chapter 4
DESCRIPTION
chapter 4. COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS. Cost Behaviour. Cost Driver an activity which influences how a cost is incurred kilometers traveled is a cost driver for gasoline costs Number of hours spent in a bar would be a cost driver for total costs of drinks. $. Variable Cost - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS
Cost BehaviourCost Driveran activity which influences how a cost is incurredkilometers traveled is a cost driver for gasoline costsNumber of hours spent in a bar would be a cost driver
for total costs of drinks
Volume
Volume
$
$
Variable Cost• a cost which changes in direct proportion
to changes in the cost driver• is constant per unit as volume changes
Fixed Cost• a cost which is not influenced by changes
in the cost driver over the relevant range• per unit fixed costs change as volume
changes
Cost-Volume-Profit AnalysisThe study of the relationships between
revenues, costs, volume and profits
Contribution Margin per unit Contribution Margin %(or CM per unit) (or CM%)
= Revenue per unit = CM per unit / revenue per unit- variable cost per unit
Break-Even Point in Units Break-Even Point in Dollars= Fixed costs / CM per unit = Fixed costs / CM%
EXAMPLE #1You make and sell cell phones. You plan to sell to your cell phones at $100 each this year. Your product costs include:
Direct Materials per cell phone $20Direct Labour per cell phone $10Variable Factory Overhead per cell phone $30
Fixed Factory Overhead (Total) $20,000
Variable Selling expenses is a commission of $10 per cell phone; fixed selling & administrative expense totals $25,000.
What is your break-even point in units and in dollars?
Example (continued)First, we have to find the Variable costs (VC) and Fixed Costs (FC)
VC = 20 + 10 + 30 + 10 = $70 per unit
FC = 20,000 + 25,000 = $45,000
Example (continued)Next we have to find the Contribution margin per
unit.Contribution margin per unit = Revenue per unit – VC per unit
= 100 – 70 = 30
Example (continued)Now we can calculate Break-Even point in units
Break-Even point in units = Fixed costs/CM per unit = 45,000/30
= 1,500 units
Example (continued)Now, to find break-even point in dollars:
Contribution margin % = CM per unit/revenue per unit
= 30/100 = 30%
Break-even point in dollars = Fixed costs/CM %
= 45,000/30%
= $150,000
Example (continued)Just as a simple check:
Break-even point in dollars = Break-even point in unit * revenue per unit
$150,000= 1,500* 100
Cost-Volume-Profit Graph
Sales
Total Expenses
Volume
$ Break-evenPoint
Net lossarea
Net incomearea
Target Net Income
Target Sales in Units= (Fixed costs + Target income) / CM per unit
Target Sales in Dollars
= (Fixed costs + Target income)/ CM%
Example (continued)Using the information in the example above, suppose you set your target net income at $90,000, what are the sales you need to reach in units and in dollars?
Example (continued)
Target Sales in unit = (Fixed costs + Target income)/CM per unit
= ( 45,000
+ 90,000)
/30
= 135,000/30= 4,500
Example (continued)Target Sales in dollars = (Fixed costs + Target income)/CM%
= 135,000 /
30%
=$450,000
Sales Mix AnalysisSales mix is defined as the relative
proportions or combinations of quantities of different products that comprise total sales
If the proportions of the mix change, the cost-volume-profit relationships also change
A breakeven point is unique to a given sales mix
EXAMPLE #2Suppose you have 2 products:PS3; Selling price $200 and variable cost is $80Xbox; Selling price $500 and variable cost is $310.Total Fixed costs are $120,000. Your sales mix is 7
PS3’s and 4 Xbox’s.
Calculate break-even point in units and in dollars.
Example #2 (continued)Product
PriceUnitVC
Unit ContributionMargin
Sales
Mix
Contribution
MarginPS3
$200
$80
(200-80)
=$120
7 (7*120)
=$840
Xbox
500 310 (500-310)
=190 4 (4*190)
=760
(840+780)
=$1600Total
Example #2 (continued)Break-even point in units = Fixed costs/Contribution Margin =
120,000/1600
= 75
75*7 = 525 PS3’s
75*4 =
300 Xbox’s
Example #2 (continued)Break-even point in dollars:
525 PS3’s
300 Xbox’s
*$200
= $105,000
*$500= $150,000
Margin of SafetySimply put, the units sold or revenue earned
above the break-even volume.
