Chapter 4How did changes in New Mexico reflect

the changing American West?

Lesson One: The Republic of Mexico

How did changes in New Mexico reflect the changing American West?

Freedom

•1598 NM part of Spanish colony

•Sep. 16, 1810 Miguel Hidalgo called for a rebellion

•1822 Itúrbide declared emperor

Freedom

•1823 Antonio López overthrew Itúrbide

•19 States, 4 Territories

•Antonio served as pres. (1823-1836)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hJlQ6SfXxQI

Red and Green: Symbolic for the wars for independence.

White: Red and Green are united by peace

When the Aztecs came to Mexico there was a giant eagle with a snake in its talons that was seen

perched on a prickly pear cactus. This was seen as a good omen and Mexico has adopted the insignia

ever since.

Struggle for Power

•Peninsulares vs. Criolles

•Peninsulares held most of the wealth

•Criollos believed they understood the people

Unstable Gov.

•Republic of Mexico, very unstable

•30 leaders in 2.5 years

•NM 16 governors in 2.5 years

•NM was unprotected

Isolated Territory

•NM ignored by Mexico

•NM developed slowly

•Trade routes helped NM

Social Classes

•Social Class = Informal Grouping

•Class determined land amount

•Castas = mixed race

Castas

•Mestizos = highest group

•Mullatos = Middle Group

•Zambos = Lowest group

Peninsulares

Ricas: Spaniards

born in Spain

Criollos

Spaniards born in

New Spain

Castas: Mixed races

Mestizos: Children of Spaniards and Natives

Mullatos: Children of Africans and Spaniards

Zambos: Children of Africans and Natives

Natives: Any of the thousands of native Indians

living in New Spain

Africans: Brought to New Spain as slaves

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YtbHhVQ1TGA

Constitution of the Republic of Mexico

Discuss in your group

1.What are things you like? Why?

2.What are things you think could be improved?

3.How do you think they could have been improved?

4.Is this fair to the people? Why or why not.

Essential QuestionAnswer in 4 sentences on an index card

1. How did the Peninsulares and criollos affect New Spain and New Mexico?

2. In your opinion who do you believe has the right to rule over New Spain? Explain.

Growth of Trade•NM could not trade with other colonies

•NM citizens risked punishment

•With Spain out of the picture, trade increased

Santa Fe Trail•New Mexico Missouri

•Santa Fe was supplied with goods

•With Spain overthrown, traders were welcome

•International commercial highway

William Becknell•Born 1788 Rockfish Creek, VA

•Father was a goods trader

•Not a good student, mainly followed his father’s trades

•Skilled in woodcraft, marksmanship, & survival

William Becknell•Brave and persuasive leader

•1813 became a soldier with Nathan Boone

•1815 returned to normal life

•Traded salt

•Owed $1200

Santa Fe Trail•Saw Santa Fe would be good profit

•William Becknell, first to use trail

•Followed old Indian trails

•Unaware of distance traveled

•New Mexicans wanted their goods

Santa Fe Trail•Returned 3x

•Changed from mules to wagons

•Travel was dangerous

•Wagons in parallel columns

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dQqw-hMs4cU

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W_yhKni15XI

U.S gained

needed

items

Making Money

•Becknell made a lot of money

•Other traders followed

•Santa Fe = Important trade center

•No longer cut off from the world

Essential Question

1. How did the opening of trade routes help NM?

2. How did the opening of trade routes help shape the American West?

Lewis & Clark•1803 U.S purchases Louisiana

•Pres. Jefferson sent out Lewis & Clark

•Gained help from Sacagawea

Sacagawea•Kidnapped by the Hidatsa tribe

•Marries a fur trader

•Sacagawea was bilingual

•Sacagawea brought her son

Lewis & Clark•Searching for the Northwest passage

•Mapping, surveying landscape, learning Native tribes

Lewis & Clark•Arrived at Hidasta a year in

•Saw potential in Sacagawea

•Sacagawea went voluntarily

•A branch of Missouri was named after her

Lewis & Clark•Arrived at Shoshone

•Leader was Sacagawea’s brother

•Sacagawea + baby = less fearsome

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MhsoQJ-O0Fg

Fur Trade•Beaver pelts brought Americans into NM

•Beaver = hairy banknotes

•Beaver pelts were shipped to London

Fur Trade•Fur made into felt

•Felt = hats

•1830s end of fur trade

•Former fur trappers = guides, soldiers, agents

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gSNNoeUf4bAhttaps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JGoVlgcT6tM

