr2O7 KW 294,2 g

dUecñHeyIgsresrcMnYnRkam K2Cr2O7EdlRtUvkar = 0,540 mol x

= 159 g

lMhat;Gnuvtþn_etIkMhab;m:ULarIeténsUluysüúgeGtaNul (C2H5OH) 85,0 mL Edlman 1,77 g éneGtaNulesµInwgb:unµan?karBRgavsUluysüúgsUluysüúgxab;CaerOy²RtUv)aneKrkSaTukkñúgbnÞb;sþúkkñúgTIBiesaFsMrab;kareRbIR)as;enAeBlRtUvkar. Cajwkjab;eyIgEtgEtBRgavsUluysüúgEdlmansþúkTukenHmunnwgykvaeTA eRbIR)as;. karBRgav KWCadMeNIrkarsMrab;TegIVsUluysüúgEdlmankMhab;tUcCagBIsUluysüúg EdlmankMhab;FMCag.

]bmafaeyIgcg;TegIVsUluysüúg KMnO4 0,400 M cMnYn 1L BIsUluysüúg KMnO4

EdlmankMhab; 1,00 M. sMrab;eKalbMNgenH eyIgRtUvkar KMnO4 0,400 mol. Edayehtu faman 1,00 mol én KMnO4

4-80

294,2 g

1mol

CMBUkTI4

kñúg 1L rW 1000mL énsUluysüúg KMnO4 1,00 M

dUecñHman 0,400mol én KMnO4 kñúg 0,400 x 1000mL rW 400mL

énsUluysüúgdEdl ³ =

dUecñH eyIgRtUvkarTajyk 400mL

BIsUluysüúg KMnO4EdlmankMhab; 1,00 M

nigBRgavvaeTACa 1000mL

edaykarbEnßmTwk ¬kñúgEkvvas;maD 1L¦. viFIsa®sþenH)anpþl;eGayeyIg 1L énsUluysüúg KMnO4 0,400 M

EdleyIgRtUvkar.kñúgkarGnuvtþn_dMeNIrkarBRgav vamanRbeyaCn_RtUvcgcaMfakarbEnßmGgÁFaturMlayeTA elIbrimaNénsUluysüúgsúþkEdl)aneRbI)anpøas;bþÚr ¬bnßy¦ kMhab;énsUluysüúgedayKµan karpøas;bþÚrcMnYnm:UlénGgÁFaturlayEdlmanvtþmankñúgsUluysüúgenaHeT ¬rUb 19¦. müa:g eTot

cMnYnm:UlénGgÁFaturlaymunBRgav =

4-81

1,00 mol

1000mL

0,400 mol

400mL


cMnYnm:UlénGgÁFaturlayeRkayeBlBRgavedayehtufa m:ULarIetRtUvkMNt;Cam:UlkñúgmYYylIRténsUluysüúg eyIgeXIjfacMnYnm:Ulén GgÁFaturlayRtUv)anpþl;eday

x maDsUluysüúg (L)

= m:UlénGgÁFaturlay

rW M V =

cMnYnm:UlénGgÁFaturlay

edaysarGgÁFaturlayTaMgGs;)anmkBIsUluysüúgsþúkedIm eyIgGacsnñidæanfa

Mi Vi = Mf Vf (2)

m:UlénGgÁFaturlaym:UlénGgÁFaturlay

muneBlBRgaveRkayeBlBRgav

Edl Mi nig Mf KWCakMhab;edIm nigbBa©b;énsUluysüúgKitCam:ULarIet nig Vi nig Vf KWCamaD edIm

4-82

m:UlénGgÁFat(L)

énsUluy

MV

CMBUkTI4

nigbBa©b;énsUluysüúgtamerog. tamBitxñatén Vi nig Vf RtUvEtdUcKña (mL rW L) sMrab; karKNnaedIm,IeFIVkargar. edIm,IepÞógpÞat;PaBsmehtuplénlT§plrbs;Gñk RtUvR)akdfa Mi > Mf nig Vf > Vi .

eyIgGnuvtþsmIkar (2)

kñúg]TahrN_xageRkam.

rUb 19 karBRgavsUluysüúgEdlmankMhab;FMCag (a) eTACasUluysüúg EdlmankMhab; tUcCag (b)

minpøas;bþÚrcMnYnm:UlsrubénGgÁFaturlayeT.]TahrN_ 7cUrB’NnaGMBIrebobEdlGñkRtUvTegVI 5,00 x 102 mL énsUluysüúg H2SO4 1,75 M

edaykarcab;epþImBIsUluysüúgsþúkén H2SO4 8,61 M.cMelIy

4-83


edayehtufakMhab;énsUluysüúgbBa©b;tUcCagkMhab;énsUluysüúgedIm dUecñHenHKWCadMeNIrkarBRgavsUluysüúg. eyIgerobcMsMrab;karKNnaedayerobcMCataragTinñn½y ³

Mi = 8,61 M Mf = 1,75 MVi = ? Vf = 5,00 x 102mL

edaykarCMnYskúgsmIkar (2)(8,61 M) (Vi) = (1,75 M) (5,00 x 102mL)

Vi =

= 102 mL

dUecñH eyIgRtUvBRgav 102 mL

énsUluysüúg H2SO4 8,61 M

CamYyTwkRKb;RKan;edIm,IeGay )anmaDbBa©b; 5,00 x 102mL

kñúgEkvvas;maD500 mL

edIm,ITTYl)ankMhab;EdleyIg RtUvkar.

lMhat;Gnuvtþn_etIGñkRtUvTegVI 2,00 x 102 mL

énsUluysüúg NaOH 0,866 M

edaykarcab;epþImBI sUluysüúg sþúk 5,07 M dUcemþc?

\lUvenHedayeyIg)anBiPakSaGMBIkMh

4-84

(1,75 M) (5,00 x 102mL)

8,61 M

CMBUkTI4

ab; nigkarBRgavsUluysüúg eyIgGacRtYtBinitü GMBITidæPaBbrimaNénRbtikmµkñúgsUluysüúgTwk rWTMnak;TMngbrimaNsUluysüúg. Epñk 6- 8EpþateTAelIbec©keTsBIrya:gsMrab;sikSaGMBITMnak;TMngbrimaNsUluysüúg³ karviPaKEdleRbIrgVas;ma:s nigGRtakmµ. bec©keTsTaMgenHKWCa]bkrN_caM)ac;énkarviPaKbrimaN EdlCa karkMNt;rkbrimaN rWkMhab;énsarFatukñúgPaKsMNak.6 karviPaKEdleRbIrgVas;ma:skarviPaKrgVas;ma:sKWCabec©keTsviPaKEdlEp¥keTAelIkarvas;ma:s. karBiesaFn_ viPaKEdleRbIrgVas;ma:smYyRbePT Tak;TgeTAnwgkarbegáItkarEjk nigkarkMNt;ma:sénkkr. CaTUeTAdMeNIrkarenHRtUvGnuvtþcMeBaHsmasFatuGIuy:ug. CadMbUgsarFatuPaKsMNakénsmas PaB EdlminsÁal;RtUv)anrMlaykúñgTwk

4-85


nigTukeGayvamanRbtikmµCamYysarFatumYyepSgeTot edIm,IbegáItkkr. bnÞab;mkkkrRtUv)aneRcaH sMgYt nigføwg. edaykarsÁal;ma:s nigrUbmnþKImIén kkrEdl)anbegáIteLIg eyIgGacKNnama:sénsmasPaKKImINamYy ¬mann½yfa Gaj:úg rW kacug¦ énPaKsMNakedIm. TIbBa©b; BIma:sénsmasPaKenaH nigma:sénPaKsMNakedIm eyIgGackMNt;smasPaBCaPaKryKitCama:sénsmasPaKenaHkñúgsmasFatuedIm.RbtikmµmYyEdlCaerOy²RtUv)aneKsikSakñúgkarviPaKEdleRbIrgVas;ma:sedaysarGgÁFatuRbtikrGacRtUvTTYl)ankñúgsNæansuT§KW

AgNO3 (aq) + NaCl (aq) NaNO3 (aq) + AgCl (S)

smIkarGIuy:ugsMrYlKWAg+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) AgCl (S)

kkrEdlTTYl)anKWCaR)ak;kørY ¬emIltarag 2¦. Ca]TahrN_ cUrGnuBaØatieGayeyIg niyayfaeyIgcg;kMNt;PaKryedaykarBiesaFn_KitCama:sén Cl kñúg NaCl. CadMbUgeyIgRtUv

4-86

CMBUkTI4

føwgma:sPaKsMNak NaCl

eGay)anCak;lak; nigrMlayvakñúgTwk. bnÞab;mkeyIgRtUvbEnßm sUluysüúg AgNO3 RKb;RKan;eTAelIsUluysüúg NaCl

edIm,IbegáIteGaymankkrén Cl- TaMg Gs; EdlmanvtþmankñúgsUluysüúgeTACa AgCl. kñúgdMeNIrkarenH NaCl

KWCaer:Gak;TIbkMNt; níg AgNO3

Caer:Gak;TIbEdlelIs. kkr AgCl

RtUv)anEjkecjBIsUluysüúgeday kareRcaH sMgYt nigføwg. BIma:s AgCl

Edl)anføwg eyIgGacKNnama:sén Cl

Edl)aneRbICaPaKryKit Cama:s Cl kñúg AgCl. edayehtufa brimaN Cl

dEdlenHmanvtþmankñúgPaKsMNak NaCl edImeyIgGacKNnaPaKryKitCama:s Cl kñúg NaCl. rUb 20 bgðajGMBIrebob EdldMeNIrkar enH RbRBWtþeTA.

4-87


rUb20 dMNak;karmUldæansMrab;karviPaKEdleRbIrgVas;ma:s. (a)

sUluysüúgmYyEdl manbrimaN NaCl minsÁal;kñúgEkvebEs‘rmYy. (b) karbegáItkkr AgCl

edaykarbEnßm sUluysüúg AgNO3

BIsuILaMgRkwksMrab;vas;. kñúgRbtikmµenH AgNO3

Caer:Gak;TIb Edl elIsnig NaCl

Caer:Gak;TIbkMNt;. (c)sUluysüúgEdlmankkrAgClRtUv)aneRcaHdak;eTA kñúgcansMrab;sMgYtEdl)anføwgma:sCamunnwgTukeGayGgÁFaturav ¬b:uEnþminEmnkkreT¦ qøg kat;. bnÞab;mkcansMgYtenaHRtUv)anykecjBI]bkrN_ehIysMgYtkñúgLkMedA nigføwgmþg eTot. PaBxusKñarvagma:senH nigma:srbs;cansMgYtTeT)anpþl;ma:sénkkr AgCl.

karviPaKEdleRbIrgVas;ma:sKWCabec

4-88

CMBUkTI4

©keTsEdlmanPaBCak;lak;x<s; edayehtufama:s énPaKsMNakGacRtUv)anvas;ya:gCak;lak;. eTaHbICaya:gNak¾edaydMeNIrkarenHGacGnuvtþ )anEtcMeBaHRbtikmµEdlRbRBwtþeTAedaycb;sBVRKb;rWmanTinñplswgEtmYyryPaKryb:ueNÑaH. dUecñH RbsinebI AgCl

rlaytictYcCYskarminrlayvij vaminGacmanlT§PaB edIm,Ipþac; ykGIuy:ug Cl-TaMgGs;BIsUluysüúg NaCl

nigkarKNnabnþbnÞab;eTotk¾RtUvxusEdr. ]TahrN_xageRkambgðajGMBIkarKNnaEdlTak;TgkñúgkarBiesaFn_EdleRbIrgVas;ma:s.

]TahrN_ 8PaKsMNakénsmasFatuGIuy:ug 0,5662

g EdlmanGIuy:ugkørY nigelah³EdlminsÁal; RtUv)anrlaykñúgTwk nigRtUveGaymanGMeBICamYy AgNO3

elIs. RbsinebI 1,0882 g énkkr AgCl

)anbegáIteLIg etIman Cl

4-89


b:unµanPaKryKitCama:skñúgsmasFatuedIm?cMelIy

ma:s Cl kñúg AgCl

¬ehIynwgenAkñúgsmasFatuedIm¦RtUv)ankMNt;edaykarKuNma:s AgCl

nigPaKryCama:sén Cl kñúg AgCl ³ma:s Cl = 1,0882 g AgCl x x x = 0,2690 g Cl

bnÞab;mkeyIgKNnaPaKryKitCama:sén Cl

kñúgPaKsMNakEdlminsÁal;dUcxageRkam³

% Cl Cama:s = x 100%

= x 100%

= 47,51 %

karBnül;CakareRbobeFob

cUrKNnaPaKryCama:sén Cl kñúg KCl.lMhat;Gnuvtþn_

PaKsMNak 0,3220 g

énsmasFatuGIuy:ugEdlmanGIuy:ugRbUmY (Br-) RtUv)anrMlaykñúg TwknigeGaymanGMeBICamYy AgNO3

elIs. RbsinebIma:sénkkr AgBr

EdlbegáIteLIgKW 0,6964 g

4-90

1mol AgCl

143,4 g AgCl 1mol AgCl

1 mol Cl

35,45 g Cl

1 mol Cl

ma:

ma:sP0,2690 g

0,5662 g

CMBUkTI4

etIPaKryCama:sén Br

kñúgsmasFatuedImesµInwgb:unµan?

cUrkt;cMNaMfa karviPaKEdleRbIrgVas;ma:smin)aneFIVniTsSn_GtþsBaØaNkmµTaMgmUlén sarFatuEdlminsÁal;enaHeT. dUecñH kñúg]TahrN_ 8 eyIgenAEtminsÁal;etIvaKWCakacugGIVeT. eTaHbICaya:gNak¾eday karsÁal;PaKryCama:sén Cl

)anCYyeyIgeRcInNas;kñúgkarEsVgrk kacug. BIeRBaHKµansmasFatuBIEdlmanpÞúkGaj:úgEtmYy ¬rWkacug¦ mansmasPaBPaKryCa ma:s edaykareRbobeFobPaKryCama:sEdlTTYl)anBIkarviPaKEdleRbIrgVas;ma:sCamYyenaH )anKNnaBIes‘rIénsmasFatuEdlsÁal;nwgRtUvbgðajGtþsBaØaNkmµsmasFatuEdlminsÁal;.7 GRtakmµGasIut-)askarsikSabrimaNénRbtikmµbnSabGasIut-)asgayRsYlGnuvtþbMputedaykareRbIR)as; bec©keTsEdlFøab;sÁal;CaGRtakmµ.