So, if the break-even point is 500 units and you are currently selling 1000 units, margin of safety is 500.
Or, if the break-even point in dollar value is $5,000 and your revenue is $10,000, your margin of safety is $5,000.
Degree of Operating Leverage
Degree of operating leverage = Contribution margin/
operating income
Note: Use TOTAL contribution margin not CM per unit
Percentage change in operating income
Percentage change in operating income
= DOL * % change in sales
JOB-ORDER COSTING
Product CostingJob Order
Common in construction,print shops, unique goods
Accumulate costs forspecific jobs
Produce for sale
Allocate costs to productsthat are readily
identifiable
Process CostingCommon in chemical, textiles, lumber, glass,
food processing
Accumulate costs by departments
Produce for inventory
Allocate costs to large number of nearly identical
units
Job-Costing Cost FlowsApply material, labour and overhead costs to work in process As goods are produced, costs flow to finished goods inventory When sold, costs shift to cost of goods sold
DirectMaterial
Inventory
BuyMaterial
Work inProcess
Inventory
FinishedGoods
Inventory
Cost ofGoods Sold
Use
Material
Labour Costs
OverheadCosts
Production Sales
OverheadControl Account Over / under
applied overhead
(at year end)
Accounting for Factory Overhead Overhead Application (Overhead Absorption) Allocation of overhead costs to products
Budgeted Factory Overhead Rate Calculated at the beginning of the year and used to apply
overhead to products throughout the year
Six Steps in Applying Overhead1. Select a cost driver for overhead [usually labour]2. Prepare a budget for yearly overhead costs and yearly
volume of the cost driver3. Calculate the budgeted factory overhead rate as
Overhead rate = budgeted total overhead / budgeted cost driver
4. Obtain data on the actual units of cost driver5. Apply overhead rate to products 6. At year end, account for difference between actual overhead
costs and applied overhead costs
Over / Under Application of OverheadOver / Under Application of Overhead• Overapplied: Applied > Actual • Underapplied: Applied < Actual • Dispose of over/under applied overhead at year end to
Cost of Goods Sold
• When underapplied, add to cost of goods sold• When overapplied, subtract from cost of goods sold
EXAMPLE #3
Job Good Job Not Bad
Direct Materials $2,000 $3,000
Direct Labour $3,000 $4,500
Applied Overhead $6,000 $9,000
Balance, October 1
$11,000 $16,500
At the beginning of October, you have 2 jobs in process and the following information is given to you.
During the month of October, one more job is started, Job Awesome. The following direct materials and direct labour costs relate to the month of October: Job Good Job Not
BadJob Awesome
Direct materials $2,000 $2,500 $4,100
Direct Labour $1,400 $1,800 $1,500
At the end of October, Jobs Good and Not bad were completed. Only Job Not bad was sold. On October 1, the balance in Finished Goods was zero.
Prepare a brief job-order cost sheet for the 3 jobs.Determine ending balances in work in process and Finished goods.Calculate the cost of goods sold for October 31.
Example #3 (Continued)Usually, to find the predetermined overhead rate, you would use estimated overhead and estimated direct labour cost. However, these are not given here. But you can use the applied overhead in the beginning of October for Jobs Good and Not Bad.
