chapter 4 cell structure and function. 1. what is a cell? z a cell is the smallest unit that can...
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Chapter 4
Cell Structure and Function
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1. What is a cell?
A cell is the smallest unit that can carry on all of the processes of life.
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2. Early scientists that led to the cell theory:
Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1600s) – given credit for developing the 1st mini microscope, looked at pond water and made detailed drawings
Robert Hooke – coined the term “cell” when he looked at slices of cork and dead plant cells
Robert Brown (1833) – observed a dark structure near the center of the cell (we now know this is the nucleus)
Matthias Schleiden (1838) – stated all plants are made of cells
Theodor Schwann (1839) – discovered all animals are made of cells
Rudolph Virchow (1855) - stated all cells come from the division of preexisting cells
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3. Cell Theory
All living things are composed of cells.
Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things.
All cells come from preexisting cells.
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4. 8 Characteristics that all living things share
Consist of organized parts (cells) Obtain energy from their surroundings Perform chemical reactions Change with time (evolution) Respond to their environments Reproduce Maintain constant internal environment
(homeostasis) Share a common history
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5. Relationship between a cell’s shape and it’s function
Diversity of shape reflects diversity of functions
Can be simple or complex depending on its function
Cell shape evolved to allow the cell to perform its function effectively
Nerve cells: communication
Skin cells: protection
Blood cells: transport
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6. What factor limits the size that most cells are able to obtain?
Limited by the relationship of the cell’s outer surface area to its volume
Most cells range from 10 -100µm
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7. What is the problem with cells getting too large?
As a cell grows, it’s volume increases much faster than its surface area
The surface area (the membrane) would not allow materials to enter or leave the cell quickly enough to meet the cell’s needs.
Therefore, most cells are microscopic in size.
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8. Three Basic Parts of the Cell:
Plasma Membrane – regulates what enters and leaves the cell
Cytoplasm – site of many chemical reactions of the cell
Material between the cell membrane and the nucleus Contains the organelles of the cell
Control Center – controls all of the cells activities
Either free-floating DNA in center of the cell (Prokaryotes) OR a membrane bound organelle called a nucleus (Eukaryotes)
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Prokaryotes – organisms whose cells lack nuclei and other organelles (i.e. bacteria)
Eukaryotes – organism whose cells contain nuclei and other organelles
Pro- = beforeEu- = true-karyon = kernel/nucleus
9. Two basic types of cells
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10. What is an organelle?
A well-defined, intracellular body that performs specific functions for the cell. Ex/mitochondrion produces energy
(in the form of ATP) for the cell
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Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote
Typical Prokaryote (a bacterium):
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11. Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote
Characteristic Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
Cell membrane Cytoplasm
Genetic Material Nucleus
Organelles (only ribosomes) Archaea
Bacteria
Plants, animals, fungi, & protists
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11. Units of Organization
CELLS TISSUE ORGANS ORGAN SYSTEM ORGANISM
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12. PROKARYOTIC CELL DIAGRAM
DNA – controls all cells activities
PILI – used for attachment to surfaces
RIBOSOME – makes proteins
FLAGELLA – moves the cell
CELL WALL – protection
CELL MEMBRANE – Regulates what enters and leaves
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Animal Cell
Cell (Plasma) membrane
mitochondria
Smooth ER
(dots)
Rough ER
lysosome
Golgi apparatus
ribosomes
Nuclear envelope
cytoplasmNucleolus Nucleus
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Plant Cell
Nuclear envelope
Smooth ER
Rough ER
NucleolusNucleus
Golgi Apparatus
* Chloroplast *
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
* Central Vacuole *
* Cell Wall *
Cell (Plasma) membrane
*’s = organelles only found in plant cells, NOT animal cells
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Cell Membrane – outer boundary
In plants & animals
Structure: Phospholipid bilayer
• hydrophilic heads, hydrophobic tails Contains lipids (bilayer), proteins (channels), and
carbohydrate chains (identification cards)
Function: Regulates what enters and leaves the cell Semi-permeable membrane Protection and support
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In plants and animals
Structure: Genetic material
called chromatin (DNA + proteins)
Function: Information center
of the cell Protects DNA Directs/controls
cell activities
Nucleus - control center
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In plants & animals
Structure: Made of RNA +
proteins Small, darkened
region inside of nucleus
Function: where ribosomes
are made
Nucleolus -
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Mitochondria
In plants & animals
Structure: Double membrane
Cristae - inner folds, increase surface areaOuter membrane for protection of organelle
Function: “Powerhouse” of the cell – produces ATP’s (cell energy) Able to self-replicate ( # in cells with high energy need) Releases energy from food for the organism to use in the
process of cellular respiration
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Ribosomes
In plants & animals
Structure: Little “dots” Small (25 nm) ball-like
structures Found free-floating in
cytoplasm or attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum
Composed of RNA and protein
Function: Synthesis of proteins (where
proteins are made)
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In plants & animals
Structure: Network of flattened sacs Can be rough (w/ ribosomes) or
smooth (w/o ribosomes)
Function: Transport materials within or out of
cell – intracellular highway Synthesis of macromolecules
Rough - proteins, lipids, carbsSmooth - lipids
Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Lysosome In animals only
Structure: Small, circular structures Found only in animal cells Contain digestive enzymes
Function: Digestion of:
Worn out organelles Debris Large ingested particles
Lysosomes are responsible for your hands not being webbed!!
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Golgi Apparatus
In plants & animals
Structure: Flattened stacks of membranes that are not
connected Vesicles fuse with Golgi and get released
from Golgi
Function: Collection, modification, packaging of
proteins and other substances Vesicles attach, deposit materials Golgi modifies materials based on needs Vesicles attach to membrane and
distribute modified substances
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Vacuole In plants - 1 large, central In animals – several small
Function: Storage of water, salts, proteins,
carbohydrates, waste products Pressure system for plants, prevents
wilting Special vacuole: contractile vacuole
- prevents excess water intake, leading to cell-bursting found in freshwater PROTISTS like a paramecium
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Cell Wall – Only in plants, bacteria,
fungi
Structure - Lies outside the cell
membrane Made of fibers of cellulose
(plants) Very porous
Function Helps to protect and support
the cell Gives rectangular shape to
plant cells
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Chloroplasts
Only in plants Structure:
Inner membranes (thylakoids) surrounded by an outer membrane
Function: Conversion of light energy
(sun) into chemical energy (glucose/food) during the process of PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Other Plastids: Chromoplasts – Store pigments (ex.
carrot root cells, flower petals) Amyloplasts - Store food/starch
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Cytoskeleton - framework
In plants – microtubules, intermediate filaments, microfilaments
In animals – all
Function: maintains cell shape and provides internal support Microtubules - hollow tubes of proteins, hold
organelles in place, maintain shape, act as tracks that guide organelle movement
Intermediate filaments – rods that anchor organelles in place
Microfilaments – long & threadlike, used for cell movement
Cilia – short, hairlike projections used for cell movement
Flagella – long, taillike projections used for movement Centrioles – organize microtubules during cell division
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Who Am I? (quick review)
I stated all plants are made of cellsI stated all cells come from the division of
preexisting cells I coined the term “cell” when I looked at
slices of cork and dead plant cells I am given credit for developing the 1st
mini microscope and I looked at pond water and made detailed drawings
I discovered all animals are made of cells
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List 3 organelles you learned about today.
Describe the function of each of the organelles you listed.
Yes, you should write your name on the paper