4-91


kñúgGRtakmµ sUluysüúgEdlsÁal;kMhab;Cak;lak;ehA fasUluysüúgsþg;da RtUv)anbEnßmbnþicmþg²eTAelIsUluysüúgmYyeTotEdlminsÁal;kMhab; rhUtTal;EtRbtikmµKImIrvagsUluysüúgTaMgBIrRtUv)ancb;sBVRKb;. RbsinebIeyIgsÁal;maDén sUluysüúgsþg;da nigsUluysüúgEdlkMhab;minsÁal; )aneRbIkñúgGRtakmµenaH CamYynwgkMhab; énsUluysüúgsþg;da eyIgGacKNnakMhab;énsUluysüúgEdlminsÁal;enaH)an.sUdüÚmGIuRduksIutKWCa)asmYyEdlRtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;ya:geRcInkñúgTIiBiesaF. eTaHbICa ya:gNak¾edayvaBi)akedIm,ITTYl)ansUdüÚmGIuRduksIutrwgkñúgsNæansuT§BIeRBaHvamanTMenarRsUb ykTwkBIxül; nigsUluysüúgrbs;vamanGMeBICamYykabUnDIGuksIut. edayehtuplTaMgenH sUluysüúgsUdüÚmGIuRduksIut

4-92

CMBUkTI4

RtUvEteFIVsþg;dakmµmunvaRtUv)anykeTAeRbIR)as;kñúgkargarviPaK Cak;lak;. eyIgGaceFIVsþg;dakmµsUluysüúgsUdüÚmGIuRduksIutedaykarGRtakmµvaCamYynwg sUluysüúgGasIutEdlsÁal;kMhab;Cak;lak;. CaerOy²GasIutEdlRtUv)aneRCIserIssMrab; kargarenH KWCaGasIutm:UNURbUTwcehAfab:UtasüÚmGIuRdUEsnpþaLat (KHP)

EdlmanrUbmnþ m:UelKul KHC8H4O4. KHP

KWCaGgÁFaturwgEdlrlayB’NsEdlGacrkTij)anenATIpSar kúñgsNæansuT§x<s;. Rbtikmµrvag KHP nigsUdüÚmGIuRduksIutKW

KHC8H4O4 (aq) + NaOH (aq) KNaC8H4O4 (aq) + H2O (l)

nigsmIkarGIuy:ugsMrYlKWHC8H4O4

- (aq) + OH- (aq) C8H4O4

2- (aq) + H2O (l)

dMeNIrkarsMrab;GRtakmµRtUv)anbgðajkñúgrUb 21. dMbUgbrimaN KHP

EdlsÁal;RtUv )anepÞreTAkñúEkvEG‘kELn nigTwkbitxøHRtUv)anbEnßmedIm,IbegáItCasUluysüúg. bnÞab;mk sUluysüúg NaOH

4-93


RtUv)anbEnßmya:gRbugRby½tñeTAkñúgsUluysüúg KHP BIb:uyEr:trhUtTl; EteyIgTTYl)ancMnucsmmUl mann½yfa CacMnucEdlGasIutmanRbtikmµcb;sBVRKb;CamYy rWRtUv )anbnSabeday)as. cMnucsmmUlCaFmµtabgðajCasBaØaeGaydwgedaykarpøas;bþÚrB’Nya:g xøaMgénGgÁFatucg¥úlB’NkñúgsUluysüúgGasIut. kñúgGRtakmµGasIut-)as GgÁFatucg¥úlB’N KWCasarFatuEdlmanB’NxusKña²ya:gxøaMgkñúgmCÆdæanGasIut nig)as. GgÁFatucg¥úlB’NmYy EdlRtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;CaTUeTAKWepNulpþaelGIunEdlvaKµanB’NkñúgsUluysüúgGasIut nigNWt b:uEnþvamanB’NpáaQUkRkhmkñúgsUluysüúg)as. enAcMnucsmmUlvtþman KHP

TaMgGs;RtUv )anbnSabedayNaOH

Edl)anbEnßm ehIysUluysüúgenAEtKµanB’N. eTaHbICaya:gNa k¾edayRbsinebIeyIgbEnßmsUluysüúg NaOH

4-94

CMBUkTI4

EtmYydMNk;eTotBIb‘uyEr:tsUluysüúgnwgERb eTACaB’NpáaQUkPøamBIeRBaHsUluysüúg\lUvenHKWCa)as.

rUb 21 (a)Ca]bkrN_sMrab;GRtakmµ. sUluysüúg NaOH

RtUv)anbEnßmBIb‘uyEr:teTAelI sUluysüúg KHP kñúgEkvEG‘kELn. (b)

B’NpáaQUkRkhmbgðajenAeBlmkdl;cMnuc smmUl. enATIenHB’NekItmanya:gc,as;sMrab;karbgðajeGayeXIjedayEPñk.

4-95

B’NpáaQUkRk


]TahrN_ 9kñúgBiesaFn_GRtakmµ

nisSitmñak;rkeXIjfa 0,5468 g én KHP

RtUvkaredIm,IbnSab eGay)ansBV 23,48

mL énsUluysüúg NaOH. etIkMhab; ¬Cam:ULarIet¦ énsUluysüúg NaOH

esµIb:unµan?cMelIy smIkarlMnwgsMrab;RbtikmµenHRtUv)anbgðajxagelI. dMbUgeyIgKNnacMnYnm:Ulén KHPEdlRtUveRbIkñúgGRtakmµ³

cMnYnm:Ulén KHP = 0,5468 g KHP x

= 2,678 x 10-3 mol KHP

edayehtufa 1mol KHP RtUvkar 1mol NaOH

RtÚvEtman 2,678 x 10-3 mol én NaOH kñúgsUluysüúg NaOH 23,48 mL. TIbBa©b; eyIgKNnam:ULarIetén NaOH

duuUcxageRkam³

m:ULarIeténsUluysüúg NaOH = x

= 0,1141 M

lMhat;Gnuvtþn_

4-96

1mol KHP

204,2 g KHP

2,678 x 10-3 mol NaOH23,48 mL sUluysüú

1000mL

sUlu>1 L

sUlu

CMBUkTI4

etIeKRtUvkar KHP

b:unµanRkamedIm,IbnSab 18,64 mL

énsUluysüúg NaOH 0,1004 M?RbtikmµbnSabrvag NaOH nig KHP

KWCaRbePTsamBaØbMputmYyénRbtikmµbnSab GasIut-)asEdleyIgFøab;sÁal;. ]bmafakñúgRbtikmµenaHCYseGay KHP

eyIgcg;eRbIR)as; GasIutDIRbUTic dUcCa H2SO4 sMrab;GRtakmµ. RbtikmµenHtageday

2NaOH (aq) + H2SO4 (aq) Na2SO4 (aq) + 2H2O (l)

edayehtufa 2mol NaOH RtUvkar 1mol H2SO4

eyIgRtUvkar NaOH

eTVdgedIm,ImanRbtikmµ sBVCamYysUluysüúg H2SO4

EdlmankMhab;m:UElr nigmaDesµIKñaCasUluysüúg KHP. müa:g eTot eyIgRtUvkarbrimaNGasIut HCl

eTVdgedIm,IbnSabsUluysüúg Ba(OH)2

ebIeRbobeFob eTAnwgsUluysüúg NaOH

EdlmankMhab; nigmaDesµIKñaBIeRBaH 1mol Ba(OH)2

)anpþl; 2mol énGIuy:ug OH- ³2HCl (aq) + Ba(OH)2 (aq) BaCl2 (aq) + 2H2O (l)

kñúgkarKNnaEdlTak;TgeTAnwgGRtakmµGasIut-)as eday\tKitGMBIGasIut

4-97


rW)asEdlcUlrYm kñúgRbtikmµeT cUrcaMfacMnYnm:UlsrubénGIuy:ug H+

Edl)aneFIVRbtikmµenAcMnucsmmUlRtUvEtesµI eTAnwgcMnYnm:UlsrubénGIuy:ug OH-

Edl)aneFIVRbtikmµ. cMnYnm:UlénGasIutkñúgmaDCak;lak;RtUv )anpþl;eday

cMnYnm:UlénGasIut =

m:ULarIet (mol/L) x maD (L) = M V

Edl M KWCam:ULarIet nig VKWCamaDKitCalIRt. kenSamRsedogKñaenHGacRtUv)an sresr sMrab;)as.

]TahrN_xageRkambgðajGMBIGRtakmµénsUluysüúg NaOH

CamYyGasIutDIRbUTic.]TahrN_ 10 etIeKRtUvkarsUluysüúg NaOH 0,610 M

b:unµanmIlIlIRt (mL) edIm,IbnSabsBV 20,0 mL

énsUluysüúg H2SO4 0,245 M?cMelIysmIkarsMrab;RbtikmµbnSabRtUv)anbgðajenATMB½rmun. CadMdUgeyIgKNnacMnYnm:Ulén

4-98

CMBUkTI4

H2SO4 kñúgsUluysüúg 20,0 mL³cMnYnm:Ul H2SO4 = x x 20,0 mL

sUlu> = 4,90 x 10-3 mol H2SO4

BITMnak;TMngbrimaNenHeyIgeXIjfa 1mol H2SO4 RtUvkar 2mol NaOH . dUecñH cMnYnm:Ul NaOHEdleFIVRbtikmµRtUvEt 2 x 4,90 x 10-3 mol rW 9,80 x 10-3 mol. BIniymn½ym:ULarIet [ emIlsmIkar (1)

eyIgmanmaDsUluysüúg =

rw maD NaOH =

= 0,0161 L rW 16,1 mL

lMhat;Gnuvtþn_etIeKRtUvkarsUluysüúg

H2SO41,28Mb:unµanmIlIlIRtedIm,IbnSab 60,2

mL én sUluysüúg KOH 0,427 M?

8 GRtakmµerdukdUc)anbgáajBImunrYcehIy

RbtikmµerdukTak;TgeTAnwgkarepÞreGLicRtug nigRbtikmµ GasIut-)asTak;TgeTAnwgkarepÞrRbUtug. dUcCaGasIutGacRtUvGRtaCamYy)as

4-99

0,245 mol H2SO4

1 L

sUlu1 L

sUlu1000 mL

sUlu>

cMnYnm:UlénGgÁF

m:ULarI9,80 x 10-3 mol

NaOH0,610 mol/L


Edr eyIgGac GRtaPñak;garGuksIutkmµCamYyPñak;garerdukmµEdleRbIR)as;dMeNIrkarRsedogKña.

]TahrN_eyIgGacbEnßmsUluysüúgya:gRbugRby½tñEdlmanPñak;garGuksIutkmµeTAelI sUluysüúgEdlmanPñak;garerdukmµ. cMnucsmmUl)anQanmkdl;enAeBlPñak;garerdukmµrg GuksIutkmµTaMgRsugedayPñak;garGuksIutkmµ.

dUcCaGRtakmµGasIut-)asEdr CaFmµtaGRtakmµerdukRtUvkarGgÁFatucg¥úlB’N Edl bþÚrB’Nya:gc,as;las;. kñúgvtþmanbrimaNya:geRcInénPñak;garerdukmµB’NénGgÁFatucg¥úlB’N KWsMKal;lkçN³énsNæanrgerdukmµrbs;va. GgÁFatucg¥úlB’NsnµtCamunnUvB’NénsNæanrg GuksIutkmµrbs;vaenAeBlvamanvtþmankñúgmCÄdæanGuksIutkmµ.enArWEk,rcMnucsmmUlkarbþÚrB’Nya:gxøaMgrbs;GgÁFatucg¥úlB’N nwgekItmaneLIgenAeBlEdlvabþÚrBIs

4-100

CMBUkTI4

NæanmYyeTAsNæanmYy eTot dUecñHcMnucsmmUlGacgayRsYlsMKal;xøaMgNas;.

rUb 22 BIeqVgeTAsþaM ³sUluysüúgEdlmanGIuy:ug MnO4

-

Mn2+ Cr2O72- nigCr3+

Pñak;garGuksIutkmµsamBaØBIrKWb:UtasüÚmDIRkUma:t (K2Cr2O7)

nigb:UtasüÚmEBm:g;kaNat(KMnO4).dUcmanbgðajkñúgrUb 22 B’NénGaj:úgDIRkUma:t nigEBm:g;kaNatKWxusKñaya:gxøaMgBIB’NénRbePTKImIEdlrgerdukmµ ³

Cr2O72- Cr+3

elOgTwkRkUc ébtgMnO4

- Mn2+

B’NsVay páaQUkRsal

dUecñHPñak;garGuksIutkmµTaMgen

4-101

sVaypáaQUkRsTwkRé

B’NsVay elOgTwkRkUc

páaQUkRsal


H vaGacRtUv)aneRbICaGgÁFatukNþalkñúgGRtakmµerdukBIeRBaHBYkvamanB’NxusKñaya:gxøaMgkñúgsNæanrgGuksIutkmµ nigrgerdukmµ.