Applied Overhead = Predetermined overhead rate * Actual Activity Level
$6,000 =
Predetermined overhead rate
*$3,000
Predetermined overhead rate =
$6,000/$3,000
= 2 or 200% of direct labour costs
Example #3 (Continued)Job Good Job Not Bad
Job Awesome
Opening Balance, Oct 1
$11,000 $16,500 $ 0
Direct Materials 2,000 2,500 4,100
Direct Labour 1,400 1,800 1,500
Applied Overhead 2,800 3,600 3,000
Total, October 31 $17,200 $24,400 $8,600
Calculation of applied overhead:Job Good: 1,400 * 2 = $2,800Job Not Bad: 1,800*2 = $3,600Job Awesome: 1,500*2 = $3,000
Example #3 (Continued)Job Good and Not bad are transferred out of work in process. (why?) So, the ending balance in work in process consists of only job 12. ($8,600)
Both jobs are transferred to finished goods. But the only one remaining is Job Good. (Ending Balance is $15,200)
As Job Not Bad was the only one sold, the cost of goods sold is $24,400.
ACTIVITY BASED COSTING & MANAGEMENT
Key Points to understandWhat is ABC costing?- Difference between the ABC system of
costing and the traditional way of costing.
ABC HierachyUnit Level-costs varies with output and
volume(variable costs)Batch Level – Varies with the number of
batches producedProduct Sustaining – Varies with the # of
product linesFacility sustaining – necessary to operate the
plant facility
ABC costingCosts of overheadActivities that take place to produce the
goodsObjects where costs are assigned
Steps in ABC CostingStep 1 Determine key activity centers, related cost drivers
per activity and resources consumed per activity
Step 2 Develop a process-based map identifying the interrelationships between key activities and resources consumed
Step 3 Collect operational cost data traceable to each activity and the physical flow of cost-driver units . The traceable cost are divided by the sum of physical flows units to determine the cost per driver unit.
Step 4 Calculate and interpret the new ABC information
How to approach a question on ABCKey pointsFirst identify the different activitiesDetermine the Consumption rates using the
formula : Amount of driver used for Product
Total Driver Quantity Determine the Activity RatesThen calculate your costs
Example #4Its not that Hard Inc. produces circuit boards for
RIM. BlackB, BlackP and BlackT are produced with the following activity measures:
BlackB BlackP BlackTUnits produced 150 300 220Prime Costs 800 2500 1500Direct Labour Hours 20 50 30Machine Hours 10 30 10Setup Hours 3 1 2
Activity Cost Data Activity Cost
Set up equipment 3600
Machining 3900
Assembly 4500
Calculate the Total cost assigned to each circuit board using the Activity-Based Costing approach.
First identify the different activitiesa)Machine Setupb)Machining c)Assembly
Determine the Consumption Rates
Consumption Rates a) Equipment SetupTotal set up hours = 10 + 30 + 10 = 50BlackB Set up hours for BlackB/Total Set up
Hours 10/50=0.2
Consumption Rates
BlackB BlackT BlackP
Setup Equipment 0.50 0.17 0.33
Machining 0.2 0.6 0.2
Assembly 0.2 0.5 0.3
Determine activity rates- Activity rates are obtained by dividing the
activity cost by the total driver quantity.
Set up Equipment Rate = 3600/6 = $600.
Activity Rates
Setup Equipment 600
Machining 78
Assembly 45
Calculate the ABC costs per unitBlackB – Total Unit Cost = (0.5*600) + (0.2*78)
+(0.2*45) = $324,60
Consumption Rates
Activity Rates BlackB
BlackT BlackP
Setup Equipment 600 0.50 0.17 0.33
Machining 78 0.2 0.6 0.2
Assembly 45 0.2 0.5 0.3
Total Cost 324.6 171.3 227.1
PROFIT PLANNING
Budgeting: The Overall PlanManagement develops plans to achieve
their goals:What type of product to produceWhat level of cost and qualityWhat level of priceWhat degree of advertising
Budget• Formal quantitative expression of
management's plans• What things are expected to look like for
the upcoming period • Allows for systematic rather than chaotic
reaction to change
Master budgeting Process
TipsThere are a lot of numbers in a budgeting
question so make sure you keep up with numbers
Types of Budgets Operational budgets Sales Budget Production Budget Direct Materials Purchases Budget Direct Labour Budget Overhead Budget Selling and Distribution budget Ending finished Goods Inventory Budget Cost of Goods Sold budget Cash Budget Budgeted Balance Sheet
Example #5(Operational Budgets)Dom Sports produces institutional hockey
sticks and table tennis tables.Projected Sales for the next quarter and
beginning and ending inventory are as follows. Hockey
SticksTT Tables
Unit Sales 6000 1000Unit Price $64 $495Beginning Inventory 1300 80Targeted Ending Inventory 1000 50
1 stick requires 1 shaft, 2 screws and 1 blade while 1 table requires 2 wooden tops and 3 metal legs and 16 screws. 1 shaft costs $13, screws cost $26/box of 5000,table tops cost $60 each and metal legs cost $36 each, blades cost $5 each.