Essential Question

1. How did the fur trade affect NM?

2. How did Sacagawea help Lewis & Clark, was it easy for her?

Bent’s Fort•Largest trading post

•Located on Arkansas River

•House 200 people & 300 animals

•Natives & travelers

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eu1ps9CK3v4

Chimayo Rebellion•Gov. Albino Pérez

•1835 arrived in NM

•Was seen as an outsider

•Mexico’s constitution = bad news for NM

Chimayo Rebellion•1837 rumors of higher taxes

•Reinstatement of Francisco Sarrocino

•Defrauding customs officials were not punished

Chimayo Rebellion•Armed uprising in Santa Cruz

•200 (Pérez) vs. 1500 (rebels)

•Pérez was captured

Chimayo Rebellion•Jose González named governor

•González was just as bad

•Sept. 4 a rebellion arose

Chimayo Rebellion•Caballero formed a group of 600

•Armijo had 400 troops

•Armijo received help from Americans

Chimayo Rebellion•Montoya had a group of 3000

•Armijo forced Montoya into a truce

•Rebellion was not over

Chimayo Rebellion•Armijo executed the rebellion leaders (Jan. 24)

•Armijo captured González and executed him

Essential Question

1. How did the Chimayo Rebellion affect NM?

2. What are some similarities between Chimayo Rebellion and other rebellions?

Lesson Two: Mexican American War

How did changes in New Mexico reflect the changing American West?

Americans in Texas•1820s Americans enter Texas (Tejas)

•First were welcomed & given land grants

•Americans outnumbered Mexicans

Americans in Texas•No slavery

•Protestants to become Catholic & speak Spanish

•These laws were not followed

Republic of Texas•1823 Stephen Austin + 300 families arrive•Texas was a buffer zone•Texans did not follow laws•1833 Austin tries to talk to Santa Anna

Austin

Vs.

Santa Anna

Republic of Texas•Santa Anna wouldn’t listen•Austin was jailed•1835 war broke out•March 2, 1836 Texas formally declared independence

Republic of Texas

•185 Texans vs. 5000 troops

•Americans were angered

•“Remember the Alamo”

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eyu3OIn5A00

William

Travis

David

Bowie

Davy

Crockett

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=txcRQedoEyY

Republic of Texas•Sam Houston led an army of Americans

•Houston defeats Santa Anna

•May 14, 1836 Texas is independent

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gDC4ANdd2I4

Santa Fe Expedition•Texas wanted more land

•NM and Rio Grande

•1841, 300 Texans headed to Santa Fe

•Armijo suspected trouble

Essential Question1. What do you think will

happen?

2. What caused Americans to join the Texas Rebellion?

3. How is New Mexico connected to the Texas Rebellion?

Texans Surrender•Llano Estacado was longer and more dangerous than expected

• No choice but to surrender

•El Camino Real death march

Road to War

•1845 U.S annexed Texas

•Texas & Mexico problems now U.S & Mexico problems

Manifest Destiny•Many Americans believed in Manifest Destiny

•Their duty to spread their political, economic, & social values

Manifest Destiny•God given right to all the land from the Atlantic to Pacific

•Americans believed to be superior

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qrjg9ulR-xo

Past to Present of Manifest Destiny

•U.S had the right to settle, buy, or forcibly take any land

•Are there examples using recent history?

Border Disputes

•Disagreement over south border

•Mexico said Nueces River was the border

•U.S & Texas said Rio Grande

Border Disputes•U.S sent soldiers to the area in question•Mexican troops shot and killed them•Pres. Polk manipulates Congress

Invasion of NM

•Summer 1846, Gen. Kearny heads out

•Kearny wanted a peaceful invasion

•Sent a message to Armijo

Invasion of NM•Armijo first did not want to surrender

•Eventually did•Did he realize the Mexicans had no chance?•Was he bribed & fled to Mexico?

Armijo

Kearny

Peaceful Conquest•Gen. Kearny was unopposed

•Religious freedom, land protection, enemy protection

•Temporary government

Peaceful Conquest•Kearny Code = laws

•Kearny Code guaranteed protection of rights•Right to own land•Right to practice their religion

Essential Question1. What started the Mexican

American War?