GRtakmµerdukRtUvkarRbePTKNnadUcKña ¬Ep¥kelIviFIsa®sþm:Ul¦ dUcCaRbtikmµbnSabGasIut-)asEdr. PaBxusKñaKWfasmIkar nigTMnak;TMngma:smanTMenareTArkPaBsµúKsµajCagsMrab;Rbtikmµerduk. xageRkamenHKWCa]TahrN_énGRtakmµerduk.]TahrN_ 11

maD 16,42 mL énsUluysüúg KMnO4 0,1327 M

RtUvkaredIm,IeFIVGuksIutkmµelImaD20,00 mL énsUluysüúg FeSO4

kñúgmCÄdæanGasIut. etIsUluysüúg FeSO4 mankMhab;b:unµan?smIkarGIuy:ugsMrYlKW

5Fe2+ + MnO4- + 8H+ Mn2+ + 5Fe3+ + 4H2O

cMelIy

4-102

CMBUkTI4

cMnYnm:Ulén KMnO4 kñúgsUluysüúg 16,42 mL KW

cMnYnm:Ul KMnO4 = 16,42 mL x x

= 2,179 x 10-3 mol KMnO4

BIsmIkarenHeyIgeXIjfa 5 mol Fe2+

RtUvkar 1 mol MnO4- . dUecñHcMnYnm:Ulén

FeSO4 Edl)anrgGuksIutkmµKWcMnYnm:Ul FeSO4 = 2,179 x 10-3 mol KMnO4 x

= 1,090 x 10-2 mol FeSO4

kMhab;énsUluysüúg FeSO4

KitCam:UlkñúglIRtKW[FeSO4] = x = 0,5450 M

lMhat;Gnuvtþn_etIeKRtUvkarsUluysüúg HI 0,206 M

b:unµanmIlIlIRtedIm,IeFIVerdukmµeTAelI 22,5 mL énsUluysüúg KMnO4 0,374 M

edayEp¥keTAelIsmIkarxageRkam³10 HI + 2 KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 5I2 + 2MnSO4 + K2SO4 + 8H2O

kñúgGtßbT KImIGnuvtþn¾ enATMB½r 4-48

B’NnaGMBIdMeNIrkar]sSahkmµEdl

4-103

0,1327 mol KMnO41 L

sUlu

1 L

sUlu1000 mL

sUlu>

5 mol FeSO4

1 mol KMnO4

1,090 x 10-2 mol FeSO4

20,00 mL

sUlu>1000 mL

sUlu>1 L

sUlu


Tak;TgeTAnwgRbePTRbtikmµEdl)anBiPakSakñúCMBUkenH.segçbsmIkarKnøwH

m:ULarIet (M) = (1)

sMrab;karKNnam:ULarIetMi Vi = Mf Vf (2)

sMrab;karBRgavsUluysüúgsegçb1. sUluysüúgTwkcMlgcrnþGKÁIsnI

RbsinebIGgÁFaturlay KWCaGgÁFatueGLicRtUlIt. Rbsin ebIGgÁFaturlayminEmnCaGgÁFatueGLicRtUlIt sUluysüúgenaHmincMlgcrnþGKÁIsnIeT.

2. RbtikmµKImIsMxan;²manbIRbePT EdlekItmaneLIgkñúgsUluysüúgTwkKW RbtikmµbegáItkkr RbtikmµGasIut-)as nigRbtikmµGuksIudU-erdukmµ.

3. tamc,ab;TUeTAGMBIkMritrlayénsmasFatuGuIy:Unic eyIgGacTsSn_Tay)anfa kkrnwgGac kekItmaneLIgkñúgRbtikmµKImImYy b¤Gt;.

4-104

cMnYnm:UlénmaDsUluysüúg

CMBUkTI4

4. GasIutGaer:jÚ:s (Arrhenius)

bMEbkCaGIuy:ugkñúgTwk [GIuy:ug H+ nig)asGaer:jÚ:s (Arrhenius)

bMEbkCaGIuy:ugkñúgTwk[GIuy:ug OH-. GasIuteR)ansÞIt (Brönsted) pþl;RbUtug nig)as eR)ansÞIt (Brönsted)

TTYlykRbUtug.5. RbtikmµrvagGasIut

nig)asRtUv)anehAfaCaRbtikmµbnSab.

6. kñúgRbtikmµerduk GuksIutkmµ nigerdukmµekIteLIgdMNalKña. GuksIutkmµmanlkçN³sMKal; edaykar)at;bg;eGLicRtug erdukmµmanlkN³ sMKal; edaykarcMeNjeGLicRtug.

7. cMnYnGuksIutkmµCYydl;eyIgkñúgkarkMNt;BIr)aybnÞúk nigCYykñúgkarkMNt;bnÞúkelIGatUmTaMg Gs; EdlmankñúgsmasFatu b¤mankñúgGIuy:ug eTAtameKalkarN_Edl)ankMNt;. GuksIutkmµ GacRtUv)ansMKal;edaykMeNInéncMnYnGuksIutkmµ. cMENkerdukmµGacRtUv)ansMKal;eday karfycuHéncMnYnGuksIutkmµ.

4-105


8. RbtikmµerdukCaeRcInGacRtUv)aneKEbgEckCafñak;tUc² dUcCaRbtikmµbnSM RbtikmµbMEbkRbtikmµ CMnYs b¤RbtikmµDIsµÚtkmµ.

9. kMhab;sUluysüúg KWCabrimaNénGgÁFaturlay EdlmanvtþmankñúgbrimaNsUluysüúg mYy. kMhab;m:ULarIetbBa¢ak;BIkMhab;cMnYnm:UlénGgÁFaturlaykñúgmaD 1 L énsUluysüúg.

10. karbEnßmGgÁFaturMlayeTAkñúgsUluysüúgmYy CadMeNIrkarmYyEdlRtUv)aneKsÁal;fa karBRgav Edl)aneFIVeGayfycuHnUvkMhab;¬m:ULarIet¦ énsUluysüúg b:uEnþmineFVIeGayman karpøas;bþÚrcMnYnm:UlsrubénGgÁFaturlay EdlmanvtþmankñúgsUluysüúgenaHeT.

11. viFIviPaKRkavIemRTic (Gravimetric)

KWCabec©keTsviPaKmYysRmab;kMNt;GtþsBaØaNkmµ énsmasFatumYy nigb¤sRmab;kMNt;kMhab;sUluysüúgtamry³karkMNt;rkma:srbs;va.

4-106

CMBUkTI4

BiesaFn_EdlTak;TgeTAnwgRkavIemRTic (Gravimetric)

Cajwkjab;Tak;TgeTAnwgRbtikmµ begáItkkr.

12. kñúgGRtakmµGasIut-)as sUluysüúgEdlsÁal;kMhab; ¬GacniyayfaCa)as¦ RtUv)an bEnßmbnþicmþg²eTAkñúgsUluysüúgEdlminsÁal;kMhab; ¬GacniyayfaCaGasIut¦ kñúgeKal bMNgedIm,IkMNt;rkkMhab;EdlminsÁal;enaH. cMnucEdlRbtikmµkñúgGRtakmµcb;sBVRKb;RtUv )aneKehAfacMnucsmmUl.

13. GRtakmµerduk KWmanPaBRsedogKñanwgGRtakmµGasIut-)asEdr. cMnucEdlRbtikmµ GuksIutkmµ-erdukmµcb;sBVRKb; RtUv)aneKehAfacMnucsmmUl.

KImIGnuvtþn¾elah³)anBITwksmuRT

ma:ej:süÚmKWCaelah³TMgn;RsalEdlGacrk)anEdlRtUv)aneRbICarUbFatuEdlrcnam:Udk¾dUcCakñúgsMelah³kñú

4-107


gGaKuy ¬fµBil¦ nigkñúgkarviPaKKImI. eTaHbICama:ej:süÚmsMbUrkñúgsMbk EpndI vamantMélefakcMeBaH :GNþÚgEr: :elah³Edl)anmkBITwksmuRT. ma:ej:süÚmbegáItkacug fñak;TIBIrya:gsMbUrbMputkñúgsmuRT¬bnÞab;BIsUdüÚm¦. manRbEhl 1,3 g

énma:ej:süÚmkñúgmYy KILÚRkaménTwksmuRT. dMeNIrkarsMrab;karTTYl)anma:ej:süÚmBITwksmuRTedIm,IbMerIeGay RbtikmµTaMgbIRbePT Edl)anBiPakSakñúgCMBUkenH ³ RbtikmµbegáItkkr GasIut-)as nigerduk.dMNak;karTImYykñúgkarTajykma:ej:süÚm fµkMe)ar (CaCO3)

RtUvdutkMedAenA sItuNðPaBx<s;edIm,IbegáItCakMe)arrs rWkal;süÚmGuksIut (CaO) ³

CaCO3 (S) CaO (S) + CO2 (g)

enAeBlkal;süÚmGuksIutmanGMeBICamYyTwksmuRTvabegáIt)anCakal;süÚmGuIRduksIut

4-108

CMBUkTI4

[Ca(OH)2] EdlrlaytictYc nigbMEbkCaGIuy:ug Ca2+ nig OH- ³

CaO (S) + H2O (l) Ca2+(aq) + 2OH-

(aq)

GIuy:ugGIuRduksIutEdlelIs)anbegáIteGaymanma:ej:süÚmGIuRduksIut EdlrlaytictYc eTACakkr ³

Mg2+(aq) + 2OH-

(aq) Mg(OH)2 (S)

ma:ej:süÚmGIuRduksIutrwgRtUv)aneRcaHnigmanGMeBICamYyGasIutkørIRTicedIm,IbegáIt)anCama:ej:süÚmkørY (MgCl2) ³

Ma(OH)2 (S) + 2HCl (aq) MgCl2 (aq) + 2H2O (l)

ma:ej:süÚmGIuRduksIutRtUvTTYl)anBITwksmuRTedaykarbegáItRsHTwkenAÉ Dow Chemical Company kñúg Freeport rdæ Texas .

bnÞab;BITwkRtUv)anrMhYt ma:ej:süÚmkørYrwgRtUvrlaykñúgBileFIVBIEdkEfb.ma:ej:süÚmkørYEdlrlaymanpÞúkTaMgGIuy:ug Mg2+ nig Cl-

. kñúgdMeNIrkarenHehAfa GKÁIsnIviPaK EdlcrnþGKÁIsnIRtUvqøgkat;tamBiledIm,IeTAeFIVerdukmµGIuy:ug Mg2+

nigeFIVGuksIutkmµGIuy:ug Cl-.smIkarBak;kNþalRbtikmµKW

Mg2+ + 2e- Mg2Cl- Cl2 + 2e-

4-109


smIkarTaMgmUlKW MgCl2 (l) Mg (l) + Cl2 (g)

enHKWCarebobEdlelah³ma:ej:süÚmRtUvpliteLIg.]sµ½nkørEdl)anbegáIteLIgGacbMElgeTACaGasIutkørIRTic nigekItmaneLIgvijtamry³dMeNIrkarenH.BaküKnwøH es‘rIskmµPaB

Activity series 4-26

sUluysüúgTwk

Aqueous solution 4-2

GasIut Brønsted

Brønsted acid 4-13

)as Brønsted Brønsted base 4-13

RbtikmµbnSM Combination reaction 4-23

kMhab;sUluysüúg Concentration of solution 4-33

RbtikmµbMEbk Decomposition reaction 4-24

karBRgav Dilution 4-36

DIRbUTicGasIut Diprotic acid 4-14

RbtikmµCMnYs

Displacement reaction 4-24

4-110

CMBUkTI4

RbtikmµDIsµÚtkmµ

Disproportionation reaction 4-30

eGLicRtUlIt Electrolyte 4-2

cMnucsmmUl Equivalence point 4-41

karviPaKEdleRbIrgVas;m:as

Gravimetric analysis 4-38

Bak;kNþalRbtikmµ Half-reaction 4-18

GIuRdatkmµ Hydration 4-4

GIuy:ugGIuRdUj:Úm

Hydronium ion 4-13

GgÁFatucg¥úlB’N Indicator 4-41

smIkarGIuy:ug Ionic equation 4-8

kMhab;m:UEl

Molar concentration 4-33

m:ULarIet (M)

Molarity (M) 4-33

smIkarm: Molecular equation 4-7

4-111


UelKul m:UNURbUTicGasIut

Monoprotic acid 4-14

smIkarGIuy:ugsMrYl

Net ionic equation 4-8

RbtikmµbnSab Neutralization reaction 4-16

minEmneGLicRtUlIt

Nonelectrolyte 4-2

cMnYnGuksIutkmµ Oxidation number 4-19

RbtikmµGuksIutkmµ

Oxidation reaction 4-18

PaBGuksIutkmµ Oxidation state 4-19

RbtikmµGuksIudU-erdukmµ

Oxidation-reduction reaction 4-16

Pñak;garGuksIutkmµ

Oxidizing agent 4-18

kkr Precipitate 4-5

Rbtikmµb Precipitation reaction 4-5

4-112

CMBUkTI4

egáItkkr

karviPaKbrimaN Quantitative analysis 4-38

Rbtikmµerduk Redox reaction 4-17

Pñak;garerdukmµ Reducing agent 4-18

Rbtikmµerdukmµ Reduction reaction 4-18

RbtikmµeTAmk Reversible reaction 4-5

GMbil Salt 4-17

KMritrlay Solubility 4-6

GgÁFaturlay Solute 4-2

sUluysüúg Solution 4-2

GgÁFaturMlay Solvent 4-2

GIuy:ugTsSnik Spectator ion 4-8

sUluysüúgsþg;da Standard solution 4-41

GRtakmµ Titration 4-41

RTIRbUTicGasIut Triprotic acid 4-14

sMnYr nig lMhat;4-113


lkçN³énsUluysüúgTwksMnYrrMlwkemeron1. cUreGayniymn½yénBakü

GgÁFaturlay GgÁFaturMlay nigsUluysüúgedayBiB’Nna GMBIkarrMlayGgÁFaturwgkñúgGgÁFaturavpg.