Stocks of raw materials is as follows.
Raw Materials Beginning InventoryTargeted Ending
Inventory
Shafts 625 425
Blades 350 200
Screws 5650 5000
TT tops 68 95
Metal Legs 67 150
Assembly for tables requires 3 hours of direct labour for a batch of 10 tables while assembly for hockey sticks requires 8 hours for 1200 sticks. Packaging requires 1 labour hour for 1200 sticks while 2 hours is required for a batch of 10 tables. 1 labour hours costs - $15
Prepare the following for the quarter: - Sales Budget for the Quarter - Production Budget - Direct Materials Budget - Direct Labour Budget
a) Sales Budget - this is basically the # of budgeted units to be
produced * Sales price
Sales Budget for the Quarter
Hockey Sticks 6000
Price 64 384000
TT Tables 1000
Price 495 495000
Total Sales 879000
b) Production Budget - think of this one as what is going to be
produced. – takes into account the beginning and ending inventory
Hockey TT Tables
Sales (In units) 6000 1000
Ending Inventory 1000 50Total Requirements 7000 1050Less: Beginning Inventory 1300 80
Total Production 5700 970
c) Direct Materials Budget
Direct Materials Purchases Budget Budgeted
Sales (units) Shaft Screws Blades Table Tops Metal LegsUnits to be producedDirect Materials per unit 1 18 1 2 3
Hockey5700
5700 11400 5700
TT Tables970
15520 1940 2910
Production Needs 5700 26920 5700 1940 2910Desired Ending Inventory 425 5000 200 95 150
Total Needs 6125 31920 5900 2035 3060Less: Beginning Inventory 625 5650 350 68 67Materials to be purchased 5500 26270 5550 1967 2993
Cost per unit 13 0.0052 5 60 36
Total Purchase Cost 71500 136.604 27750 118020 107748
Direct Labour BudgetTT Tables – Assembly hours = 3*60=600 300/10=30min 0.5hoursPackaging hours = 1*60=60 60/10=6min
0.1hour. Total Labour hours =0.6hours/tableTotal hours
required/unit Hockey TT Tables
Assembly 0.0833 0.6
Packaging 0.000833 0.1
0.084133 0.8
# of units 5700 970
# of labour hours 479.56 776
Cost of labour 15 15
7193.37 11640
Cash BudgetStatement of planned cash receipts and
disbursementsKey points in developing cash budgets:Know how to differentiate between Cash
Sales and Credit Sales.Know when and how the credit sales are
being paid for. Are there any discounts - are they in cash?
Know how to determine the purchases and when the purchases are paid for.
Example #6Dom Sports expects to receive cash from
sales of $62,000 in March. Payments for direct labour will total $ 25000 while $16000 will be paid for materials and supplies. All other expenses are budgeted at $ 6000. Beginning cash balance is $5265 on March 1.
Prepare the cash budget for Dom Sports for March.
Cash Budget
Opening Cash Balance 5265
Cash Sales 62000
Total Cash Available 67265
Less: Payments
Labour 25000
Materials and Supplies 16000
Other Expenses 6000
Total Payments 47000
Ending Cash Balance 20265
Common Mistakes to avoidTreating Fixed costs as Variable costs and vice
versa.Mixing up overapplied and underapplied
overheads.[If it’s overAPPLIED, then it’s applied > actual]
Mixing up between the different activities for activity-based costing. [Compare machine costs with machine hours]
Don’t try to rush through the questions [you’ll end up missing some important information]