2. How did Kearny handle invading New Mexico?

3. What laws were put in place after New Mexico was conquered?

Mormon Battalion•500 Mormon men enlisted

•NM was already conquered

•Ordered to head to California

•Arrived January 1847

Mormon Battalion

•Santa Fe to Tucson to San Diego

•Marched 2000 miles

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo •September 1847 peace negotiations started

•February 2, 1848 the war was officially over

•Mexico agreed to cede more than a third of its land

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo •AZ, CA, CO, NV, UT, WY, & NM•U.S finally achieved Manifest Destiny•Mexicans living in the territory were now U.S citizens•Native Americans were the exception

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MaCSfk464vI

Polk after the War

•War was a success, lost support

•2 years of bloodshed = backs turned on Polk

•Mexican American war reignited slavery

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E7AXuxcUleY

Gadsden Purchase•1853 the Gadsden Purchase finally ended the war

•Texas border was established

•Where was the border for the country?

•Land South of the Gila River

Gadsden Purchase•James Gadsden went to negotiate

•Mesilla Valley was in question

•29 million acres for $10 million

•Mesilla Valley was good farmland, but U.S did not want it for the fertile land

Essential Question

1. What were the effects of the Mexican American War?

2. What was the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo?

3. How did the treaty affect Mexico?

Golden Spike

•Central Pacific = 600 miles

•Union Pacific = 1086 miles

•May 10, 1869 met in Promontory, UT

•They cut corners while building

Golden Spike

•Railroad cut a trip from 6 months to a week

•California furnished a gold spike

•Gov. Stanford & Durant finalized the rail

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P4qYUnm4ZYY

A Time of WarHow did changes in New Mexico reflect the changing American

west?

Background•Were the new territories slave territories or free?

•Sectionalism divided the U.S

•New territories siding one way or another = unbalance in Congress

•California wanted to join the Union

Compromise of 1850•California was looking to be a State•Texas wanted more land•Senator Henry Clay came up with a compromise•Utah and NM were allowed to choose•Texas got $10 million for their land claims

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=byk1UY4JP2E

Civil War•NM apart of U.S for 10 years

•North and South tried to control the conflict

•1861 compromise was no longer an option

•Fort Sumner, Confederates attack

Black Slavery in NM•Very little black slavery in NM

•Native slavery

•Territorial legislature passed the first & only slave codes

•U.S government, in charge of citizens & their property

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Di5EzkmV5As

Confederate Threat•Southern NM territory became Arizona•Confederates would gain: •Gold & Silver•Control of trade•Ports in the Pacific

•Confederates wanted Fort Union

Union Forts•Forts provided protection from Natives

•Fort Union•Largest fort in NM

•Main military outpost

•Main supply storage

Essential Question

1.What was the Compromise of 1850?

2.What were black slave codes?

3.What was For Union?

Battle of Valverde•1862 Gen. Sibley attacks Col. Canby at Fort Craig

•First battle in the far West

•Due to border movements

•Sibley captured Valverde& cut off communication

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m1oy3u5rpU0

Battle of Glorieta Pass•“Battle of Gettysburg” in NM

•Sibley left parts of his army in Albq. & Santa Fe

•Confederates forced Union troops into the pass

•Major Chivington attacked a supply train

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m1oy3u5rpU0

Battle of Peralta•5th Texas Mounted Volunteers camped in Peralta

•Green’s headquarters were at Gov. Connelly’s house

•Col. Canby surrounded them

•Confederates fled https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m1oy3u5rpU0

Essential Question

1.What were the three battles in New Mexico?

2.Which battle is known as the “Battle of Gettysburg” of the West? Why?