2. etImanPaBxusKñaya:gdUcemþcrvagminEmneGLicRtUlIt nigeGLicRtUlIt? RvageGLicRtUlIt exSay nigeGLicRtUlItxøaMg?

3. cUrB’NnaGMBIGIuRdatkmµ. etITwkmanlkçN³GIVEdlGaceGaym:UelKulrbs;vaeFIVGnþrkmµ CamYy GIuy:ugkñúgsUluysüúg?

4. etImanPaBxusKñaya:gdUcemþcrvagnimitþsBaØakñúgsmIkarKImI³ nig ⇌ ?

5. TwkKWCaeGLicRtUlItexSayxøaMgNas; dUecñHehIyvaminGaccMlgcrnþGKÁIsnI)aneT. etIehtuGIV )anCaerOy² eyIgRtUv)aneKENnaMmineGayeRbIeRKOgEdleRbIcrnþGKÁIsnI enAeBlEdlédrbs; eyIgesIm?

6. lIcUmPøúyGrY (LiF)

KWCaeGLicRtUlItxøaMg. 4-114

CMBUkTI4

etImanvtþmanRbePTKImIGIVxøHkñúg LiF (aq)?

lMhat;7. cUrrkGtþsBaØaNkmµsarFatunimYy²

xageRkamCa eGLicRtUlItxøaMg eGLicRtUlItexSay rWminEmneGLicRtUlIt ³ (a) H2O (b) KCl (c) HNO3

(d) CH3COOH (e) C12H22O11.8. cUrrkGtþsBaØaNkmµsarFatunimYy²

xageRkamCa eGLicRtUlItxøaMg eGLicRtUlItexSay rWminEmneGLicRtUlIt ³ (a) Ba(NO3)2 (b) Ne (c)

NH3 (d) NaOH.9. karqøgkat;éncrnþGKÁIsnItamsUluys

üúgeGLicRtUlItRtUv)anbegáIteLIgedayclnaén (a) eGLicRtug (b) kacug (c) Gaj:úg (d)

TaMgkacug nigGaj:úg.10. cUrTsSn_Tay

nigBnül;etIRbB½n§xageRkamNaxøHEdlcMlgcrnþGKÁIsnI ³ (a) NaCl rwg (b) NaCl

rav (c) sUluysüúgTwkén NaCl.11. GñkRtUv)aneKpþl;eGaysmasFatu

EdlrlaykñúgTwk X

cUrB’NnaGMBIrebob EdlGñkRtUv kMNt;faetIvaCaeGLicRtUlIt rWminEmnCaeGLicRtUlIt.

4-115


RbsinebIvaCaeGLicRtUlIt etIGñk RtUvkMNt;faetIvaCaeGLicRtUlItxøaMg rWexSayya:gdUcemþc?

12. cUrBnül;etIehtuGIVsUluysüúgén HCl

kñúgbg;EsnmincMlgcrnþGKÁIsnI b:uEnþkñúgTwkva cMlg.

RbtikmµbegáItkkrsMnYrrMlwkemeron13. etImanPaBxusKñaya:gNarvagsmIk

arGIuy:ug nigsmIkarm:UelKul?14. etIkarsresrsmIkarGIuy:ugsMrYlma

nplRbeyaCn_GIV?lMhat;15. cUrkMNt;lkçN³smasFatuxageRka

mCa smasFaturlay rWminrlaykñúgTwk³ (a) Ca3(PO4)2 (b) Mn(OH)2 (c) AgClO3 (d) K2S.

16. cUrkMNt;lkçN³smasFatuxageRkamCa smasFaturlay rWminrlaykñúgTwk³(a) CaCO3 (b) ZnSO4 (c) Hg(NO3)2 (d) HgSO4 (e) NH4ClO4.

17. cUrsresrsmIkarGIuy:ug nigGIuy:ugsMrYlsMrab;RbtikmµxageRkam³ (a) 2AgNO3 (aq) + Na2SO4 (aq)

(b) BaCl2 (aq) + ZnSO4 (aq)

(c) (NH4)2CO3 (aq) + CaCl2 (aq)

4-116

CMBUkTI4

18. cUrsresrsmIkarGIuy:ug nigGIuy:ugsMrYlsMrab;RbtikmµxageRkam³ (a) Na2S (aq) + ZnCl2 (aq)

(b) 2K3PO4 (aq) + 3Sr(NO3)2 (aq)

(c) Mg(NO3)2 (aq) + 2NaOH (aq)

19. etIdMeNIrkarxageRkamNaxøHnwgRbEhlCalT§plRbtikmµbegáItkkr?

(a) karlaysUluysüúg NaNO3

CamYysUluysüúg CuSO4.(b) karlaysUluysüúg BaCl2

CamYysUluysüúg K2SO4.cUrsresrsmIkarGIuy:ugsMrYlsMrab;RbtikmµbegáItkkr.

20. edayeyageTAelItarag 2 cUrpþl;nUvviFIsa®sþmYyEdlGñkRbEhlCaGacEjk ³

(a) K+ ecjBI Ag+ (b) Ag+ ecjBI Pb2+ (c) NH4+ ecjBI

Ca2+

(d) Ba2+ecjBI Cu2+. kacugTaMgGs;RtUv)ansnµtfafiten

AsUluysüúgTwk nigGaj:úgCaTUeTAKWCaGIuy:ugnIRtat. RbtikmµGasIut-)assMnYrrMrwkemeron21. cUrbegáItCataragGMBIlkçN³TUeT

AénGasIut nig)as.

4-117


22. cUrpþl;niymn½yénGasIut nig)asrbs; Arrhenius nig Bronsted. etIehtuGIV)anCa niymn½yrbs; Bronsted

mansar³RbeyaCn_eRcInCagkñúgkarB’NnaGMBIlkçN³GasIut-)as.

23. cUrpþl;]TahrN_énGasIutm:UNURbUTic GasIutDIRbUTic GasIutRTIRbUTic.

24. etIRbtikmµbnSabGasIut-)asmanlkçN³sMKal;ya:gdUcemþc?

25. etImanktþaGIVxøHEdlGackMNt;fasmasFatumYyCaGMbil? cUrbBa¢ak;fasmasFatu xageRkamNaxøHCaGMbil³

CH4 NaF NaOH CaO BaSO4 HNO3 NH3 KBr?

26. cUrkMNt;GtþsBaØaNkmµsmasFatuxageRkamCaGasIut rW)asexSay rWxøaMg³ (a) NH3 (b) H3PO4 (c) LiOH (d) HCOOH

¬GasIutpmic¦ (e) H2SO4 (f) HF (g) Ba(OH)2.lMhat;27. cUrkMNt;GtþsBaØaNkmµRbePTKI

mInimYy²xageRkamCa GasIut )asBrønsted rWTaMgBIr³ (a) HI (b) CH3COO-

(c) H2PO4- (d) HSO4

-.28. cUrkMNt;GtþsBaØaNkmµRbePTKI

mInimYy²xageRkamCa GasIut )as Brønsted rWTaMgBIr³ (a) PO4

3- (b) ClO2

- (c) NH4

+ (d) HCO3-.

4-118

CMBUkTI4

29. cUrføwgsmIkarxageRkam nigsresrsmIkarGIuy:ug nigGIuy:ugsMrYlEdlRtUvKña ¬RbsinebI smRsb¦³ (a) HBr (aq) + NH3 (aq) →

( HBr KWCaGasIutxøaMg ) (b) Ba(OH)2 (aq) + H3PO4 (aq) → (c) HClO4 (aq) + Mg(OH)2 (S) →

30. cUrføwgsmIkarxageRkam nigsresrsmIkarGIuy:ug nigGIuy:ugsMrYlEdlRtUvKña ¬RbsinebI smRsb¦³

(a) CH3COOH (aq) + KOH (aq) → (b) H2CO3 (aq) + NaOH (aq) → (c) HNO3 (aq) + Ba(OH)2 (aq) →

RbtikmµGuksIudU-erdukmµsMnYrrMlwkemeron31. cUrpþl;]TahrN_GMBIRbtikmµerduk

EdlCaRbtikmµbnSM RbtikmµerdukEdlCaRbtikmµbMEbk nigRbtikmµerdukEdlCaRbtikmµCMnYs.

32. RbtikmµcMehHTaMgGs;KWCaRbtikmµerduk. Bit rWminBit? cUrBnül;.

33. etIcMnYnGuksIutkmµKWCaGIV? etIeKeRbIvaedIm,IkMNt;GtþsBaØaNrbs;Rbtikmµerduk ya:g dUcemþc? cUrBnül;faehtuGIV)anCacMnYnGuksIutkmµminmansar³sMxan;énlkçN³rUb elIkElg cMeBaHsmasFatuGIuy:ug

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34. (a) edayminEp¥keTAelIrUb 10 cUrpþl;cMnYnGuksIutkmµénelah³Gal;kaLaMg nigelah³ Gal;kalINUETrWukñúgsmasFaturbs;va. (b)

cUrpþl;cMnYnGuksIutkmµx<s;bMputEdlFatuRkum 3A-7A Gacman.

35. etIes‘rIskmµPaBRtUv)aneKbegáIteLIgya:gdUcemþc? etIvaRtUv)aneKeRbIkñúgkarsikSaén Rbtikmµerdukya:gdUcemþc?

36. cUreRbIRbtikmµxageRkamedIm,IeGayniymn½yGMBIRbtikmµerduk Bak;kNþalRbtikmµ Pñak;garGuksIutkmµ nigPñak;garerdukmµ ³

4Na (S) + O2 (g) 2Na2O (S)

37. etIvaGacmanRbtikmµmYyEdlkñúgenaHGuksIutkmµekIteLIg nigerdukmµminekIteLIg? cUrBnül;.

38. etIvaRtUvkarGIVcMeBaHFatumYyedIm,IeGayvaTTYlrgRbtikmµDIsµÚtkmµ ? cUreGayeQµaH FatusamBaØ cMnYnR)aMEdlvaTMngCacUlrYmkñúgRbtikmµEbbenH?

lMhat;

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39. cMeBaHRbtikmµerduksBVEdl)anpþl;eGayxageRkam³ (i)

cUrbMEbkRbtikmµnimYy²eTACa Bak;kNþalRbtikmµrbs;va (ii)kMNt;GtþsBaØaNkmµPñak;garGuksIutkmµ (iii)Pñak;garerdukmµ ³

(a) 2Sr + O2 2SrO (b) 2Li + H2 2LiH (c) 2Cs + Br2 2CsBr (d) 3Mg + N2 Mg3N2

40. cMeBaHRbtikmµerduksBVEdl)anpþl;eGayxageRkam³ (i)

cUrbMEbkRbtikmµnimYy²eTACa Bak;kNþalRbtikmµrbs;va. (ii)

kMNt;GtþsBaØaNkmµPñak;garGuksIutkmµ. (iii) kMNt; GtþsBaØaNkmµPñak;garerdukmµ.

(a) 4Fe + 3O2 2Fe2O3 (b) Cl2 + 2NaBr 2NaCl + Br2

(c) Si + 2F2 SiF4 (d) H2 + Cl2 2HCl

41. eroblMdab;RbePTKImIxageRkameTAtamkarekIneLIgéncMnYnGuksIutkmµrbs;GatUm s<an;F½r ³ (a) H2S (b) S8 (c)

H2SO4 (d) S2- (e) HS- (f) SO2 (g) SO3 .42. pUsV½rbegáItCaGuksUGasIutCae

RcIn. cUrcg¥úlbgðajGMBIcMnYnGuksIutkmµénpUsV½rkñúg GasIutnimYy²xageRkam ³ (a) H3PO3 (b) H3PO2

4-121

RbtikmµkñúgsUluysüúgTwk(c) H3PO3 (d) H3PO4 (e) H4P2O7

(f) H5P3O10 .43. cUrpþl;cMnYnGuksIutkmµénGatU

mEdl)anKUsbnÞat;BIeRkamkñúgm:UelKul nigGIuy:ugnimYy² xageRkam ³ (a) ClF (b) IF7 (c) CH4 (d) C2H2 (e) C2H4 (f) K2CrO4 (g) K2Cr2O7 (h)

KMnO4 (i) NaHCO3 (j) Li2 (k) NaIO3 (l) KO2 (m) PF6-(n) KAuCl4.

44. cUrpþl;cMnYnGuksIutkmµsMrab;RbePTKImIxaeRkam ³ H2 Se8 P4 O U As4 B12

45. cUrpþl;cMnYnGuksIutkmµcMeBaHGatUmEdl)anKUsbnÞat;BIeRkamkñúgm:UelKul nigGIuy:ug nimYy² xageRkam ³ (a) Cs2O (b) CaI2 (c) Al2O3 (d) H3AsO3 (e) TiO2 (f)

MoO42 (g) PtCl4

2- (h) PtCl62-

(i) SnF2 (j) ClF3 (k) SbF6-

46. cUrpþl;cMnYnGuksIutkmµénGatUmEdl)anKUsbnÞat;BIeRkamkñúgm:UelKul nigGIuy:ug nimYy² xageRkam ³ (a) Mg3N2 (b) CsO2 (c) CaC2 (d) CO3

2- (e) C2O42- (f) ZnO2

2- (g) NaBH4

(h) WO42-.

47. GasIutnIRTicKWCaPñak;garGuksIutkmµxøaMg. cUrbBa¢ak;faetIRbePTKImIxageRkamNamYy RbEhlCatictYcNas;EdlnwgRtUvbegáIteLIgenAeBlGasIutnIRTicmanRbtikmµCamYyPñak;garerdukmµxøaMgdUcCaelah³sgá½sI

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CMBUkTI4

nigcUrBnül;faehtuGIV ³ N2O, NO, NO2, N2O4,

N2O5, NH4+

48. etIelah³xageRkamNaxøHGacmanRbtikmµCamYyTwk? (a) Au(b) Li (c) Hg (d) Ca (e)

Pt.49. Ep¥kelImUldæanénkarKitGMBIcM

nYnGuksIutkmµmanGuksIutxageRkammYynwgminamn RbtikmµCamYym:UelKulGuksIuEsneT ³ NO N2O SO2 SO3 P4O6 . etIvaKWCaGuksIut NamYy? ehtuGIV?

50. cUrTsSn_TayplitplrMBwgTukénRbtikmµEdltagedaysmIkarxageRkamedaykar eRbIR)as;es‘rIskmµPaB nigføwgsmIkarTaMgenHpg.

(a) Cu (S) + HCl (aq) →(b) I2 (S) + NaBr (aq) →(c) Mg (S) + CuSO4 (aq) →(d) Cl2 (g) + KBr (aq) →

51. cUreFIVcMNat;fñak;RbtikmµerdukxageRkam ³

(a) 2H2O2 2H2O + O2

(b) Mg + AgNO3 Mg(NO3)2 + 2Ag(c) NH4NO2 N2 + 2H2O(d) H2 + Br2 2HBr

52. cUreFIVcMNat;fñak;RbtikmµerdukxageRkam ³

(a) P4 + 10Cl2 4PCl5

(b) 2NO N2 + O2

(c) Cl2 + 2KI 2KCl + I2

(d) 3HNO2 HNO3 + H2O + 2NO

kMhab;sUluysüúgsMnYrrMlwkemeron

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53. cUrsresrsmIkarsMrab;karKNnam:ULarIet. etIehtuGIV)anCam:ULarIetKWCaxñatkMhab; EdlgayRsYlkñúgKImI?

54. cUrB’NnaGMBIdMNak;karEdlTak;TgenAkñúgkarTegIVsUluysüúgEdlsÁal;kMhab;m:UElr edaykareRbIR)as;Ekvvas;maD.

lMhat;55. cUrKNnama:sénKICaRkamEdlRtUv

karedIm,ITegVI5,00x102 mLénsUluysüúg2,80

M.56. brimaN 5,25g én NaNO3

RtUv)anrMlaykñúgbrimaNRKb;RKan;énTwkedIm,IbegáIt)anCa sUluysüúgBitR)akd 1 L . etIm:ULarIeténsUluysüúgesµIb:unµan?

57. etIman MgCl2

b:unµanm:UlEdlmanvtþmankñúg 60,0

mLénsUluysüúg MgCl20,100 M

58. etIman KOH

b:unµanRkamEdlmanvtþmankñúg 35,0 mL énsUluysüúg 5,50 M.

59. cUrKNnam:ULarIeténsUluysüúgnimYy²xageRkam ³

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(a) 29,0 g éneGtaNul (C2H5OH) kñúg 545 mL

énsUluysüúg.(b) 15,4 g énsak;karUs (C12H22O11) kñúg 74,0

mL énsUluysüúg.(c) 9,00 g énsUdüÚmkørY (NaCl) kñúg 86,4

mL énsUluysüúg.60. cUrKNnam:ULarIeténsUluysüúgni

mYy²xageRkam ³(a) 6,57 g énemtaNul (CH3OH) kñúg 1,50 x 102

mL énsUluysüúg.(b) 10,4 g énkal;süÚmkørY (CaCl2) kñúg 2,20 x 102 mL énsUluysüúg.(c) 7,82 g énNab;taELn (C10H8) kñúg 85,2 mL

énsUluysüúgbg;Esn.61. cUrKNnamaDCa mL

énsUluysüúgEdlRtUvkarcaM)ac;edIm,Ipþl;eGay)anbrimaN dUcxageRkam ³

(a) 2,14 g énlUdüÚmkørY BIsUluysüúg 0,270 M.(b) 4,30 g éneGtaNul BIsUluysüúg 1,50

M.(c) 0,85 g énGasIutGaesTic (CH3COOH)

BIsUluysüúg 0,30 M.62. cUrkMNt;faetIeKRtUvkarGgÁFaturl

aynimYy²xageRkamb:unµanRkamed

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Im,ITegIVeGay)an 2,50 x 102 mL

énsUluysüúg 0,100 M ³(a) essüÚmGIuy:UDY (CsI) (b)

GasIuts‘ulpYric (H2SO4)

(c) sUdüÚmkabUNat (Na2CO3) (d)

b:UtasüÚmDIRkUma:t (K2Cr2O7)

(e) b:UtasüÚmEBm:g;kaNat (KMnO4)

karBRgavsUluysüúgsMnYrrMlwkemeron63. cUrB’NnaGMBIdMNak;karsMxan;²

EdlTak;TgkñúgkarBRgavsUluysüúgEdlsÁal;kMhab;.

64. cUrsresrsmIkarEdlGaceGayeyIgKNnakMhab;énsUluysüúgrav. cUrpþl;xñat sMrab;BakünimYy²pg.

lMhat;65. cUrB’NnaGMBIrebobTegIV 1L

énsUluysüúg HCl 0,646

MEdlcab;epþImBIsUluysüúg HCl 2,00 M.66. eKbEnßmTwkeTAkñúg 25,0 mL

énsUluysüúg KNO3 0,866 M

rhUtTalEtmaDén sUluysüúgBitR)akdKW 500 mL. etIkMhab;énsUluysüúgcugeRkayenHesµInwgb:unµan?

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CMBUkTI4

67. etIGñkRtUvTegIV 60,0 mL én HNO3 0,200 M

BIsUluysüúgsþúkén HNO3 4,00 M

ya:gdUcemþc?68. Gñkman 505 mL énsUluysüúg HCl 0,125 M

ehIyGñkcg;BRgavvaeGay)an kMhab;BitR)akd 0,100 M. etIGñkRtUvEfmTwkb:unµan?

69. eKlay 35,2 mL énsUluysüúg KMnO4 1,66 M

CamYy 16,7 mL énsUluysüúg KMnO4 0,892 M . cUrKNnakMhab;énsUluysüúgcugeRkay.

70. eKlay 46,2 mL

énsUluysüúgkal;süÚmnIRtat [Ca(NO3)2]0,568M CamYy 80,5mL

énsUluysüúgkal;süÚmnIRtat 1,396 M. cUrKNnakMhab;énsUluysüúg cugeRkay.

karviPaKEdleRbIrgVas;ma:ssMnYrrMlwkemeron71. cUrB’NnaGMBIdMNak;karsMxan;²

EdlTak;TgkñúgkarviPaKEdleRbIrgVas;ma:s. etIdMeNIr enHCYyeyIgedIm,IkMNt;GtþsBaØaNénsmasFatu rWPaBsuT§énsmasFatuya:gdUcemþc RbsinebI eyIgsÁal;rUbmnþrbs;va?

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72. TwkbitRtUv)aneKeRbIkñúgkarviPaKEdleRbIrgVas;ma:sénkørY. ehtuGIV?

lMhat;73. RbsinebIeKbEnßm 30,0 mL én CaCl2 0,150 M

eTAkñúg 15,0 mL én AgNO3 0,100M

etIma:sCaRkaménkkr AgCl

esµInwgb:unµan?74. PaKsMNak 0,6760 g

énsmasFatuminsÁal;EdlmanpÞúkGIuy:ug)arüÚm (Ba2+) RtUv)an eKrMlaykñúgTwk nigeGaymanGMeBICamYyNa2SO4elIs. RbsinebIma:sénkkr)arüÚm s‘ulpat (BaSO4) EdlRtUvbegáIteLIgKW 0,4105 g

etIPaKryCama:sén Ba

kñúgsmasFatuedImEdlminsÁal;kMhab;enaHesµInwgb:unµan?

75. etIeKRtUvkar NaCl

b:unµanRkamedIm,IbegáItkkrCamYyGIuy:ug Ag+ eGay)aneRcInbMputBI 2,50

x 102 mL énsUluysüúg AgNO3 0,0113 M? cUrsresrsmIkarGIuy:ugsMrYl sMrab;RbtikmµenH.

76. kMhab;énGIuy:ug Cu2+ kñúgTwk ¬EdlmanpÞúkGIuy:ugs‘ulpatpgEdr¦)

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anpþac;ecjBI rukçCati]sSahkmµNamYyRtUv)ankMNt;edaykarbEnßmsUluysüúgsUdüÚs‘ulPY (Na2S)elIseTAkñúg 0,800 L énTwk. smIkarm:UelKulKW

Na2S (aq) + CuSO4 (aq) Na2SO4 (aq) + CuS (s)

cUrsresrsmIkarGIuy:ugsMrYl nigKNnakMhab;m:UElrén Cu2+

kñúgTwkPaKsMNakRbsinebI 0,0177 g

énGgÁFaturwg CuS

RtUv)anbegáIteLIg.GRtakmµGasIut-)assMnYrrMlwkemeron77. cUrB’NnaGMBIdMNak;karsMxan;²

EdlTak;TgkñúgGRtakmµGasIut-)as. ehtuGIV)anCa bec©keTsenHmantMélxagEpñkGnuvtþn_ya:gelIslub?

78. etIGgÁFatucg¥úlB’NGasIut-)asdMeNIrkarya:gdUcemþc?

lMhat;79. cUrKNnamaDCa mL énsUluysüúg

NaOH 1,420 M

EdlRtUvkarcaM)ac;edIm,IGRta sUluysüúgnimYy²xageRkam ³

(a) 25,00 mL énsUluysüúg HCl 2,430 M

(b) 25,00 mL énsUluysüúg H2SO4 4,500 M

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(c) 25,00 mL énsUluysüúg H3PO4 1,500 M

80. etIeKRtUvkarmaDsUluysüúg HCl 0,50 M

b:unµanedIm,IbnSabsUluysüúgnimYy² xageRkameGay)ansBV ³

(a) 10,0 mL énsUluysüúg NaOH 0,30 M

(b) 10,0 mL énsUluysüúg Ba(OH)2 0,20 M

GRtakmµerduksMnYrrMlwkemeron81. etImanPaBdUcKña

nigPaBxusKñaGIVxøHrvagGRtakmµGasIut-)as nigGRtakmµerduk?

82. cUrBnül;faehtuGIVb:UtasüÚmEBrm:g;kaNat (KMnO4)

nigb:UtasüÚmDIRkUma:t (K2Cr2O7)

GaceRbIsMrab;CaGgÁFatucg¥úlB’NkñúgxøÜnvakñúgGRtakmµerduk.

lMhat;83. Edk (II)

GacrgGuksIutkmµedaysUluysüúg K2Cr2O7 kúñúgmCÄdæanGasIutEdlEp¥k eTAelIsmIkarGIuy:ugsMrYlxageRkam ³

Cr2O72- + 6Fe2+ + 14H+ → 2Cr3+ + 6Fe3+ + 7H2O

RbsinebIvaRtUveRbIGs; 26,0 mL

énsUluysüúgK2Cr2O7 0,0250M

edIm,IeFIVGRta25,0 mL

énsUluysüúgEdlmanpÞúk Fe2+

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CMBUkTI4

etIkMhab;m:UElrrbs; Fe2+

esµInwgb:unµan?84. vtþman SO2

kñúgbriyakaseRcInEtCaedImehtusMrab;)atuPUtePøógGasIut. kMhab;rbs;va GacRtUvkMNt;edaykareFIVGRtaCamYysUluysüúgEBrm:g;kaNatsþg;dadUcxageRkam ³

5SO2 + 2MnO4- + 2H2O → 5SO4

2- + 2Mn2+ + 4H+

cUrKNnabrimaNCaRkamén SO2

kñúgPaKsMNakénbriyakasRbsinebI 7,37 mL énsUluysüúg KMnO4 0,00800 M

RtUvkarcaM)ac;sMrab;GRtakmµsBV.