Persistent Problems•1846 Americans began arriving in NM

•Pueblos & Hispanics rejoiced, Navajo & Apaches not so much

•Natives tried to run Americans off

•Peace treaties were written up

Persistent Problems

•Americans built forts

•Fort Defiance = bad for Natives

•Many battles ensued

Forts Abandoned•Civil War = Americans leaving NM

•Natives believed they had driven the Americans out

•Raids got worse

•War over = Americans return

Farmers Ranchers

Miners

Will to Fight•More settlers arrive

•More settlers = Natives way of life being threatened

•Thousands of buffalo were killed

•Natives needed the buffalo

Reservations•1871 Native Appropriations Act

•Reservations were designed to keep Natives in a confined space

•Hoping to end raids

•Given food & shelterhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KZXp19vv8rE

Reservations•Learn the culture of Americans

•Expected to assimilate

•Assimilate = abandon their own culture to adapt to white culture

Defeating the Navajo

•Navajo = Largest & most powerful during Civil War

•Kit Carson was called to end the raids

•Mountain Man

•Trail Guide

•Soldier

•Former Native

Agent

Defeating the Navajo•Carson hoped for peaceful negotiations

•Resorted to “scorched earth” policy

•Destroy everything in sight

Essential Question

1.What is assimilate?

2.Who was sent to negotiate with the Navajo?

3.What practice did he resort to?

Navajo Long Walk•Navajos believed they would be given food & shelter

•8000 Navajo forced to walk 400+ miles

•Long Walk similar to Trail of Tears

Navajo Long Walk

Trail of Tears

Navajo Long Walk

•More than 300 Navajo died

•Their destination, Bosque Redondo

•Very dry territory

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y1rldnzr_Wg

Bosque Redondo•Gen. Carleton began establishing a fort, Fort Sumner

•165 miles from civilization

•The Apaches were tricked

Bosque Redondo•Carleton wanted to exploit NM’s minerals, Apaches would be problematic

•Precious minerals on Navajo & Apache land

•Fort Sumner = Reservation

Bosque Redondo•Carleton’s goals•Defeat the Navajo•Make NM safe, exploit NM•Civilize & Christianize Natives

•Navajo population, grossly misjudged

Bosque Redondo•For a while Carleton’s plan worked

•1864, cutworm attacked corn, storms killed wheat

•1865, extremely tense between Navajo & Apache

Leaving Bosque Redondo

•Apache signed a treaty to live peacefully on their homeland

•1866 harvest was bad again

•1867 drought & hail

•20 miles for wood

Leaving Bosque Redondo

•May 1868 treaty was signed

•June 1868 Navajo make their way home

•Poverty, but happy to be home

Essential Question

1.How is the Long Walk similar to the Trail of Tears?

2.What was life like on the Bosque Redondo? Explain.

3.How did the Navajo leave?

Geronimo

Geronimo•Born in Gila River country

•Mexicans killed his mother, wife, & 3 children

•Mid-1870s Apaches forced to San Carlos

Geronimo•He hated being “locked up”

•For 10 years Geronimo & his men continued to escape

•He looked for a less restricted lifestyle

Geronimo•September 4, 1886 Geronimo surrendered

•Indian Scouts aided in his capture

•Surrender marked an end to a chapter

Fort Pickens, FA

Mount Vernon Barracks, AL

Fort Sill, OK

Geronimo•14 years at Fort Sill, prisoner, yet not

•February 17, 1909 died &buried at Fort Sill

Indian Scouts•Indian Scouts helped defeat the Apaches

•Natives hatred towards each other was used

•They helped to capture Geronimo

Buffalo Soldiers

Buffalo Soldiers•Black regiments were used during the Civil War

•White officers were in charge

•Treated badly, but proved themselves in battle

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-hbIPpNKXYI

Buffalo Soldiers•More than 200,000 black soldiers served

•After the Civil War they were used against the Natives

•The Natives gave them their name

Buffalo Soldiers

•Protected settlers

•Helped with construction

•8 Buffalo Soldiers given Medal of Honor

Indian Boarding Schools

Indian Boarding Schools•Late 1800s, new Indian policy

•Bureau of Indian Affairs created 25 boarding schools

•Best way to “civilize”

•Native children were taken away

•Carlisle Boarding School, PA

•Children found with Geronimo sent here

Albuquerque Boarding School1881

Santa Fe Boarding School

1890

Indian Boarding Schools•Children were sent 6-7 years old

•Several months – several years

•Modeled after Carlisle &Military academies

Indian Boarding Schools•Uniforms & marching

•Bugles began & ended the day

•Children lost their language &culture

•More white than Native

•Impossible to run away

Essential Question

1.Who was Geronimo? Why is he important?

2.How did the Buffalo Soldiers get their names and by who?