85. PaKsMNakEr:EdkEdlmanma:s 0,2792 g

RtUv)aneKrMlaykñúgsUluysüúgGasIutrav ehIy Fe (II)

TaMgGs;RtUvbMElgeTACaGIuy:ug Fe

(III). sUluysüúgenHRtUvkar 23,30mL

énsUluysüúg K2Cr2O7 0,0194 M

sMrab;GRtakmµsBV. cUrKNnaPaK ryCama:sénEdkkñúgEr:Edk. ¬sUmemIllMhat; 83

sMrab;smIkarlMnwg¦86. kMhab;énsUluysüúgGIuRdUEsnEB

rGuksIutGacRtUv)ankMNt;ya:ggayR

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sYleday GRtakmµCamYysUluysüúgb:UtasüÚmEBrm:g;kaNatEdl)aneFIVsþg;dakmµkñúgmCÄdæan GasIuttamsmIkarxageRkam ³

2MnO4- + 5H2O2 + 6H+ → 5O2 + 2Mn2+ + 8H2O

RbsinebIeKRtUvkarcaM)ac;36,44mL

énsUluysüúg KMnO4 0,01652M

edIm,IeFIVGuksIutkmµ sBVCamYy 25,00 mL énsUluysüúg H2O2

cUrKNnam:ULarIeténsUluysüúg H2O2.87. GIuy:ugGIuy:Udat (IO3

-)

eFIVGuksIutkmµelI SO32-

kñúgsUluysüúgGasIut. Bak;kNþal RbtikmµsMrab;GuksIutkmµKW

SO32- + H2O → SO4

2- + 2H+ + 2e-

sUluysüúgPaKsMNak 100,0 mL

EdlmanpÞúk 1,390 g én KIO3

manRbtikmµCamYy 32,5 mL én NaSO3 0,500 M. etIPaBGuksIutkmµ ¬cMnYnGuksIutkmµ¦ én GIuy:UtesµIb:unµan bnÞab;BIRbtikmµekIteLIgcb;sBVRKb;?

88. GasIutGuksalic (H2C2O4)

manvtþmankñúgrukçCati nigbEnøCaeRcIn. RbsinebIeKRtUvkar 24,0 mL

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CMBUkTI4

énsUluysüúg KMnO4 0,0100 M

edIm,IeFIVGRtaCamYy 1,00 g én H2C2O4

eTAdl;cMnucsmmUl etIPaKryCama:sén H2C2O4

kñúgPaKsMNakesµInwgb:unµan? smIkar GIuy:ugsMrYlKW

2MnO4- + 16H+ + 5C2O4

2- → 2Mn2+ + 10CO2 + 8H2O

89. eKeFIVGRtabrimaN 25,0 mL

énsUluysüúgmYyEdlmanpÞúkTaMgGIuy:ug Fe2+ nigFe3+ CamYy 23,0 mL én KMnO4

0,0200 M ¬kñúgGasIuts‘ulpYricrav¦. CalT§pl Fe2+

TaMgGs;)anrgGuksIutkmµeTACaGIuy:ug Fe3+. bnÞab;mksUluysüúgRtUv)andak;eGayman RbtikmµCamYyelah³ Zn

edIm,IbMElgGIuy:ug Fe3+

TaMgGs;eTACaGIuy:ug Fe2+. TIbBa©b; sUluysüúgenaHmanpÞúkEtGIuy:ug Fe2+ RtUvkar 40,0 mL énsUluysüúg KMnO4 dEdl sMrab;GuksIutkmµeTACaGIuy:ug Fe3+ . cUrKNnakMhab;m:UElrén Fe2+ nig Fe3+

kñúgsUluysüúg edIm. smIkarGIuy:ugsMrYlKW

MnO4- + 5Fe2+ + 8H+ → Mn2+ + 5Fe3+ + 4H2O

90. kal;süÚmGuksaLat (CaC2O4)

minrlaykñúgTwkeT. cMeBaHehtuplenHvaRtU)an

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eKeRbIR)as;edIm,IkMNt;brimaNénGIuy:ug Ca2+ kñúgvtßúravdUcCaQam. kal;süÚmGuksaLat Edl)anEjkecjBIQamRtUvrMlaykñúgGasIut nigeFIVGRtaCamYysUluysüúg KMnO4

Edl )aneFIVsþg;dakmµdUcbgðajkñúglMhat;. kñúgkareFIVetsþmYyeKeXIjfakal;süÚmGuksaLat EdlEjk)anBIPaKsMNakQam 10,0 mL

RtUvkar 24,2 mL én KMnO4 9,56 x 10-4 M

sMrab;GRtakmµsBV. cUrKNnabrimaNCamIlIRkam (mg)

énkal;süÚmkñúg mIlIlIRt (mL) énQam.lMhat;bEnßm91. cUreFIVcMNat;fñak;Rbtikmµxage

RkameTAtamRbePTRbtikmµEdl)anBiPakSakñúgCMBUkenH

(a) Cl2 + 2OH- → Cl- + ClO- + H2O(b) Ca2+ + CO3

2-→ CaCO3

(c) NH3 + H+ → NH4+

(d) 2CCl4 + CrO42- → 2COCl2

+ CrO2Cl2 + 2Cl-

(e) Ca + F2 → CaF2

(f) 2Li + H2 → 2LiH(g) Ba(NO3)2 + Na2SO4 → 2NaNO3 + BaSO4

(h) CuO + H2 → Cu + H2O(i) Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2

(j) 2FeCl2 + Cl2 → 2FeCl3

92. GukEsn (O2) nigkabUnDIGuksIut (CO2)

KWCa]sµ½nKµanB’N nigKµankøin. cUrR)ab;GMBI

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CMBUkTI4

etsþKImIcMnYnBIrEdlGaceGayGñkdwgnUvlkçN³xusEbøkKñarvag]sµ½nTaMgBIrenH.

93. etIsUluysüúgTwkxageRkamNamYy EdlGñksgÇwmfacMlgcrnþGKÁIsnI)anl¥CageK bMputenA 25 0C ? cUrBnül;GMBIcMelIyrbs;Gñk.

(a) NaCl 0,20 M (b) CH3COOH 0,60 M(c) HCl 0,25 M(d) Mg(NO3)2 0,20 M

94. PaKsMNak 5,00 x 102 mL

énsUluysüúgGasIut HCl 2,00

MRtUv)aneKdak;eGay manGMeBICamYy 4,47 g

énm:aej:süÚm. cUrKNnakMhab;énsUluysüúgGasIutbnÞab;BIelah³ TaMgGs;)ancUlrYmRbtikmµsBV. snµtfamaDenAsl;minpøas;bþÚr.

95. cUrKNnamaDénsUluysüúgCuSO4 0,156

MEdlRtUvmanRbtikmµCamYysgá½sI 7,89g

96. sUdüÚmkabUNat (Na2CO3)

Gacrk)anCasNæansuT§l¥ nigGacRtUv)aneKeRbIedIm,IeFIV sþg;dakmµsUluysüúgGasIut. etIkMhab;m:ULarIeténsUluysüúg HCl

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esµInwgb:unµan RbsinebI eKRtUvkarmaDsUluysüúg 28,3 mL

edIm,ImanRbtikmµCamYy Na2CO3 0,256 g

sBV?97. PaKsMNak 3,664 g

énm:UNURbUtugGasIutRtUv)aneKrMlaykñúgTwk. edIm,IbnSabGasIut enH eKRtUveRbIGs; 20,27 mL

énsUluysüúg NaOH 0,1578 M. cUrKNnam:asm:UelKul énGasIutenH.

98. GasIutGaesTic (CH3COOH)

KWCaeRKOgpSMy:agsMxan;énTwkexµH. eKeFIVGRtaPaK sMNk 50,0 mL

énTwkexµHTIpSarCamYysUluysüúg NaOH 1,00 M. etIkMhab; (M)

énGasIutGaesTicesµInwgb:unµanEdlmanvtþmankñúgTwkexµHRbsinebIeKRtUvkar)as 5,75 mL

sMrab;GRtakmµsBV.99. sUluysüúgb:UtasüÚmnIRtat (KNO3) 15,00

mL RtUv)aneKBRgaveTACa 125,0 mL

ehIysUluysüúgenH 25 mL

RtUv)aneKBRgavbnþeToteTACa 1,000 x

103 mL . kMhab;én sUluysüúgcugeRkayKW 0,00383 M. cUrKNnakMhab;énsUluysüúgedIm.

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100. enAeBleKdak;bnÞHsgá½sI 2,50 g

eTAkñúgsUluysüúg AgNO3

eKeXIjmanelah³R)ak; kekIteLIgelIépÞénbnÞHsgá½sI. bnÞab;mk eKykbnÞHsgá½sIenaHecjBIsUluysüúg ehIy sMgYt nigføwg. RbsinebIm:asénbnÞHsgá½sIKW 3,37g

cUrKNnam:asénelah³ Ag nig Zn

Edlmanvtþman.101. cUrKNnam:asénkkrEdl)anbegáIteL

IgenAeBleKlay 2,27 L én Ba(OH)2 0,0820 M

CamYy 3,06 L én Na2SO4 0,0664 M.102. cUrKNnakMhab;énGasIut¬rW)as¦E

dlenAsl;kñúgsUluysüúgenAeBleKbEnßm 10,7mL én HNO3 0,211 M eTAkñúg 16,3 mL én NaOH 0,258 M.

103. “TwkedaHeKa”énm:aej:süÚmGuksIutB’NskñúgTwkbegáIt)anCam:aej:süÚmGIuRduksIut [Mg(OH)2]

EdlRtUveRbIedIm,IbnSabGasIutkñúgRkBH EdlbgáeLIgBIkarhUbcak;Rcas. cUrKNnamaDénsUluysüúgGasIut HCl

0,035 M ¬kMhab;GasIutelIskñúgRkBH¦ Edl RtUvkaredIm,ImanRbtikmµCamYyBIrsøabRBa ¬RbEhl 10 mL

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¦énTwkedaHeKaén m:aej:süÚm GuksIutB’Ns [man 0,080 g Mg(OH)2/ mL].

104. eKbEnßmPaKsMNak 1,00 g énelah³ X

¬eKdwgfavaGacbegáItCaGIuy:ug X2+¦eTAkñúg 0,100 L én H2SO4 0,500 M. bnÞab;BIelah³TaMgGs;manRbtikmµsBV eKRtUvkar 0,0334 L énsUluysüúg NaOH

0,500 M edIm,IbnSabGasIutEdlenAsl;. cUrKNnam:asm:UelKul énelah³enaH nigrkGtþsBaØaNfaetIvaCaFatuGIV.

105. niymn½ybrimaNénKMritrlayKWCacMnYnRkaménGgÁFaturlayEdlnwgrlaykñúgmaD énTwkNamYyenAsItuNðPaBCak;lak;. cUrB’NnaGMBIkarBiesaFn_ EdlGñkGackMNt;PaB rlayénsmasFaturlaymYy)an.

106. eKlay 60,0 mL énsUluysüúgKøúykUs (C6H12O6) 0,513 M CamYy 120,0 mL

énsUluysüúgKøúykUs 2,33 M . etIkMhab;sUluysüúgcugeRkayesµInwgb:unµan? snµtfamaD ekIneLIgesµInwgmaDEdl)anbEnßm.

107. smaFatuGIuy:ug X

rlaytictYcb:ueNÑaHkñúgTwk etIGñkRtUveRbIetsþGVIedIm,Ibgðajfa

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smasFatuenaHBitCarlaykñúgTwkkñúgvisalPaPCak;lak;NamYy.

108. nisSitmñak;RtUv)aneKpþl;eGaynUvsmasFatuminsÁal;mYyEdlGacCaEdk (II) s‘ulpat rWEdk (III) s‘ulpat. cUrR)ab;GMBIdMeNIrkarKImIsMrab;karkMNt;GtþsBaØaNkmµrbs;va ¬smasFatuEdkTaMgBIrenHrlaykñúgTwk¦.

109. GñkRtUv)aneKpþl;eGaynUvGgÁFaturavKµanB’NmYy. cUrB’NnaGMBIetsþKImIcMnYnbIEdl GñkGaceFIVeTAelIGgÁFaturavenaHedIm,IbgðajfavaKWCaTwk.

110. edaykareRbIR)as;]bkrN_Edl)anbgðajkñúgrUb1 nisSatmñak;)anrkeXIjfa sUluy-süúgGasIuts‘ulpYric)anbNþaleGayGMBUlePøWgPøWEcgcaMg. eTaHbICay:agNak¾eday bnÞab; BIbEnßmbrimaNmYycMnYnénsUluysüúg)arüÚmGIuRduksIut [Ba(OH)2]

GMBUlePøIgcab;epþIm Gn;PøWebIeTaHbICa Ba(OH)2

KWCaeGLicRtUlItxøaMg. cUrBnül;.

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111. GñkRtUv)aneKpþl;eGaynUvsmasFaturlayEdlminsÁal;rUbmnþm:UelKulrbs;va.

(a) cUrB’NnaGMBIetsþcMnYnbIEdlGacbgðajfasmasFatuenaHKWCaGasIut.

(b) enAeBlGñkdwgfasmasFatuenaHKWCaGasIut cUrB’NnafaetIGñkRtUvkMNt; m:as m:UelKulrbs;vay:agdUcemþcedaykareRbIsUluysüúg NaOHEdlsÁal;kMhab;. ¬snµtfavaKWCam:UNURbUTicGasIut¦.

(c) etIGñkRtUveFIVy:agdUcemþcedIm,IeGaydwgfavaKWCaGasIutexSay rwxøaMg? GñkRtUv )aneKpþl;eGaynUvPaKsMNak NaCl

nig]bkrN_dUcEdl)anbgajkñúgrUb 1 sMrab;kareRbobeFob.

112. GñkRtUv)aneKpþl;eGaynUvsUluysüúgKµanB’NBIr sUluysüúgmYymanpÞúk NaCl nig mYyeTotKWCasak;kar:Us (C12H22O11). cUrR)ab;GMBIetsþlkçN³rUb

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nigKImIEdlGaceGay GñkdwgnUvlkçN³xusEbøkKñarvagsUluysüúgTaMgBIrenH.

113. kMhab;énGIuy:ugsMN (Pb2+)

kñúgPaKsMNakénTwkkxVk;EdlmanpÞúknUvGIuy:ugnIRtat (NO3

-)

pgEdrRtUv)aneKkMNt;edaykarbEnßmsUdüÚms‘ulpatrwg (Na2SO4) eTAkñúg 500 mL énTwkenaH.

(a) cUrsresrsmIkarm:UelKul nigGIuy:ugsMrYlsMrab;RbtikmµenH.

(b) cUrKNnakMhab;m:ULarIetén Pb2+ RbsinebIeKRtUvkar 0,00450 g én Na2SO4

sMrab;karbegáItCakkrsBVénGIuy:ug Pb2+ eTACa PbSO4.

114. GasIutkørIRTicminEmnCaPñak;garGuksIutkmµeTkñúgkrNImanvtþmanénGasIuts‘ulpYricnig GasIutnIRTic. cUrBnül;ehtuGIV)anCaGIuy:ugkørYminEmnCaPñak;garGuksIutkmµxøaMgdUc SO4

2- nig NO3- .

115. cUrBnül;GMBIrebobEdlGñkRtUvTegIVb:UtasüÚmGIuy:UDY (KI)

edaymeFüa)ay ³(a) RbtikmµGasIut-)as

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(b) RbtikmµrvagGasIutCamYynwgsmasFatukabUNat.

116. sUdüÚmmanRbtikmµCamYyTwkbegáIt)anCa]sµ½nGIuRdUEsn. etIehtuGIV)anCaRbtikmµenH minRtUv)aneKeRbIkñúgkarTegIV]sµ½nGIuRdUEsnkñúgTIBiesaF?

117. cUrB’NnaGMBIrebobEdlGñkRtUvTegIVsmasFatuxageRkamenH ³

(a) Mg(OH)2 (b) AgI (c) Ba3(PO4)2

118. eKeFIVeGaykMBb;GasIuts‘ulpYricxab;elIkMral\dæénmnÞIrBiesaFKImI. edIm,IbnSabGasIut enaHetIeKKYrcak;sUluysüúgsUdüÚmGIuRduksIutxab; rWeraysUdüÚmb‘ÍkabUNatrwgelIGasIutenaH? cUrBnül;GMBICMerIsrbs;Gñk nigmUldæanKImIsMrab;kareRbIenH.

119. cUrB’NnaGMBIrebobkñúgkrNI nimYy²EdlGñkGacEjkkacug rWGaj:úgkñúgsUluysüúgTwk

(a) NaNO3 nig Ba(NO3)2 (b) Mg(NO3)2 nig KNO3

(c) KBr nig KNO3 (d) K3PO4 nig KNO3 (e) Na2CO3 nig NaNO3

120. xageRkamenH KWCasmasFatuEdleRbIkñúgpÞHsamBaØ² ³ GMbilsMl (NaCl) sárs

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¬sak;kar:Us¦ TwkexµH ¬manpÞúkGasIutGaesTic¦ sUdas¶Üt (NaHCO3) sUdaesIm (Na2CO3 . 10H2O) GasIutb½rric (H3BO3 eRbIkñúgkarlagEPñk¦ GMbilm½r (MgSO4 . 7H2O) sUdüÚm GIuRduksIut ¬eRbIkñúgKMrbbMBg;bgðÚrTwk¦Gam:Uj:ak; m:aej:süÚmGIuRduksIut [Mg(OH)2] kal;süÚmkabUNat. Ep¥keTAGIVEdl)ansikSakñúgCMBUkenH cUrB’NnaGMBIetsþ EdlGñkGac kMNt;GtþsBaØaNkmµsmasFatunimYy²)an.

121. s‘ulPIt ¬smasFatuEdlmanpÞúkGIuy:ug SO3

2-¦ RtUv)aneKeRbICasarFatubgáarkMueGay xUc rWBukp¥ÜkñúgEpøeQI nigbEnøs¶Üt nigkñúgkarplitRsa. kñúgkarBesaFn_edIm,Ietsþrkvtþman s‘ulPItkñúgEpøeQI CadMbUgnisSitmñak;)anRtaMEpøeGbRBIxt (apricot) s¶ÜtkñúgTwkmYyyb; nig bnÞab;mkeRcaHyksUluysüúg. bnÞab;mknag)andak;sUluysüúgenaHeGay manGMeBICamYy GIuRdUEsnEBrGuksIut (H2O2)

edIm,IeFIVGuksIutkmµGIuy:ugs‘ulPIteTACaGIuy:ugs‘ulpat. TIbBa©b;

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GIuy:ugs‘ulpat)anrgCakkredaykardak;sUluysüúgenaHeGaymanGMeBICamYyBIrbIdMNk;énsUluysüúg)arüÚmkørY (BaCl2). cUrsresrsmIkartulüPaBsMrab;dMNak;karnimYy²xagelI.

122. PaKsMNak 0,8870 g énl,ay NaCl nig KCl

RtUv)aneKrMlaykñúgTwk ehIybnÞab; mksUluysüúgenaHRtUv)aneKdak;eGaymanGMeBICamYy AgNO3

elIseKTTYl)an AgCl 1,913 g. cUrKNnaPaKryCam:asénsmasFatunimYy²kñúgl,ay.

123. kørGacbegáItGuksIut)anCaeRcInEdlmancMnYnGuksIutkmµdUcxageRkam +1, +3, +4, +6, nig +7. cUrsresrrUbmnþsMrab;smasFatunimYy².

124. karGnuvtþn_Edlmansar³RbeyaCn_énGasIutGuksalic KWkarpþac;ykERcH (Fe2O3) BIGagTwk (bathtub) tamsmIkardUcxageRkam ³Fe2O3 (S) + 6H2C2O4 (aq) → 2Fe(C2O4)3

3-(aq) + 3H2O + 6H+

(aq)

cUrKNnam:asCaRkaménERcHEdlGacRtUv)anpþac;eday 5,00 x 102 mL

énsUluysüúg GasIutGuksalic 0,100 M.

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125. GasIutGaesTIlsalIsIulic (C9H8O4)

KWCam:UNURbUTicGasIutEdlCaTUeTARtUv)aneK sÁal;Ca { Gas<IrIn }. eTaHbICay:agNak¾edayRKab;fñaMGas<IrInmanpÞúkbrimaNtictYcén GasIutb:ueNÑaH. kñúgkarBiesaFn_edIm,IkMNt;rksmasPaKrbs;va eKkinRKab;fñaMGas<IrIn ehIyrMlayvakñúgTwk. edIm,IbnSabsUluysüúgenHeKRtUveRbIGs; 12,25 mL énsUluysüúg NaOH 0,1466 M. cUrKNnacMnYn grains

énfñaMGas<IrInkñúgRKab;fñaM ( 1 grain = 0,0648 g)

126. eKrMlayl,ay 0,9257 g én CaBr2 nig NaBr

kñúgTwk ehIybnÞab;mkeKbEnßm AgNO3

eTAkñúgsUluysüúgenaHedIm,IbegáItCakkrAgBr. RbsinebIeKTTYl)anm:asénkkr 1,6930 g

etIPaKryCam:asén NaBr

kñúgl,ayedImesµInwgb:unµan?127. karBiesaFn_ {vdþénTg;Edg }

xageRkamRtUv)aneKeFIVkñúgmnÞIrBiesaFKImImYycMnYn. es‘rIénRbtikmµcab;epþImeLIgCamYyTg;Edg nigbBa©b;CamYyelah³Tg;Edg.

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dMNak;karén RbtkmµmandUcxageRkam (1)

kMNat;énsrésTg;EdgEdlsÁal;m:asRtUv)aneKdak;vaeGay manRbtikmµCamYyGasIutnIRTicxab; ¬plitpl KWCaTg;Edg (II) nIRtat GasUtDIGuksIut nigTwk¦. (2) Tg;Edg (II)

nIRtatRtUv)aneKdak;eGaymanGMeBICamYysUluysüúgsUdüÚm GIuRduksIutedIm,IbegáItCakkrTg;Edg (II) GIuRduksIut. (3)

edaykardutkMedA Tg;Edg (II)

GIuRduksIutbMEbkeTACaTg;Edg (II)

GuksIut. (4) Tg;Edg (II)

GuksIutRtUv)aneKdak;eGay man RbtikmµCamYyGasIurs‘ulpYricxab;edIm,ITTYl)anTg;Edg (II) s‘ulpat. (5)

Tg;Edg (II)

s‘ulpatRtUv)aneKdak;eGaymanGMeBICamYyelah³sgá½sIelIsedIm,IbegáItCaelah³Tg;Edg (6)

elah³sgá½sIEdlenAsl;RtUv)anpþac;ecjedayeKdak;vaeGaymanGMeBICamYyGasIut kørIRTic ehIyelah³Tg;EdgRtUv)aneKeRcaH sMgYt nigføwg.

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(a)cUrsresrsmIkartulüPaBsMrab;dMNak;karnimYy² nigeFIVcMNat;fñak;RbtikmµTaMgenaHpg.

(b)edaysnµtfa nisSit)ancab;epþImCamYyTg;Edg 65,6 g cUrKNnaTinñpltam RTwsþIenA dMNak;karnimYy².

(c)edayBicarNaeTAelIdMNak;karnimYy² cUrBnül;fa ehtuGIV)anCaeKGacTaj )anmkvij nUvbrimaNTg;EdgesÞIrEtTaMgGs;EdleK)aneRbIkñúgdMNak;karcab;epþIm.

128. PaKsMNak 325 mL

énsUluysüúgmYymanpÞúk CaCl2 25,3 g . (a) cUrKNnakMhab;m:ULarIetén Cl-

kñúgsUluysüúgenH.(b) etIman Cl- b:unµanRkamkñúg

0,100 L énsUluysüúgenH?129. GIuRdUEsnGaLÚEsnY ( HF, HCl, HBr, HI )

KWCasmasFatuskmµxøaMgNas;Edlman kareRbIR)as;kñúg]sSahkmµ nigTIBiesaFCaeRcIn.(a)kñúgTIBiesaF HF nig HCl

GacRtUv)aneKbegáIteLIgedayRbtikmµrvag CaF2nig NaCl

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CamYyGasIuts‘ulpYricxab;. cUrsresrsmIkarsmRsbsMrab;RbtikmµTaMgenH ¬minman RbtikmµerdukeT¦.

(b)etIehtuGIV)anCaeKminGacTegIV HBr

nig HI tamrebobxagelIenH mann½yfa eday Rbtikmµ rvag CaF2

nig NaCl CamYyGasIuts‘ulpYricxab;? (H2SO4 KWCaPñak;gar GuksIutkmµxøaMgCag Br2 nig I2).

(c) HBr

GacRtUv)aneKTegIVeLIgedayRbtikmµrvagpUsV½rRTIRbUmY (PBr3)

CamYyTwk. cUrsresrsmIkarsMrab;RbtikmµenH.

130. edayeyageTAelI Chemistry in Action TMB½r 48 cUreqøIysMnYrxageRkamenH ³(a) cUrkMNt;GtþsBaØaNkmµéndMeNI

rkarbegáItkkr GasIut-)as nigerduk.

(b) edaykarCMnYskal;süÚmGuksIut etIehtuGIV)anCaeyIgminGacbEnßmsUdüÚmGIuRduksIut eTAelITwksmuRTedIm,IbegáItCakkrm:aej:süÚmGIuRduksIut?

(c) eBlxøHsarFatuxniCRtUv)aneKehAfa dULÚmIt ¬l,ayén CaCO3 nig MgCO3¦

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RtUv )aneKeRbICMnYsfµkMe)aredIm,IbegáItkkrm:aej:süÚmGIuRduksIut. etImanplRbeyaCn_ énkareRbIdULÚmIt?

131. GasIutpUsVric (H3PO4)

KWCasarFatuKImI]sSahkmµcaM)ac;EdlRtUv)aneKeRbIkúñgkar plitCIsarFatuCMrHEk¥l nig]sSahkmµmðÚbGarhar. vaRtUv)aneKplittamviFIxusKña BIry:ag. viFITImYy eKdutFatupUsV½r (P4)kñúgxül;enAkñúgLdutkMedAEdleRbIcrnþGKÁIsnI edIm,IbegáIt P4O14

EdlbnÞab;mkvamanRbtikmµCamYyTwkedIm,IbegáItCa H3PO4. viFITIBIr eKdak;fµpUsVatxniC [Ca5(PO4)3F]

eGaymanRbtikmµCamYyGasIuts‘ulpYricedIm,IbegáIt )anCa H3PO4 ( nig HF

ehIynig CaSO4). cUrsresrsmIkarsMrab;dMeNIrkarTaMgenH nigeFIVcMNat;fñak;dMNak;karnimYy²Ca RbtikmµbegáItkkr GasIut-)as rWerduk.

132. Gam:Uj:ÚmnIRtat (NH4NO3)

KWCaCIcaM)ac;bMputEdlmanpÞúkG4-149


asUt. PaBsuT§rbs;vaGac RtUv)aneKviPaKedaykarGRtasUluysüúg NH4NO3 CamYysUluysüúg NaOH

sþg;da. kñúgkarBiesaFn_mYy edIm,IbnSabPaKsMNak 0,2041g én NH4NO3

eKRtUvkar 24,42mL én NaOH 0,1023 M .(a) cUrsresrsmIkarGIuy:ugsMrYlsMr

ab;RbtikmµenH.(b) etIPaBsuT§énPaKsMNakenHesµI

nwgb:unµanPaKry?133. etIRbtikmµxageRkamenHCaRbtik

mµerdukb¤eT? cUrBnül;.3O2 (g) 2O3 (g)

134. etIcMnYnGuksIutkmµén O

esµInwgb:unµankñúg HFO?135. cUreRbIKMrUm:UelKuldUckñúgrU

b 3>7 nig 3>8 edIm,ItagRbtikmµGasIut-)asxageRkam ³

(a) OH- + H3O+ 2H2O(b) NH4

+ + NH2- 2NH3

cUrkMNt;GtþsBaØaNkmµGasIut nig)as Brönsted kñúgkrNInimYy².136. brimaNGal;kulmankñúgPaKsMNak

10,0 g énQamGñkebIkbrmñak;RtUvkar 4,23 mL én K2Cr2O7 0,07654 M sMrab;GRtakmµsBV. etIb:UlIsKYrykGñkebIkbr enaHmkkat;eTas

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sMrab;karebIkbrEdlRsvwgRsaEdrb¤eT? (emIl Chemistry inAction TMB½r 32 ).

137. GasIutnIRTicxab;ERbeTACaB’NelOgy:agyWt². cUrBnül;.¬GasIutnIRTicbMEbkyWt². GasUtGuksIutCa]sµ½nmanB’N¦.

138. cUrB’NnaGMBIkarTegVIkñúgTIBiesaFsMrab;]sµ½ndUcxageRkam ³ (a)

GIuRdUEsn(b) GuksIuEsn (c) kabUnDIGuksIut (d)

GasUt. cUrcg¥úlbgðajGMBIPaBrUbénGgÁFatuRbtikr nigplitplkñúgkrNInimYy². [GasUtGacRtUveKTTYl)anedaykardutkMedAGam:Uj:ÚmnIRtat (NH4NO3)].

139. cUrpþl;karBnül;tamKImIsMrab;krNInimYy²xageRkam ³(a) eKbEnßmelah³kal;süÚmeTAkñúgs

UluysüúgGasIuts‘ulpYric. eKTTYl)an]sµ½n GIuRdUEsn. BIrbInaTIeRkaymkRbtikmµRbRBwtþeTAyWt² nigQb;eTaHbICaKµanGgÁFatu RbtikrNamYyGs;enAeLIyeT. cUrBnül;.

(b) kñúges‘rIskmµPaB GaluymIj:ÚmenAxagelIGIuRdUEsn

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b:uEnþvahak;dUcCaGskmµ ¬minmanRbtikmµ¦cMeBaHcMhayTwk nigGasIutkørIRTic. ehtuGIV?

(c) sUdüÚm nigb:UtasüÚmfitenAxagelITg;Edgkñúges‘rIskmµPaB. cUrBnül;faehtuGIV)an CaGIuy:ug Cu2+ kñúgsUluysüúg CuSO4

minGacbMElgeTACaelah³Tg;Edg)anenAeBl EdleKbEnßmelah³TaMgenHcUl.

(d) elah³ M

manRbtikmµyWtCamYycMhayTwk. Kµankarpøas;bþÚrGIVeTenAeBleKdak;va eTAkñúgsUluysüúgEdk (II)

s‘ulpatB’NébtgRBElt. etIeyIgKYrdak;elah³ M enA kEnøgNakñúges‘rIskmµPaB?

(e) munnwgeKTTYl)anelah³GaluymIj:ÚmedayGKÁIsnIviPaK vaRtUv)aneKpliteLIgeday kareFIVerdukmµGMbilkørY (AlCl3)

rbs;vaCamYyelah³skmµ. etIGñkGaceRbIelah³GIVxøH edIm,IplitGaluymIj:ÚmkñúgviFIenH?

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140. BaküExVgGMBIelah³ niges‘rIskmµPaB.

1. karCMnYs silver b:uEnþminEmn lead.

2.

elah³mantMélkñúgkMENERbCaeRcInénes‘rIskmµPaB.

3. elah³Gskmµ GMbilrbs;vaRtUv)aneKeRbIedIm,IeFIVetsþGIuy:ugkørY.

4.

elah³qøgsMbUrbMputenAkñúgRsTab;elIénEpndI.

5.

elah³enHbegáIt)anCanIRtatEdlBi)aknwgbMEbk.

6.

elah³EdleRbIkñúgkarkarBarEdkBIkareLIgeRcH.

7.smaCikTImYyénFatuRkum 1A .8.

elah³enHminmanRbtikmµCamYyTwkeT b:uEnþmanRbtikmµCamYyGasIut.

¬cUrbMeBjCaPasaGg;eKøs¦1

2

3

4

5

4-153

RbtikmµkñúgsUluysüúgTwk6

7

8

cMelIylMhat;Gnuvtþn_1. (a) minrlay (b) minrlay (c) rlay 2. Al3+

(aq) + 3OH-

(aq) → Al(OH)3 (S)

3. (a) )as Brønsted (b) GasIut Brønsted 4. (a) P : +3 , F : -1 (b) Mn : +7 , O : -2

5. (a) RbtikmµCMnYsGIuRdUEsn (b)

RbtikmµbnSM (c)RbtikmµDIsµÚtkmµ (d)

RbtikmµCMnYselah³6. 0,452 M 7. BRgav 34,2 mL

énsUluysüúgsþúkeTACa 200 mL 8. 92,02 %9. 0,3822 g 10. 10.0 mL 11. 204 mL

cMelIy8. (a) eGlicRtUlItxøaMg (b)

minEmneGlicRtUlIt (c)

eGlicRtUlItexSay (d) eGlicRtUlIt xøaMg 10. (b) nig (c) 12. HCl

minbegáItCaGIuy:ugkñúgbg;Esn 16. (a)

minrlay (b) rlay (c) rlay (d) minrlay (e)

rlay 20. (a) bEnßmGIuy:ugkør (b)

bEnßmGIuy:ugsu‘lpat (c)

bEnßmGIuy:ug kabUNat (d)

bEnßmGIuy:ugsu‘lpat 28. (a) )as Brønsted (b)

)as Brønsted (c) GasIut Brønsted (d) GasIut nig)as Brønsted 30. (a) CH3COOH + K+ + OH → K+ + CH3COO- + H2O , CH3COOH

4-154

CMBUkTI4+ OH- → CH3COO- + H2O (b) H2CO3 + 2Na+ + 2OH- → 2Na+ + CO3

2- + H2O , H2CO3 + 2OH- → CO3

2- + H2O (c) 2H+ + 2NO3- + Ba2+ + 2OH- → Ba2+

+ 2NO3- + 2H2O , 2H+ + 2OH- → 2H2O 40. (a) Fe → Fe3+ + 3e- , O2 + 4e- →

2O2- Pñak;garGuksIutkmµ : O2

Pñak;garerdukmµ : Fe2+ (b) 2Br- → Br2 + 2e-, Cl2 + 2e- → 2Cl-

Pñak;garGuksIutkmµ : Cl2

Pñak;garerdukmµ : Br- (c) Si → Si4+ + 4e-, F2 + 2e- →

2F- Pñak;garGuksIutkmµ : F2

Pñak;garerdukmµ : Si (d) H2 → 2H+ + 2e- , Cl2 + 2e- → 2Cl-

Pñak;garGuksIutkmµ : Cl2

Pñak;garerdukmµ : H2 42. (a) +5 (b) +1 (c) +3 (d)

+5 (e) +5 (f) +5 44. TaMgGs;sUnü 46. (a) -3 (b) -1/2 (c) -1

(d) +4 (e) +3 (f) -2 (g) +3 (h) +6 48. Li nig Ca 50. (a)

KµanRbtikmµ (b) KµanRbtikmµ (c) Mg +

CuSO4 → MgSO4 + Cu (d) Cl2 + 2KBr → Br2 + 2KCl 52. (a) bnSM (b) bMEbk (c) CMnYs (d) DIsµÚtkmµ 56. 0,0618M 58. 10,8g 60. (a) 1,37M (b) 0,426M (c) 0,716M 62. (a) 6,50g (b) 2,45g (c) 2,65g (d) 7,36g (e) 3,95g 66. 0,0433M 68. 126ml 70. 1,09M 74. 35,72% 76. 2,3 x 10-4M 80. (a) 6,0ml (b) 8ml 84. 9,3 x 10-3 g 86. 0,06020M 88. 5,40% 90.

0,231mg 92. (i) manEtGuksIEsnEdlpþl;cMehH (ii) manEt CO2 RbtikmµCamYy Ca(OH)2

edIm,IbegáIt CaCO3 ¬kkrB’Ns¦ 94. 1,26M 96. 0,171M 98. 0,115M 100. Ag: 1,25g Zn: 2,12g 102. 0,0722M NaOH 104.

24,0g/mol Mg 106 1,73M 108. manEt Fe(II)

RtUv)anrgGuksItkmµedaysuluysüúg KMnO4

ehIyva)anbþúrB’NBIsVayeTAKµanB’N 110. )at;bg;GIy:ugedaybegIátkkr BaSO4 112. (i)

etsþPaBcMlg (ii) manEt NaCl

4-155


EdlRbtikmµCamYy AgNO3

edIm,IbegáItkkrs AgCl 114. GIuy:ug Cl-

minGacTTYleGLicRtug 116.

RbtikmµxøaMgkøaNas; 118.

eRbIsUdüÚm b‘ÍkanUNat NaHCO3 : HCO3- + H+ →

H2O + CO2 minGaceRbI NaOH eRBaHvaCa sarFatusIu rwkat; dUcñHminsuvtþiPaBeT 120. (a) PaBcMlg ³ RbtikmµCamYy AgNO3 edIm,IbegáIt AgCl (b)

kMritrlaykñúgTWk ³ minEmneGLicRtUlIt (c)

karkan;kab;lkçN³énGasuIt (d)

rlaykñúgTWk ³ RbtikmµCamYyGasuIt edIm,IbegáIt CO2 (e) rlaykñúgTWk ³ eGLicRtUlItxøaMg RbtikmµCamYyGasuIt edIm,IbegáIt CO2

(f) eGLicRtULItexSay nigGasIutexSay (g)

rlaykñúg TWk ³ RbtikmµCamYy NaOH

edIm,IbegáItkkr Mg(OH)2 (h)

eGLicRtUlItxøaMg nig)asxøaMg (i)

lkçN³énkøin ³ eGLicRtULItexSay nig)asexSay (j) minrlaykñúgTWk ³ RbtikmµCamYy GasIut (k)

minrlaykñúgTWk ³ RbtikmµCamYyGasIut edIm,IbegáIt CO2

122. NaCl : 43,97% KCl : 56,03% 124. 1,33g 126. 55,80% 128. (a) 1,40M (b)

4,96g 130. (a) karbegáItkkr ³ Mg2+ + 2OH- → Mg(OH)2

4-156

CMBUkTI4

GasIut-)as ³ Mg(OH)2 +2HCl → MgCl2 + 2H2O

erdukkmµ MgCl2 → Mg + Cl2 (b) NaOH éføCag CaO (c)

dULÚmIt )anpþl; Mg bEnßm 132. 97,99% 134.

sUnü 136. 0,224% 138. (a) Zn + H2SO4 → ZnSO4 + H2 (b) 2KClO3 → 2KCl + 3O2 (c) Na2CO3 + 2HCl → 2NaCl + CO2 + H2O (d) NH4NO2 → N2

+ 2H2O 140. bBaÄr ³ Chromium

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chapter 3itc-books.weebly.com/uploads/1/4/1/0/14101304/... · web viewfe2o3 (s) + 6h2c2o4 (aq) →...

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